Foreign relations of Turkey

Physically bridging Europe and Asia, Turkey, a Muslim-majority country with two centuries of institutional westernization experience, constitutionally-mandated secular heritage, and institutional connections to the West, plays a distinctive and productive role in bridging the fault lines between Western and Islamic countries.[1] To this end, Turkey uses its global diplomatic network—the fifth most extensive—of 246 diplomatic and consular missions.[2][3]

Countries in which Turkey maintains its own embassy

Since the founding of the modern republic, a Western orientation has dominated Turkey’s foreign policy. Throughout the Cold War, Turkey’s most important ally has been the United States, which shared Turkey’s interest in containing Soviet expansion.[4][5] In support of the United States, Turkey contributed personnel to the UN forces in the Korean War (1950-53), joined NATO in 1952, recognized Israel in 1948 and has cooperated closely with it.[6]

Turkey’s alliance with Israel during the Arab-Israeli conflict strained its relations with the Arab world[7] and Iran,[8] and subsequently led to overt Syrian support for Palestinian and Armenian terrorist operations against Turkish diplomats abroad until 1990.[9][10][11]

Armenian Genocide denial has been a major aspect of Turkey's foreign policy, dating back to the 1920s.[12][13]

History

Historically, the Foreign relations of the Ottoman Empire and later Turkey balanced regional and global powers off against one another, forming alliances that best protected the interests of the incumbent regime.[14] The Soviet Union played a major role in supplying weapons to and financing Mustafa Kemal Atatürk's faction during the Turkish War of Independence but Turkey's followed a course of relative international isolation during the period of Atatürk's Reforms in 1920s and 1930s. International conferences gave Turkey full control of the strategic straits linking the Black Sea and the Mediterranean, though the Treaty of Lausanne in 1923 and the Montreux Convention of 1936.[15]

In the late 1930s Nazi Germany made a major effort to promote anti-Soviet propaganda in Turkey and exerted economic pressure. Britain and France, eager to outmaneuver Germany, negotiated a tripartite treaty in 1939. They gave Turkey a line of credit to purchase war materials from the West and a loan to facilitate the purchase of commodities.[16] Afraid of threats from Germany and Russia, Turkey maintained neutrality.[17] It and sold chrome—an important war material—to both sides. It was clear by 1944 that Germany would be defeated and the chrome sales to Germany stopped.[18][19][20]

After 1945

After World War II Turkey sought closer relations with Western powers. It became a founding member of the United Nations in 1945, a recipient of Marshall Plan aid and a member of North Atlantic Treaty Organization in 1952. European Union–Turkey relations warmed during the Cold War period and the post-Cold War period has seen a diversification of relations, with Turkey, at various moments, seeking to strengthen its regional presence in the Balkans, the Middle East and the Caucasus, as well as taking steps toward EU membership.

Under the AKP government (2003–), Turkey's economy has grown rapidly and the country's influence has grown in the Middle East based on a strategic depth doctrine, also called Neo-Ottomanism.[21][22] Debate on Turkey's foreign relations is controversial both within Turkey itself and outside the country. In the West, there is a divide between those who are worried about Turkey's perceived movement away from the West toward a less democratic, more Islamic or more pro-Russian and pro-Chinese[23] orientation and those who do not see Turkey's changing political structure, growing regional power and relations with Russia as a threat.[24]

Armenian Genocide denial

Turkey has never recognized the Armenian Genocide, committed by the Ottoman Empire, and its efforts to enlist foreign countries in its denial effort date to the 1920s.[25][26] According to sociologist Levon Chorbajian, Turkey's "modus operandi remains consistent throughout and seeks maximalist positions, offers no compromise though sometimes hints at it, and employs intimidation and threats".[27] Motivated by the antisemitic conspiracy theory of a global Jewish conspiracy, the Turkish foreign ministry has recruited Turkish Jews to participate in denialist efforts. Turkish Jewish leaders helped defeat resolutions recognizing the Armenian genocide and avoid mention of the genocide in academic conferences and Holocaust museums.[28]

Turkish embassies report on academic conferences that mention the Armenian Genocide and in most cases Turkish lobbyists obtained concessions, either enclosing the word "genocide" in quotation marks or else including speakers that represent the Turkish state's view.[29] Turkey has spent millions of dollars in lobbying against resolutions for Armenian Genocide recognition.[30]

Notable incidents include:

• Following the success of Franz Werfel's book The Forty Days of Musa Dagh (1933), Turkey prevented a private American company, MGM, from making a film adaptation by threatening boycotts.[31]
• In 1982, the International Conference on the Holocaust and Genocide in Tel Aviv included presentations on the Armenian Genocide. Turkey threatened the safety of Jewish refugees fleeing through Turkey in a failed attempt to have the conference cancelled.[32]

Bilateral relations

Turkey has never had any diplomatic relations with Armenia or Cyprus. Turkey formerly had diplomatic relations with Taiwan and Syria.

Africa

There has been a revival in Turkey's relation with Africa after 1998 and civil society is the leading factor in this process.[33] Initially this revival came as a passive attempt, but after 2005 it became an offensive interest in developing relations with the continent. The recent Turkey-Africa Cooperation Summit in 2008 marks the latest stage in Turkey's keen interest in developing relations with Africa, and should be seen as a turning point.[34] Turkey since its involvement in Somalia in 2011, is eager to be considered as a political actor in the continent.[35][36]

Northern Africa

Country	Relations Began	Notes	Free Trade Agreement
Algeria	1962[37]	See Algeria–Turkey relations Algeria has an Embassy in Ankara and a Consulate General in Istanbul. Turkey has an Embassy in Algiers.[38] Trade volume between the two countries was 3.17 billion USD in 2018 (Turkish exports/imports: 2.03/1.14 billion USD).[39] 213,333 Algerian tourists visited Turkey in 2017.[39] Yunus Emre Institute has a local headquarters in Algiers.[40]	X
Egypt	1922[41]	See Egypt–Turkey relations Egypt has an Embassy in Ankara and a Consulate General in Istanbul. Turkey has an Embassy in Cairo[42] and a Consulate General in Alexandria.[43] Trade volume between the two countries was 5.25 billion USD in 2018 (Turkish exports/imports: 3.06/2.19 billion USD).[44] 100,971 Egyptian tourists visited Turkey in 2017.[44] Yunus Emre Institute has a local headquarters in Cairo since 2010.[45]	√[46]
Libya	1711[47]	See Libya–Turkey relations Libya has an Embassy in Ankara and a Consulate General in Istanbul. Turkey has an Embassy in Tripoli.[48] and a Consulate General in Misurata.[49] Trade volume between the two countries was 1.87 billion USD in 2018 (Turkish exports/imports: 1.50/0.37 billion USD).[50] 188,312 Libyan tourists visited Turkey in 2018.[50]	X
Morocco	April 17, 1956[51]	See Morocco–Turkey relations Morocco has an Embassy in Ankara and a Consulate General in Istanbul. Turkey has an Embassy in Rabat.[52] Trade volume between the two countries was 2.71 billion USD in 2018 (Turkish exports/imports: 1.99/0.72 billion USD).[53] 114,155 Moroccan tourists visited Turkey in 2017.[53] Yunus Emre Institute has a local headquarters in Rabat.	√[54]
Tunisia	1956[55]	See Tunisia–Turkey relations Tunisia has an Embassy in Ankara and a Consulate General in Istanbul. Turkey has an Embassy in Tunis.[56] Trade volume between the two countries was 1.09 billion USD in 2018 (Turkish exports/imports: 904/182 million USD).[57] Yunus Emre Institute has a local headquarters in Tunis.	√[46]

Sub–Saharan Africa

Since 2008, Turkey has prioritized friendly relations with Africa partly to build friendly and conflict–free relations, which was not available in the hostile atmosphere in its neighborhood.[58] Capitalizing on a strong sentiment of fellowship among Turkish people towards Africans, economic and diplomatic relations with Africa flourished: Foreign trade between sub-Saharan Africa and Turkey increased from US$581 million[59] in 1998 to US$5.08[60] billion in 2015.

Dating back to 1800, Turkey’s relations with sub-Saharan Africa flourished from the 1860s—when the Ottoman Empire started sending trained imams to the region—until 1885 when other European colonial powers blocked Ottoman influence.[61] Relations were restored in the 1950s,[62] and gained momentum when Emperor Haile Selassie visited Turkey in March 1967 and December 1969.[63]

Since 2008, Turkey has contributed to the region through participation in peacekeeping missions, including the UN Mission in Ivory Coast (UNOC), the Democratic Republic of the Congo, Liberia, Central African Republic, Chad.[64]

Turkey has also dramatically increased financial aid to the region,[65] providing a total of US$6.38 billion to the region just between 2006 and 2011[66] including the 2011 donation of US$ 200 million to fight the famine in East Africa.[67]

Country	Relations Began	Notes	Free Trade Agreement
Angola	1975[68]	See Angola–Turkey relations Angola has an Embassy in Ankara.[68] Turkey has an Embassy in Luanda.[68] Trade volume between the two countries was 212 million USD in 2019.[68]	X
Benin	March 26, 2001[69]	See Benin–Turkey relations Benin has an Embassy in Ankara.[70] Turkey has an Embassy in Cotonou.[70] Trade volume between the two countries was 142 million USD in 2019.[70] There are direct flights from Istanbul to Cotonou since 2014.[70]	X
Botswana	1981[71]	See Botswana–Turkey relations Permanent Representation of Botswana in the UN Geneva Office is also accredited to Turkey. Turkey has an Embassy in Gaborone.[71] Trade volume between the two countries was 2.9 million USD in 2019.[71]	X
Burkina Faso	1960[72]	See Burkina Faso–Turkey relations Burkina Faso has an Embassy in Ankara.[73] Turkey has an Embassy in Ouagadougou.[73] Trade volume between the two countries was 52.2 million USD in 2019 (Turkish exports/imports: 31.4/20.8 million USD).[73]	X
Burundi	1962[74]	See Burundi–Turkey relations Burundi has an Embassy in Ankara.[75] Turkey has an Embassy in Bujumbura.[75] Trade volume between the two countries was 3.1 million USD in 2019 (Turkish exports/imports: 2.6/0.5 million USD).[75]	X
Cameroon	Jan. 1, 1960[76]	See Cameroon–Turkey relations Cameroon has an Embassy in Ankara. Turkey has an Embassy in Yaoundé. Trade volume between the two countries was 205 million USD in 2019 (Turkish exports/imports: 151/54 million USD).[77] There are direct flights from Istanbul to Yaoundé.	X
Cape Verde	July 19, 1975[78]	See Cape Verde–Turkey relations The Turkish ambassador in Dakar to Senegal is also accredited to Cabo Verde.[79] Trade volume between the two countries was 9.5 million USD in 2019.[79]	X
Central African Republic	1995[80]	See Central African Republic–Turkey relations Central African Republic has an Honorary Consulate in Istanbul.[81] The Turkish ambassador in Yaoundé to Cameroon is also accredited to the Central African Republic.[81] Trade volume between the two countries was 5.81 million USD in 2019 (Turkish exports/imports: 3.84/1.97 million USD).[81]	X
Chad	1593[82]	See Chad–Turkey relations Chad has an Embassy in Ankara.[82] Turkey has an Embassy in N’Djamena.[82] Trade volume between the two countries was 72.4 million USD in 2019 (Turkish exports/imports: 39.9/32.5 million USD).[82] There are direct flights from Istanbul to N’Djamena since December 12, 2013.[82]	X
Comoros	1979[83]	See Comoros–Turkey relations The ambassador of the Comoros in Cairo to Egypt is also accredited to Turkey.[83] The Turkish ambassador in Antananarivo to Madagascar is also accredited to the Union of the Comoros.[83] Trade volume between the two countries was 21.1 million USD in 2019.[83]	X
Congo	1960[84]	See Republic of the Congo–Turkey relations Congo has an Embassy in Ankara.[84] Turkey has an Embassy in Brazzaville.[84] Trade volume between the two countries was 57.25 million USD in 2019 (Turkish exports/imports: 55.8/1.47 million USD).[84]	X
Côte d’Ivoire	1964[85]	See Ivory Coast–Turkey relations Côte d’Ivoire has an Embassy in Ankara.[85] Turkey has an Embassy in Abidjan.[85] Trade volume between the two countries was 409.7 million USD in 2019 (Turkish exports/imports: 220.9/188.8 million USD).[85] There are direct flights from Istanbul to Abidjan since July 2012.[85]	X
Democratic Republic of Congo	1974[86]	See Democratic Republic of Congo–Turkey relations Democratic Republic of Congo has an Embassy in Ankara.[86] Turkey has an Embassy in Kinshasa.[86] Trade volume between the two countries was 54.7 million USD in 2019.[86]	X
Djibouti	1977[87]	See Djibouti–Turkey relations Djibouti has an Embassy in Ankara.[87] Turkey has an Embassy in Djibouti.[87] Trade volume between the two countries was 252 million USD in 2019.[87]	X
Eritrea	1993[88]	See Eritrea–Turkey relations The ambassador of Eritrea in Doha to Qatar is also accredited to Turkey.[88] Turkey has an Embassy in Asmara.[88] Trade volume between the two countries was 13.9 million USD in 2019.[88]	X
Equatorial Guinea	1980[89]	See Equatorial Guinea–Turkey relations Equatorial Guinea has an Embassy in Ankara.[89] Turkey has an Embassy in Malabo.[89] Trade volume between the two countries was 23.8 million USD in 2019 (Turkish exports/imports: 20.2/3.6 million USD).[89] There are direct flights from Istanbul to Malabo since February 7, 2020.[89]	X
Eswatini	1968[90]	See Eswatini–Turkey relations The Embassy of the Eswatini in Brussels to Belgium is also accredited to Turkey.[91] The Turkish ambassador in Pretoria to South Africa is also accredited to Eswatini.[91] Trade volume between the two countries was 309 thousand USD in 2019.[91]	X
Ethiopia	1896[92]	See Ethiopia–Turkey relations Ethiopia has an Embassy in Ankara.[92] Turkey has an Embassy in Addis Ababa.[92] Trade volume between the two countries was 398.8 million USD in 2019 (Turkish exports/imports: 378.3/27.5 million USD).[92]	X
Gabon	1960[93]	See Gabon–Turkey relations Gabon has an Embassy in Ankara.[93] Turkey has an Embassy in Libreville.[93] Trade volume between the two countries was 38.9 million USD in 2018.[93]	X
Gambia	1965[94]	See Gambia–Turkey relations Gambia has an Embassy in Ankara.[94] Turkey has an Embassy in Banjul.[94] There are direct flights from Istanbul to Banjul since August 2018.[94]	X
Ghana	1958[95]	See Ghana–Turkey relations Ghana has an Embassy in Ankara.[95] Turkey has an Embassy in Accra.[95] Trade volume between the two countries was 353.3 million USD in 2018.[95]	Pending Ratification[46]
Guinea	1960[96]	See Guinea–Turkey relations Guinea has an Embassy in Ankara.[97] Turkey has an Embassy in Conakry.[97] Trade volume between the two countries was 136.7 million USD in 2019.[97] There are direct flights from Istanbul to Conakry since January 30, 2017.[97]	X
Guinea Bissau	1975[98]	See Guinea-Bissau–Turkey relations Guinea Bissau has Honorary Consulates in Ankara and Istanbul.[99] The Turkish ambassador in Dakar to Senegal is also accredited to Guinea Bissau.[99] Trade volume between the two countries was 4.95 million USD in 2019.[99]	X
Kenya	1963[100]	See Kenya–Turkey relations Kenya has an Embassy in Ankara.[100] Turkey has an Embassy in Nairobi.[100] Trade volume between the two countries was 234 million USD in 2019.[100] There are direct flights from Istanbul to Nairobi since 20 February 2009.[100]	X
Lesotho	1967[101]	See Lesotho–Turkey relations The Embassy of Lesotho in Rome is also accredited to Turkey.[102] The Turkish ambassador in Pretoria to South Africa is also accredited to Lesotho.[102] Trade volume between the two countries was 1.65 million USD in 2019 (Turkish exports/imports: 1.62/0.03 million USD).[102]	X
Liberia	1864[103]	See Liberia–Turkey relations The Embassy of Liberia in Brussels is also accredited to Turkey.[104] The Turkish ambassador in Accra to Ghana is also accredited to Liberia.[104] Trade volume between the two countries was 191.9 million USD in 2019.[104]	X
Madagascar	Feb. 13, 1866[105]	See Madagascar–Turkey relations Embassy of Madagascar in Rome to Italy is also accredited to Turkey.[106] Turkey has an Embassy in Antananarivo.[106] Trade volume between the two countries was 76.5 million USD in 2019 (Turkish exports/imports: 71.3/5.2 million USD).[106]	X
Mali	1998[107]	See Mali–Turkey relations Mali has an Embassy in Ankara.[108] Turkey has an Embassy in Bamako.[108] Trade volume between the two countries was 57 million USD in 2019 (Turkish exports/imports: 48.4/8.6 million USD).[108]	X
Malawi	1964[109]	See Malawi–Turkey relations The Embassy of Malawi in Berlin to Germany is also accredited to Turkey.[109] The Turkish ambassador in Lusaka to Zambia is also accredited to Malawi.[109] Trade volume between the two countries was 21 million USD in 2019 (Turkish exports/imports: 4.67/16.4 million USD).[109]	X
Mauritius	1968[110]	See Mauritius–Turkey relations The Embassy of Mauritius in Berlin to Germany is also accredited to Turkey.[111] The Turkish ambassador in Antananarivo to Madagascar is also accredited to Mauritius.[111] Trade volume between the two countries was 76.5 million USD in 2019.[111] There are direct flights from Istanbul to Mauritius since December 15, 2015.[111]	√[54]
Mauritania	1974[112]	See Mauritania–Turkey relations Mauritania has an Embassy in Ankara.[112] Turkey has an Embassy in Nouakchott.[112] Trade volume between the two countries was 245 million USD in 2019.[112] There are direct flights from Istanbul to Nouakchott.[112]	X
Mozambique	Sep. 23, 1975[113]	See Mozambique–Turkey relations The Embassy of Mozambique in Rome to Italy is also accredited to Turkey.[114] Turkey has an Embassy in Maputo.[114] Trade volume between the two countries was 153 million USD in 2019.[114]	X
Namibia	1966[115]	See Namibia–Turkey relations Turkey has an Embassy in Windhoek.[115] Trade volume between the two countries was 11.84 million USD in 2019 (Turkish exports/imports: 9.40/2.44 million USD).[115]	X
Niger	1967[116]	See Niger–Turkey relations Niger has an Embassy in Ankara.[116] Turkey has an Embassy in Niamey.[116] Trade volume between the two countries was 72 million USD in 2019.[116]	X
Nigeria	1960[117]	See Nigeria–Turkey relations Nigeria has an Embassy in Ankara.[117] Turkey has an Embassy in Abuja.[117] Trade volume between the two countries was 726 million USD in 2019.[117] There are direct flights from Istanbul to Abuja, Lagos and Port-Harcourt.[117]	X
Rwanda	1962[118]	See Rwanda–Turkey relations Rwanda has an Embassy in Ankara.[119] Turkey has an Embassy in Kigali.[119] Trade volume between the two countries was 32.4 million USD in 2019 (Turkish exports/imports: 32.2/0.2 million USD).[119]	X
São Tomé and Príncipe	July 12, 1975[120]	See São Tomé and Príncipe–Turkey relations The Embassy of São Tomé and Príncipe in Lisbon is also accredited to Turkey.[121] The Turkish ambassador in Libreville to Gabon is also accredited to São Tomé and Príncipe.[121] Trade volume between the two countries was 2.3 million USD in 2019.[121]	X
Senegal	1962[122]	See Senegal–Turkey relations Senegal has an Embassy in Ankara.[122] Turkey has an Embassy in Dakar.[122] Trade volume between the two countries was 292 million USD in 2019.[122] There are direct flights from Istanbul to Dakar.[122] Yunus Emre Institute has a local headquarters in Dakar.	X
Seychelles	1995[123]	See Seychelles–Turkey relations The Embassy of Seychelles in Paris is also accredited to Turkey.[123] The Turkish ambassador in Nairobi to Kenya is also accredited to the Seychelles.[123] Trade volume between the two countries was 25.4 million USD in 2019 (Turkish exports/imports: 17.7/7.7 million USD).[123]	X
Sierra Leone	1971[124]	See Sierra Leone–Turkey relations Sierra Leone has an Embassy in Ankara.[124] Turkey has an Embassy in Freetown.[124] Trade volume between the two countries was 53.4 million USD in 2019.[124] There are direct flights from Istanbul to Freetown.[124]	X
Somalia	1979[125]	See Somalia–Turkey relations Somalia has an Embassy in Ankara.[126] Turkey has an Embassy in Mogadishu and a Consulate General in Hargeisa.[126] Trade volume between the two countries was 250.8 million USD in 2019.[126] Yunus Emre Institute has a local headquarters in Mogadishu.	X
South Africa	1993[127]	See South Africa–Turkey relations South Africa has an Embassy in Ankara.[127] Turkey has an Embassy in Pretoria.[127] Trade volume between the two countries was 1.3 billion USD in 2019 (Turkish exports/imports: 552.5/757.5 million USD).[127] There are direct flights from Istanbul to Cape Town and Durban since 2015.[127] 3,600 Turkish citizens reside in South Africa.[127] Yunus Emre Institute has a local headquarters in Johannesburg.	X
South Sudan	2012[128]	See also South Sudan–Turkey relations South Sudan has an Embassy in Ankara.[128] Turkey has an Embassy in Juba.[128] Trade volume between the two countries was 3.2 million USD in 2019.[128]	X
Sudan	1956[129]	See also Sudan–Turkey relations Sudan has an Embassy in Ankara.[129] Turkey has an Embassy in Khartoum.[129] Trade volume between the two countries was 434 million USD in 2019 (Turkish exports/imports: 361/73 million USD).[129] Yunus Emre Institute has a local headquarters in Khartoum.	X
Tanzania	1979[130]	See Tanzania–Turkey relations Tanzania has an Embassy in Ankara.[130] Turkey has an Embassy in Dar es Salaam.[130] Trade volume between the two countries was 151 million USD in 2015.[130] There are direct flights from Istanbul to Dar es Salaam and Kilimanjaro since 2010.[130]	X
Togo	Jan. 13, 1997[131]	See Togo–Turkey relations Turkey has an Embassy in Lomé (planned).[132] Trade volume between the two countries was 106 million USD in 2019.[132]	X
Uganda	2010[133]	See Turkey–Uganda relations Uganda has an Embassy in Ankara.[133] Turkey has an Embassy in Kampala.[133] Trade volume between the two countries was 40 million USD in 2018.[133]	X
Zambia	1964[134]	See Turkey–Zambia relations Zambia has an Embassy in Ankara.[134] Turkey has an Embassy in Lusaka.[134] Trade volume between the two countries was 23.7 million USD in 2019 (Turkish exports/imports: 17.8/5.9 million USD).[134] There are direct flights from Istanbul to Lusaka since December 14, 2018.[134]	X
Zimbabwe	1980[135]	See Turkey–Zimbabwe relations Zimbabwe has an Embassy in Ankara.[136] Turkey has an Embassy in Harare.[136] Trade volume between the two countries was 17.7 million USD in 2019 (Turkish exports/imports: 5.9/11.8 million USD).[136]	X

Southern Cone

Country	Relations Began	Notes	Free Trade Agreement
Argentina	July 21, 1871[137]	See Argentina–Turkey relations President Erdoğan with then-president Mauricio Macri in Buenos Aires. Argentina has an Embassy in Ankara. Turkey has an Embassy in Buenos Aires. Both countries are members of G20 and WTO. Flights from Istanbul to Buenos Aires via São Paulo commenced in December 2013 and are taking place on a daily basis.[138] Trade volume between the two countries was 455 million USD in 2019 (Turkish exports/imports: 161/294 million USD.[138] 64,483 Argentine tourists visited Turkey in 2019.	X
Chile	1856[139]	See Chile–Turkey relations President Erdoğan and Sebastián Piñera Chile has an Embassy in Ankara. Turkey has an Embassy in Santiago. Both countries are members of OECD and WTO. Chile-Turkey Free Trade Agreement was signed on July 14, 2009 and is in effect since March 1, 2011.[140] Trade volume between the two countries was 579 million USD in 2019 (Turkish exports/imports: 344/236 million USD.[140] 18,509 Chilean tourists visited Turkey in 2019. Chile was the first country in Latin America that recognized Turkey.	√[46]
Paraguay	1953[141]	See Paraguay–Turkey relations Paraguay has an Embassy in Ankara.[142] Turkey has an Embassy in Asunción.[142] Trade volume between the two countries was 82.1 million USD in 2019 (Turkish exports/imports: 47.1/35 million USD).[142] 1,328 Paraguayan tourists visited Turkey in 2019.	X
Uruguay	1929[143]	See Turkey–Uruguay relations Uruguay has a Consulate General in Istanbul.[143] The Turkish ambassador in Buenos Aires to Argentina is also accredited to Uruguay.[143] Trade volume between the two countries was 341.4 million USD in 2019 (Turkish exports/imports: 42.8/298.6 million USD).[143] 7,191 Uruguayan tourists visited Turkey in 2019.	X

North America

Country	Relations Began	Notes	Free Trade Agreement
Canada	1943[144]	See Canada–Turkey relations Canada has an Embassy in Ankara and a Consulate General in Istanbul. Turkey has an Embassy in Ottawa and Consulates General in Montreal, Toronto and Vancouver. Both countries are members of OECD, G20, NATO and WTO. There are direct flights from Istanbul to Toronto, Montreal and Vancouver (starting in December 2020).[144] Trade volume between the two countries was 2.46 billion USD in 2019.[144] 139,164 Canadian tourists visited Turkey in 2019. Around 65,000 people of Turkish origin live in Canada.[144]	X
Mexico	1863[139]	See Mexico–Turkey relations President Erdoğan visiting Mexico. Mexico has an Embassy in Ankara and a consulate in Istanbul.[145] Turkey has an Embassy in Mexico City.[146] Both countries are members of OECD, G20 and WTO. Flights from Istanbul to Mexico City and Cancún were launched in August 2019.[147] Trade volume between the two countries was 1.3 billion USD USD in 2019 (Turkish exports/imports: 602/678 million USD).[147] 66,557 Mexican tourists visited Turkey in 2019. Yunus Emre Institute has a local headquarters in Mexico City.	X
United States	1830[148]	See Turkey–United States relations Presidents Erdoğan and Trump with the First Ladies. United States has an Embassy in Ankara, a Consulate General in Istanbul and a Consulate in Adana. Turkey has an Embassy in Washington, D.C. and Consulates General in Boston, Chicago, Houston, Los Angeles, Miami and New York City. Both countries are members of OECD, G20, NATO and WTO. There are direct flights from Istanbul to Atlanta, Boston, Chicago, Houston, Los Angeles, Miami, Newark, San Francisco and Washington, D.C. 578,074 American tourists visited Turkey in 2019. Yunus Emre Institute has a local headquarters in Washington, D.C.. Following its NATO membership in 1952 and subsequent hosting of the United States Air Force in Incirlik Air Base, Turkey became the bulwark of NATO's southeastern flank, the directly bordering Warsaw Pact countries. Turkey participated with the United States during the Korean War of the early 1950s and the Gulf War of 1990.	X

Caribbean

Country	Relations Began	Notes	Free Trade Agreement
Antigua and Barbuda	Feb. 3, 1982[149]	See Antigua and Barbuda–Turkey relations The Turkish ambassador in Santo Domingo to the Dominican Republic is also accredited to Antigua and Barbuda.[150] Trade volume between the two countries was 12.5 million USD in 2019.[150]	X
Bahamas	Sep. 21, 1981[151]	See Bahamas–Turkey relations The Turkish ambassador in Havana to Cuba is also accredited to the Commonwealth of the Bahamas.[152] Trade volume between the two countries was 86.1 million USD in 2019.[152]	X
Barbados	1970[153]	See Barbados–Turkey relations The Turkish ambassador in Port of Spain to Trinidad and Tobago is also accredited to Barbados.[154] Trade volume between the two countries was 8.5 million USD in 2019 (Turkish exports/imports: 8.45/0.05 million USD).[154]	X
Cuba	1868[139]	See Cuba–Turkey relations Turkey has an Embassy in Havana.[155] Trade volume between the two countries was 54.7 million USD in 2019 (Turkish exports/imports: 42.9/11.8 million USD).[155] The Ottoman Empire Embassy to Cuba opened in 1873.[139]	X
Dominica	Nov. 3, 1978[156]	See Dominica–Turkey relations The Turkish ambassador in Santo Domingo to the Dominican Republic is also accredited to Dominica.[157] Trade volume between the two countries was 1.6 million USD in 2019.[157]	X
Dominican Republic	July 23, 1904[158]	See Dominican Republic–Turkey relations Turkey has an Embassy in Santo Domingo.[159] Trade volume between the two countries was 132.7 million USD in 2019 (Turkish exports/imports: 118.6/14.1 million USD).[159]	X
Grenada	Feb. 25, 1975[160]	See Grenada–Turkey relations The Turkish ambassador in Port of Spain to Trinidad and Tobago is also accredited to Grenada.[161] Trade volume between the two countries was 910 thousand USD in 2019.[161]	X
Haiti	Mar. 23, 1943[162]	See Haiti–Turkey relations The Turkish ambassador in Santo Domingo to the Dominican Republic is also accredited to Haiti.[163] Trade volume between the two countries was 129.7 million USD in 2019 (Turkish exports/imports: 128.9/0.8 million USD).[163]	X
Jamaica	1970[164]	See Jamaica–Turkey relations The Turkish ambassador in Havana to Cuba is also accredited to Jamaica.[165] Trade volume between the two countries was 90.5 million USD in 2019 (Turkish exports/imports: 90/0.5 million USD).[165]	X
St. Kitts and Nevis	Aug. 22, 1984[166]	See Saint Kitts and Nevis–Turkey relations The Turkish ambassador in Santo Domingo to the Dominican Republic is also accredited to St. Kitts and Nevis.[167] Trade volume between the two countries was 5.9 million USD in 2019.[167]	X
St. Lucia	2005[168]	See Saint Lucia–Turkey relations The Turkish ambassador in Port of Spain to Trinidad and Tobago is also accredited to St. Lucia.[169] Trade volume between the two countries was 3 million USD in 2019.[169]	X
St. Vincent and Grenadines	July 27, 2004[170]	See Saint Vincent and the Grenadines–Turkey relations The Turkish ambassador in Port of Spain to Trinidad and Tobago is also accredited to St. Vincent and Grenadines.[171] Trade volume between the two countries was 11.3 million USD in 2019 (Turkish exports/imports: 4.8/6.5 million USD).[171]	X
Trinidad and Tobago	1963[164]	See Trinidad and Tobago–Turkey relations Turkey has an Embassy in Port of Spain.[172] Trade volume between the two countries was 120.8 million USD in 2019 (Turkish exports/imports: 68.4/52.4 million USD).[172]	X

Central America

Country	Relations Began	Notes	Free Trade Agreement
Belize	Oct. 29, 1981[173]	See Belize–Turkey relations The Turkish ambassador in Port of Spain to Trinidad and Tobago is also accredited to Belize.[173] Trade volume between the two countries was 13.7 million USD in 2019 (Turkish exports/imports: 10.1/3.6 million USD).[173]	X
Costa Rica	Jan. 15, 1898[164]	See Costa Rica–Turkey relations Costa Rica has an Embassy in Ankara.[174] Turkey has an Embassy in San Jose.[174] Trade volume between the two countries was 100 million USD in 2019 (Turkish exports/imports: 58.9/41.8 million USD).[174]	X
El Salvador	Jan. 26, 1934[164]	See El Salvador–Turkey relations The Embassy of El Salvador in Berlin is accredited to Turkey.[175] The Turkish ambassador in Guatemala City to Guatemala is also accredited to El Salvador.[175] Trade volume between the two countries was 17.1 million USD in 2019 (Turkish exports/imports: 14.8/2.3 million USD).[175]	X
Guatemala	Aug. 10, 1882[164]	See Guatemala–Turkey relations Guatemala has an Embassy in Ankara and an Honorary Consulate in Istanbul.[176] Turkey has an Embassy in Guatemala City.[176] Trade volume between the two countries was 63.5 million USD in 2019 (Turkish exports/imports: 53.5/10 million USD).[176]	X
Honduras	April 25, 1862[164]	See Honduras–Turkey relations The Turkish ambassador in Guatemala City to Guatemala is also accredited to Honduras.[177] Trade volume between the two countries was 19.8 million USD in 2019 (Turkish exports/imports: 15/4.8 million USD).[177]	X
Nicaragua	Nov. 11, 1926[178]	See Nicaragua–Turkey relations The Turkish ambassador in San José to Costa Rica is also accredited to Nicaragua.[178] Nicaraguan Embassy in Berlin to Germany is also accredited to Turkey.[178] Trade volume between the two countries was 11.6 million USD in 2019 (Turkish exports/imports: 11.1/0.5 million USD).[178]	X
Panama	April 14, 1950[179]	See Panama–Turkey relations Panama has an Embassy in Ankara.[179] Turkey has an Embassy in Panama.[179] Trade volume between the two countries was 260.9 million USD in 2019 (Turkish exports/imports: 248.8/12.1 million USD).[179]	X

Latin America, rest of

Country	Relations Began	Notes	Free Trade Agreement
Bolivia	1849[164]	See Bolivia–Turkey relations Turkey has an Embassy in La Paz.[180] Trade volume between the two countries was 130 million USD in 2019 (Turkish exports/imports: 22/108 million USD).[180] 2,491 Bolivian tourists visited Turkey in 2019.	X
Brazil	1850[139]	See Brazil–Turkey relations Prime Minister Erdoğan meets with President Luiz Inácio Lula da Silva. Brazil has an Embassy in Ankara and a Consulate General in Istanbul.[181] Turkey has an Embassy in Brasília and a Consulate General in São Paulo.[181] Both countries are members of G20 and WTO. There are daily direct flights from Istanbul to São Paulo.[181] Trade volume between the two countries was 3.1 billion USD in 2019 (Turkish exports/imports: 0.48/2.6 billion USD).[181] 101,164 Brazilian tourists visited Turkey in 2019.	X
Colombia	1959[182]	See Colombia–Turkey relations Colombia has an Embassy in Ankara. Turkey has an Embassy in Bogotá. Both countries are members of OECD and WTO. Flights from Istanbul to Bogotá commenced in May 2016. Trade volume between the two countries was 1.7 billion USD in 2019 (Turkish exports/imports: 0.25/1.46 billion USD).[183] 70,974 Colombian tourists visited Turkey in 2019.	X
Ecuador	1950[184]	See Ecuador–Turkey relations Ecuador has an Embassy in Ankara and a Consulate General in Istanbul. Turkey has an Embassy in Quito and a Consulate General in Guayaquil. Trade volume between the two countries was 117 million USD in 2019 (Turkish exports/imports: 59/58 million USD).[184] 8,416 Ecuadorian tourists visited Turkey in 2019.	X
Guyana	2005[164]	See Guyana–Turkey relations The Turkish ambassador in Port of Spain to Trinidad and Tobago is also accredited to Guyana.[185] Trade volume between the two countries was 29.6 million USD in 2019 (Turkish exports/imports: 28.6/1 million USD).[185]	X
Peru	1950[186]	See Peru–Turkey relations Peru has an Embassy in Ankara and a Consulate General in Istanbul.[186] Turkey has an Embassy in Lima.[186] Trade volume between the two countries was 250 million USD in 2019 (Turkish exports/imports: 177.4/72.6 million USD).[186] 11,430 Peruvian tourists visited Turkey in 2019.	X
Suriname	1976[187]	See Suriname–Turkey relations The Turkish ambassador in Port of Spain to Trinidad and Tobago is also accredited to Suriname.[187] Trade volume between the two countries was 18.2 million USD in 2019 (Turkish exports/imports: 18.1/0.1 million USD).[187]	X
Venezuela	1857[139]	See Turkey–Venezuela relations Turkey has an Embassy in Caracas and an Honorary Consulate in Maracaibo.[188] Venezuela has an Embassy in Ankara and a Consulate General in Istanbul. Trade volume between the two countries was 150 million USD in 2019 (Turkish exports/imports: 130/20 million USD).[188]	X

Turkic States

Country	Relations Began	Notes	Free Trade Agreement
Azerbaijan	Jan. 14, 1992[189]	See Azerbaijan–Turkey relations Azerbaijan has an Embassy in Ankara and Consulates General in Istanbul and Kars.[189] Turkey has an Embassy in Baku and Consulates General in Nakhchivan and Ganja.[189] Both countries are members of Asia Cooperation Dialogue, Council of Europe, Economic Cooperation Organization, International Organization of Turkic Culture, OIC, TAKM, Turkic Council, TURKPA, Organization of the Black Sea Economic Cooperation and OSCE. Trade volume between the two countries was 4.18 billion USD in 2019 (Turkish exports/imports: 1.63/2.55 billion USD).[190] 901,723 Azeri tourists visited Turkey in 2019. Azerbaijan-Turkey relations have been described as "one nation with two states" due to a common culture and the mutual intelligibility of Turkish and Azerbaijani. Turkey became the first state to recognize the Republic of Azerbaijan in November 1991.[189] Yunus Emre Institute has a local branch in Baku.	X
Kazakhstan	March 2, 1992[191]	See Kazakhstan–Turkey relations Kazakhstan has an Embassy in Ankara and a Consulate General in Istanbul. Turkey has an Embassy in Nur-Sultan and a Consulate General in Almaty. Both countries are members of Asia Cooperation Dialogue, Economic Cooperation Organization, International Organization of Turkic Culture, OIC, TAKM, Turkic Council, TURKPA, OSCE and WTO. Trade volume between the two countries was 3.9 billion USD in 2019 (Turkish exports/imports: 0.9/3 billion USD).[192] 455,724 Kazakh tourists visited Turkey in 2019. Turkey became the first state to recognize the Republic of Kazakhstan.[191] Yunus Emre Institute has a local branch in Nur-Sultan.	X
Kyrgyzstan	Jan. 29, 1992[193]	See Kyrgyzstan–Turkey relations Kyrgyzstan has an Embassy in Ankara.[193] Turkey has an Embassy in Bishkek.[193] Both countries are members of Asia Cooperation Dialogue, Economic Cooperation Organization, International Organization of Turkic Culture, OIC, TAKM, Turkic Council, TURKPA, OSCE and WTO. Trade volume between the two countries was 519 million USD in 2019 (Turkish exports/imports: 442/77 million USD).[194] 121,364 Kyrgyz tourists visited Turkey in 2019. Turkey became the first state to recognize the Republic of Kyrgyzstan.[195]	X
Turkmenistan	Feb. 29, 1992[196]	See Turkey–Turkmenistan relations Turkmenistan has an Embassy in Ankara. Turkey has an Embassy in Ashgabat. Both countries are members of Economic Cooperation Organization, International Organization of Turkic Culture and OIC. Trade volume between the two countries was 1.35 billion USD in 2019 (Turkish exports/imports: 745/601 million USD).[197] 297,706 Turkmen tourists visited Turkey in 2019. Turkey became the first state to recognize the Republic of Turkmenistan on October 27, 1991.[196]	X
Uzbekistan	March 4, 1992[198]	See Turkey–Uzbekistan relations Uzbekistan has an Embassy in Ankara and a Consulate General in Istanbul Turkey has an Embassy in Tashkent. Both countries are members of Asia Cooperation Dialogue, Economic Cooperation Organization, International Organization of Turkic Culture, OIC, TAKM, Turkic Council, TURKPA, OSCE and WTO. Trade volume between the two countries was 2.3 billion USD in 2019 (Turkish exports/imports: 1.23/1.14 billion USD).[199] 252,138 Uzbek tourists visited Turkey in 2019.	X

Asia-Pacific

Country	Relations Began	Notes	Free Trade Agreement
Afghanistan	1921[200]	See Afghanistan–Turkey relations Afghanistan has an Embassy in Ankara and a Consulate General in Istanbul. Turkey has an Embassy in Kabul and Consulates General in Kandahar and Mazar-e Sharif. Both countries are members of Asia Cooperation Dialogue, Economic Cooperation Organization, OIC and WTO. Trade volume between the two countries was 180 million USD in 2019 (Turkish exports/imports: 24/156 million USD).[201] Yunus Emre Institute has a local branch in Kabul.	X
Australia	1967[202]	See Australia–Turkey relations Australia has an Embassy in Ankara and a Consulates General in Istanbul and Çanakkale.[202] Turkey has an Embassy in Canberra and Consulates General in Melbourne and Sydney.[202] Both countries are members of G20, MIKTA, OECD and WTO.[202] Trade volume between the two countries was 1.66 billion USD in 2015 (Turkish exports/imports: 521.6/544.8 million USD).[203] 120,837 Australian tourists visited Turkey in 2019. 150 thousand Turkish citizens reside in Australia.[202] Yunus Emre Institute has a local branch in Melbourne.	X
Bangladesh	Feb. 22, 1974[204]	See Bangladesh–Turkey relations Bangladesh has an Embassy in Ankara.[204] Turkey has an Embassy in Dhaka.[204] Both countries are members of OIC.[204] Trade volume between the two countries was 934 million USD in 2019 (Turkish exports/imports: 427/509 billion USD).[205]	X
Bhutan	2012[206]	See Bhutan–Turkey relations Bhutan and Turkey cooperate through their respective embassies in New Delhi.[207] Trade volume between the two countries was 1.58 million USD in 2018 (Turkish exports/imports: 0.1/1.48 million USD).[208]	X
Brunei Darussalam	1984[209]	See Brunei–Turkey relations Brunei Darussalam has an Embassy in Ankara.[209] Turkey has an Embassy in Bandar Seri Begawan.[209] Both countries are members of OIC. Trade volume between the two countries was 4.88 billion USD in 2015 (Turkish exports/imports: 4882/16 million USD).[210]	X
Cambodia	1959[211]	See Cambodia–Turkey relations Cambodia has an Embassy in Ankara. Turkey has an Embassy in Phnom Penh. Trade volume between the two countries was 108.4 million USD in 2015 (Turkish exports/imports: 13.7/94.7 million USD).[212]	X
China	1971[213]	See China–Turkey relations China has an Embassy in Ankara and Consulates General in Istanbul and Izmir.[213] Turkey has an Embassy in Beijing and Consulates General in Guangzhou,[214] Hong Kong[215] and Shanghai[216] Both countries are members of G20 and WTO. Trade volume between the two countries was 21.08 billion USD in 2019 (Turkish exports/imports: 2.58/18.49 billion USD).[217] 426,344 Chinese tourists visited Turkey in 2019.[217] There are direct flights from Istanbul to Beijing, Chengdu, Guangzhou, Hong Kong and Shanghai.[217]	X
Cook Islands	Oct. 28, 2008[218]	The Turkish ambassador in Wellington to New Zealand is also accredited to the Cook Islands.[218] Trade volume between the two countries was negligible in 2019.[218]	X
East Timor	2002[219]	See East Timor–Turkey relations The Turkish ambassador in Jakarta to Indonesia is also accredited to East Timor.[219] Trade volume between the two countries was negligible in 2018.[219]	X
Fiji	Dec. 17, 1975[220]	See Fiji–Turkey relations The Turkish ambassador in Wellington to New Zealand is also accredited to Fiji.[220] Trade volume between the two countries was negligible in 2018.[220]	X
India	Aug. 15, 1947[221]	See India–Turkey relations Prime Minister Erdoğan meets with Narendra Modi in India. India has an Embassy in Ankara and a Consulate General in Istanbul. Turkey has an Embassy in New Delhi and Consulates General in Hyderabad and Mumbai.[221] Both countries are members of G20 and WTO. Trade volume between the two countries was 7.80 billion USD in 2019 (Turkish exports/imports: 1.17/6.64 billion USD).[222] 230,131 Indian tourists visited Turkey in 2019.	X
Indonesia	1571[223]	See Indonesia–Turkey relations Indonesia has an Embassy in Ankara.[223] Turkey has an Embassy in Jakarta.[223] Both countries are members of D-8, G20, MIKTA, OIC and WTO. Trade volume between the two countries was 1.85 billion USD in 2019 (Turkish exports/imports: 0.21/1.64 billion USD).[224] 127,149 Indonesian tourists visited Turkey in 2019. 2,400 Indonesian citizens reside in Turkey.[223]	X
Japan	1890[225]	See Japan–Turkey relations Japan has an Embassy in Ankara and a Consulate General in Istanbul. Turkey has an Embassy in Tokyo[226] and a Consulate General in Nagoya.[227] Both countries are members of G20, OECD and WTO. Trade volume between the two countries was 4.02 billion USD in 2019 (Turkish exports/imports: 0.5/3.52 billion USD).[228] 103,320 Japanese tourists visited Turkey in 2019. Yunus Emre Institute has a local branch in Tokyo.	X
Kiribati	2008[229]	See Kiribati–Turkey relations The Turkish ambassador in Canberra to Australia is also accredited to Kiribati.[229] Trade volume between the two countries was negligible in 2018.[229]	X
Laos	1958[230]	See Laos–Turkey relations The Embassy of Laos in Vienna is also accredited to Turkey.[230] Turkey has an Embassy in Vientiane.[230] Trade volume between the two countries was 2.92 billion USD in 2018 (Turkish exports/imports: 1.44/1.48 billion USD).[231]	X
Maldives	1979[232]	See Maldives–Turkey relations The Permanent Mission of the Republic of Maldives to the United Nations Office in Geneva is also accredited to Turkey.[232] The Turkish ambassador in New Delhi to India is also accredited to the Maldives.[232] Both countries are members of OIC.[232] Trade volume between the two countries was 46.5 million USD in 2019 (Turkish exports/imports: 28.2/18.3 million USD).[233] There are direct flights from Istanbul to Malé since November 24, 2012.	X
Malaysia	1964[234]	See Malaysia–Turkey relations Malaysia has an Embassy in Ankara. Turkey has an Embassy in Kuala Lumpur. Both countries are members of D-8, OIC and WTO. Trade volume between the two countries was 1.70 billion USD in 2015 (Turkish exports/imports: 0.36/1.34 billion USD).[235] 114,214 Malaysian tourists visited Turkey in 2019. Yunus Emre Institute has a local branch in Kuala Lumpur.	√
Marshall Islands	April 9, 2008[236]	See Marshall Islands–Turkey relations Turkish ambassador in Canberra to Australia is also accredited to the Marshall Islands.[237] Marshall Islands has an Honorary Consulate in Istanbul.[238] Trade volume between the two countries was negligible in 2018.[239]	X
Micronesia	Nov. 3, 1986[240]	The Turkish ambassador in Canberra to Australia is also accredited to Micronesia.[241] Trade volume between the two countries was negligible in 2018.[242]	X
Mongolia	June 24, 1969[243]	See Mongolia–Turkey relations Mongolia has an Embassy in Ankara. Turkey has an Embassy in Ulaanbaatar. Both countries are members of Asia Cooperation Dialogue and WTO. Trade volume between the two countries was 39.7 million USD in 2019 (Turkish exports/imports: 39.2/0.5 million USD).[244]	X
Myanmar	1958[245]	See Myanmar–Turkey relations The Burmese Embassy in Cairo to Egypt is also accredited to Turkey.[245] Turkey has an Embassy in Yangon.[245] Trade volume between the two countries was 38.7 million USD in 2015 (Turkish exports/imports: 30.7/8 million USD).[246]	X
Nauru	Oct. 24, 1976[247]	See Nauru–Turkey relations The Turkish ambassador in Canberra to Australia is also accredited to Nauru.[248] Trade volume between the two countries was negligible in 2018.[249]	X
New Zealand	1915[250]	See New Zealand–Turkey relations New Zealand has an Embassy in Ankara.[250] Turkey has an Embassy in Wellington.[250] Both countries are members of OECD and WTO. Trade volume between the two countries was 152.8 million USD in 2015 (Turkish exports/imports: 90.1/62.7 million USD).[251] 20,912 New Zealanders visited Turkey in 2019. 1,700 Turkish citizens reside in New Zealand.[250]	X
Niue	June 7, 2014[252]	Trade volume between the two countries was negligible in 2018.	X
North Korea	Jan. 15, 2001[253]	See North Korea–Turkey relations The Embassy of North Korea in Sofia is also accredited to Turkey.[253] The ambassador in Seoul to South Korea is also accredited to North Korea.[253] Trade volume between the two countries was negligible in 2018.[253]	X
Pakistan	1947[254]	See Pakistan–Turkey relations Pakistan has an Embassy in Ankara and a Consulate General in Istanbul. Turkey has an Embassy in Islamabad[255] and Consulates General in Karachi[256] and Lahore.[257] Both countries are members of Asia Cooperation Dialogue, Economic Cooperation Organization, OIC and WTO. Trade volume between the two countries was 856 million USD in 2019 (Turkish exports/imports: 550/306 million USD).[258] 130,736 Pakistani tourists visited Turkey in 2019. Yunus Emre Institute has local branches in Karachi and Lahore.	X
Palau	May 10, 2007[259]	See Palau–Turkey relations Turkish ambassador in Tokyo to Japan is also accredited to Palau.[259] Trade volume between the two countries was 3.7 million USD in 2014.[259]	X
Papua New Guinea	May 30, 1979[260]	Papua New Guinea has an Honorary Consulate in Istanbul.[260] The Turkish ambassador in Canberra is also accredited to Papua New Guinea.[260] Trade volume between the two countries was negligible in 2018.[260]	X
Philippines	June 13, 1949[261]	See Philippines–Turkey relations Philippines has an Embassy in Ankara.[261] Turkey has an Embassy in Manila.[261] Trade volume between the two countries was 219.7 million USD in 2015 (Turkish exports/imports: 104/115.7 million USD).[262] 139,126 Filipino tourists visited Turkey in 2019. 2,200 Philippine nationals are residing in Turkey.[261] There are direct flights from Istanbul to Manila since March 2015.[261]	X
Samoa	April 12, 1979[263]	See Samoa–Turkey relations The Turkish ambassador in Wellington to New Zealand is also accredited to Samoa.[263] Trade volume between the two countries was negligible in 2018.[263]	X
Singapore	Feb. 12, 1969[264]	See Singapore–Turkey relations Singapore has an Embassy in Ankara.[264] Turkey has an Embassy in Singapore.[264] Trade volume between the two countries was 808 million USD in 2015 (Turkish exports/imports: 443/365 million USD).[265] 34,930 Singaporean tourists visited Turkey in 2019. There are direct flights from Istanbul to Singapore.[264]	√
Solomon Islands	Mar. 8, 1979[266]	See Solomon Islands–Turkey relations The Turkish ambassador in Canberra to Australia is also accredited to Solomon Islands since March 8, 1979.[266] Trade volume between the two countries was negligible in 2018.ref name="auto136/">	X
South Korea	Aug. 11, 1949[267]	See South Korea–Turkey relations South Korea has an Embassy in Ankara.[267] Turkey has an Embassy in Seoul.[267] Both countries are members of G20, MIKTA, OECD and WTO. Trade volume between the two countries was 6.53 billion USD in 2018 (Turkish exports/imports: 0.88/5.64 billion USD).[268] 212,970 South Korean tourists visited Turkey in 2019.[268] Free Trade Agreement between the two countries entered into force on May 1, 2013 and was updated on August 1, 2018 to include an Investment Agreement.[268] Turkey ranks third in number of martyrs among the 16 countries that participated in the Korean War. United Nations Memorial Cemetery in Busan honors 462 of the 966 Turkish soldiers who died during the war. Yunus Emre Institute has a local branch in Seoul.	√
Sri Lanka	Feb. 4, 1948[269]	See Sri Lanka–Turkey relations Sri Lanka has an Embassy in Ankara.[269] Turkey has an Embassy in Colombo.[269] Trade volume between the two countries was 185.7 million USD in 2018 (Turkish exports/imports: 84.3/101.4 million USD).[270]	X
Taiwan	1971	Diplomatic recognition withdrawn in 1971 by the establishment of diplomatic relations between Turkey and China but both countries still maintain informal relations.	X
Tajikistan	Jan. 29, 1992[271]	See Tajikistan–Turkey relations Tajikistan has an Embassy in Ankara. Turkey has an Embassy in Dushanbe. Both countries are members of Asia Cooperation Dialogue, Economic Cooperation Organization, OIC and WTO. Trade volume between the two countries was 274 million USD in 2019 (Turkish exports/imports: 143/131 million USD).[272] 44,155 Tajik tourists visited Turkey in 2019.	X
Thailand	1958[273]	See Thailand–Turkey relations Thailand has an Embassy in Ankara.[273] Turkey has an Embassy in Bangkok.[273] Trade volume between the two countries was 1.34 billion USD in 2018 (Turkish exports/imports: 0.26/1.09 billion USD).[274] 62,192 Thai tourists visited Turkey in 2019. Negotiations on a bilateral Free Trade Agreement (FTA) began in 2017.[273] There are direct flights from Istanbul to Bangkok and Phuket.[273]	X
Tonga	Jan. 26, 1976[275]	See Tonga–Turkey relations The Turkish ambassador in Wellington to New Zealand is also accredited to Tonga since January 26, 1976.[275] Trade volume between the two countries was negligible in 2018.[275]	X
Tuvalu	July 19, 1979[276]	See Turkey–Tuvalu relations The Turkish ambassador in Wellington to New Zealand is also accredited to Tuvalu.[276] Trade volume between the two countries was negligible in 2018.[276]	X
Vanuatu	April 10, 1987[277]	See Turkey–Vanuatu relations Turkish ambassador in Canberra to Australia is also accredited to Vanuatu.[278] Vanuatu has an Honorary Consulate in Istanbul.[279] Trade volume between the two countries was 17.4 million USD in 2018 (Turkish exports/imports: 10.3/7.1 million USD).[280]	X
Vietnam	1978[281]	See Turkey–Vietnam relations Vietnam has an Embassy in Ankara.[281] Turkey has an Embassy in Hanoi.[281] Trade volume between the two countries was 1.91 billion USD in 2015 (Turkish exports/imports: 0.16/1.76 billion USD).[282] There are direct flights from Istanbul to Hanoi and Ho Chi Minh City since June 27, 2016.[281]	X

Western Asia

Country	Relations Began	Notes	Free Trade Agreement
Armenia		See Armenia–Turkey relations Diplomatic relations suspended over the Nagorno-Karabakh War.	X
Bahrain	Dec. 4, 1973	See Bahrain–Turkey relations Bahrain has an Embassy in Ankara. Turkey has an Embassy in Manama. Trade volume between the two countries was 486 million USD in 2018 (Turkish exports/imports: 299/187 million USD).[283] Yunus Emre Institute has a local branch in Manama.	X
Cyprus		Diplomatic relations suspended over the Cyprus dispute.	√
Northern Cyprus	1983[284]	Northern Cyprus has an Embassy in Ankara and Consulates General in Antalya, Gaziantep, Istanbul, Izmir, Mersin and Trabzon. Turkey has an Embassy in North Nicosia[285] Yunus Emre Institute has a local branch in North Nicosia.	Free Trade
Georgia	May 21, 1992[286]	See Georgia–Turkey relations Georgia has an Embassy in Ankara and Consulates General in Istanbul and Trabzon.[286] Turkey has an Embassy in Tbilisi and a Consulate General in Batumi.[286] Both countries are members of Council of Europe, Economic Cooperation Organization, Organization of the Black Sea Economic Cooperation, Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe and WTO. Trade volume between the two countries was 1.85 billion USD in 2019 (Turkish exports/imports: 1.58/0.27 billion USD).[287] 1,995,254 Georgian tourists visited Turkey in 2019.[286] Yunus Emre Institute has a local branch in Tbilisi.	√[46]
Iran	Aug. 23, 1514[288]	See Iran–Turkey relations Iran has an Embassy in Ankara and Consulates General in Istanbul, Trabzon and Erzurum.[289] Turkey has an Embassy in Tehran and Consulates General in Tabriz, Orumiyeh and Mashhad.[289] Both countries are members of Economic Cooperation Organization and OIC. Trade volume between the two countries was 5.60 billion USD in 2019 (Turkish exports/imports: 2.31/3.29 billion USD).[290] 2,102,890 Iranian tourists visited Turkey in 2019. Yunus Emre Institute has a local branch in Tehran.	X
Iraq	1932[291]	See Iraq–Turkey relations Iraq has an Embassy in Ankara and Consulates General in Gaziantep and Istanbul. Turkey has an Embassy in Baghdad and a Consulate General in Erbil. Trade volume between the two countries was 9.77 billion USD in 2018 (Turkish exports/imports: 8.35/1.42 billion USD).[292] 1,374,896 Iraqi tourists visited Turkey in 2019.	X
Israel	May 11, 1949[293]	See Israel–Turkey relations Israel has an Embassy in Ankara and a Consulate General in Istanbul. Turkey has an Embassy in Tel Aviv. Trade volume between the two countries was 4.37 billion USD in 2015 (Turkish exports/imports: 2.70/1.67 billion USD).[294] 569,368 Israeli tourists visited Turkey in 2019. The history of the Jewish–Turkish relations dates back to 14th–16th centuries, when the Ottoman Sultan Beyazid II invited the Sephardic Jews fleeing the Spanish and Portuguese Inquisitions to settle in the Ottoman Empire. During the 1930s and 1940s, the Republic of Turkey again served as a safe haven for the European Jewish refugees fleeing the Nazi-perpetrated Holocaust.[295] A Turkish diplomat, Selahattin Ulkumen, is honoured as one of the Righteous Among The Nations for his work in rescuing Jews from Nazi officials on the island of Rhodes, by issuing them Turkish visas and later arranging for their transport to Turkish territory. Another diplomat, Necdet Kent, also rescued Jews from Nazi authorities, for which he was awarded a special medal by the government of the State of Israel. Turkey was the first country with a Muslim majority to formally recognize the State of Israel. The founders of the State of Israel and prominent Israeli politicians such as David Ben-Gurion, Yitzhak Ben-Zvi and Moshe Shertok had all studied in the leading Turkish schools of Istanbul in their youth, namely Galatasaray High School and Istanbul University.	√[46]
Jordan	Jan. 11, 1947[296]	See Jordan–Turkey relations Jordan has an Embassy in Ankara.[296] Turkey has an Embassy in Amman.[296] Trade volume between the two countries was 962 million USD in 2015 (Turkish exports/imports: 835/127 million USD).[297] 474,874 Jordanian tourists visited Turkey in 2019.[296] Free Trade Agreement went into force on 11 March.[296] Yunus Emre Institute has a local branch in Amman.	X
Kuwait	1964[298]	See Kuwait–Turkey relations Kuwait has an Embassy in Ankara. Turkey has an Embassy in Kuwait City. Trade volume between the two countries was 678 million USD in 2018 (Turkish exports/imports: 534/144 million USD).[299] 374,191 Kuwaiti tourists visited Turkey in 2018.	X
Lebanon	Oct. 3, 1952[300]	See Lebanon–Turkey relations Lebanon has an Embassy in Ankara and a Consulate General in Istanbul. Turkey has an Embassy in Beirut. Trade volume between the two countries was 1070 million USD in 2018 (Turkish exports/imports: 901/169 million USD). 376,721 Lebanese tourists visited Turkey in 2019.[301] Yunus Emre Institute has a local branch in Beirut.	Pending Ratification[46]
Oman	1973[302]	See Oman–Turkey relations Oman has an Embassy in Ankara. Turkey has an Embassy in Muscat. Trade volume between the two countries was 489 million USD in 2018 (Turkish exports/imports: 422/67 million USD).[303]	X
Palestine	Nov. 15, 1988[304]	See Palestine–Turkey relations Palestine has an Embassy in Ankara.[304] Turkey has a Consulate General in Jerusalem accredited to Palestine.[304] Trade volume between the two countries was 84 million USD in 2015 (Turkish exports/imports: 82/2 million USD).[305] Yunus Emre Institute has local branches in Jerusalem and Ramallah.	√[46]
Qatar	1972[306]	See Qatar–Turkey relations Turkey has an Embassy in Doha. United Arab Emirates has an Embassy in Ankara and a Consulate General in Istanbul. Trade volume between the two countries was 1.4 billion USD in 2018.[307] Turkey has a military base in Qatar.[308] Yunus Emre Institute has a local branch in Doha.	X
Saudi Arabia	1932[309]	See Saudi Arabia–Turkey relations Saudi Arabia has an Embassy in Ankara and a Consulate General in Istanbul.[310] Turkey has an Embassy in Riyadh and a Consulate General in Jeddah.[311][312] Trade volume between the two countries was 4.96 billion USD in 2018 (Turkish exports/imports: 2.64/2.32 billion USD).[313] 564,816 Saudi tourists visited Turkey in 2019.	X
Syria	Nov. 17, 1944[314]	See Syria–Turkey relations Diplomatic relations suspended since 2011.	√[46]
United Arab Emirates	1971[315]	See Turkey–United Arab Emirates relations United Arab Emirates has an Embassy in Ankara and a Consulate General in Istanbul. Turkey has an Embassy in Abu Dhabi and a Consulate General in Dubai. Trade volume between the two countries was 6.92 billion USD in 2018 (Turkish exports/imports: 3.14/3.78 million USD).[316]	X
Yemen	March 4, 1946[317]	See Turkey–Yemen relations Yemen has an Embassy in Ankara.[318] Turkey has an Embassy in Sana’a.[318] Trade volume between the two countries was negligible in 2018.[318]	X

Europe

Country	Relations Began	Notes	Free Trade Agreement
Albania	1958[319]	See Albania–Turkey relations Albania has an Embassy in Ankara and a Consulate General in Istanbul. Turkey has an Embassy in Tirana. Both countries are members of OIC, NATO and WTO. Trade volume between the two countries was 430 million USD in 2018 (Turkish exports/imports: 408/22 million USD).[320] 125,935 Albanian tourists visited Turkey in 2018.[320] Yunus Emre Institute has local branches in Shkoder and Tiran.	√[46]
Andorra	Oct. 8, 1998[321]	See Andorra–Turkey relations The Turkish ambassador in Madrid to Spain is also accredited to Andorra.[321] Trade volume between the two countries was 478 thousand USD in 2010 (Turkish exports/imports: 476/1.4 thousand USD).[321]	√[46]
Austria	1526[322]	See Austria–Turkey relations Austria has an Embassy in Ankara and a Consulate General in Istanbul.[323] Turkey has an Embassy in Vienna[324] and Consulates General in Bregenz[325] and Salzburg[326] Both countries are members of OECD and WTO. Trade volume between the two countries was 2.43 billion USD in 2019 (Turkish exports/imports: 1.14/1.29 billion USD).[327] 401,475 Austrian tourists visited Turkey in 2019.[327] Yunus Emre Institute has a local branch in Vienna.	√[46]
Belarus	Mar. 25, 1992[328]	See Belarus–Turkey relations Belarus has an Embassy in Ankara and a Consulate General in Istanbul.[329] Turkey has an Embassy in Minsk.[329] Both countries are members of OSCE.[330] Trade volume between the two countries was 691 million USD in 2019 (Turkish exports/imports: 531/160 million USD).[328] 258,419 Belarussian tourists visited Turkey in 2019.	X
Belgium	1838[331]	See Belgium–Turkey relations Belgium has an Embassy in Ankara and a Consulate General in Istanbul. Turkey has an Embassy in Brussels[332] and a Consulate General in Antwerp.[333] Both countries are members of OECD, NATO and WTO. Trade volume between the two countries was 5.7 billion USD in 2015 (Turkish exports/imports: 2.6/3.1 billion USD).[331] 220 thousand Turkish citizens reside in Belgium.[331] See Turks in Belgium 557,435 Belgian tourists visited Turkey in 2019.[331] Yunus Emre Institute has a local branch in Brussels.	√[46]
Bulgaria	1908[334]	See Bulgaria–Turkey relations Bulgaria has an Embassy in Ankara and Consulates General in Bursa, Edirne and Istanbul. Turkey has an Embassy in Sofia[335] and a Consulate General in Burgas.[336] and Plovdiv.[337] Trade volume between the two countries was 4.1 billion USD in 2017 (Turkish exports/imports: 2.1/2.0 billion USD).[338] 2,713,464 Bulgarian tourists visited Turkey in 2019.	√[46]
Bosnia and Herzegovina	Aug. 29, 1992[339]	See Bosnia and Herzegovina–Turkey relations Bosnia and Herzegovina has an Embassy in Ankara. Turkey has an Embassy in Sarajevo. Trade volume between the two countries was 661 million USD in 2018 (Turkish exports/imports: 420/241 million USD).[340] Yunus Emre Institute has local branches in Fojnica, Mostar and Sarajevo.	√[46]
Croatia	Aug. 6, 1992[341]	See Croatia–Turkey relations Croatia has an Embassy in Ankara and Consulates General in Istanbul and Izmir. Turkey has an Embassy in Zagreb. Both countries are members of NATO and WTO. Trade volume between the two countries was 384 million USD in 2017 (Turkish exports/imports: 232/152 million USD).[342] Yunus Emre Institute has a local branch in Zagreb.	√[46]
Czech Republic	1924[343]	See Czech Republic–Turkey relations Czech Republic has an Embassy in Ankara and a Consulate General in Istanbul. Turkey has an Embassy in Prague.[344] Both countries are members of NATO, OECD and WTO. Trade volume between the two countries was 3.65 billion USD in 2018 (Turkish exports/imports: 1/2.65 billion USD).[343] 4,500 Turkish citizens reside in the Czech Republic.[343] 311,359 Czech tourists visited Turkey in 2019.[343]	√[46]
Denmark	1756[345]	See Denmark–Turkey relations Denmark has an Embassy in Ankara and a Consulate General in Istanbul. Turkey has an Embassy in Copenhagen.[346] Both countries are members of NATO, OECD and WTO. Trade volume between the two countries was 1.88 billion USD in 2018 (Turkish exports/imports: 1.1/0.81 billion USD).[347] 70 thousand Turkish citizens reside in Denmark.[347] See Turks in Denmark 335,877 Danish tourists visited Turkey in 2018.[347]	√[46]
Estonia	1924[348]	See Estonia–Turkey relations Estonia has an Embassy in Ankara. Turkey has an Embassy in Tallinn.[349] Both countries are members of OECD, NATO and WTO. Trade volume between the two countries was 312 million USD in 2018 (Turkish exports/imports: 92/220 million USD).[348] 77,041 Estonian tourists visited Turkey in 2019.[348] 575 Turkish citizens live in Estonia.[348]	√[46]
Finland	1924[350]	See Finland–Turkey relations Finland has an Embassy in Ankara. Turkey has an Embassy in Helsinki.[351] Both countries are members of OECD and WTO. Trade volume between the two countries was 1.32 billion USD in 2018 (Turkish exports/imports: 0.34/0.98 billion USD).[350] 13 thousand Turkish citizens reside in Finland.[350] See Turks in Finland 135,192 Finnish tourists visited Turkey in 2018.[350]	√[46]
France	1483[352]	See France–Turkey relations France has an Embassy in Ankara and a Consulate General in Istanbul. Turkey has an Embassy in Paris[353] and Consulates General in Bordeaux,[354] Lyon,[355] Marseille,[356] Nantes[357] and Strasbourg.[358] Both countries are members of G20, NATO, OECD and WTO. Trade volume between the two countries was 13.4 billion USD in 2015 (Turkish exports/imports: 5.8/7.6 billion USD).[359] 650 thousand Turkish citizens reside in France and 3,152 French citizens reside in Turkey.[359] 875,957 French tourists visited Turkey in 2019.[359] Yunus Emre Institute has a local branch in Paris.	√[46]
Germany	1790[360]	See Germany–Turkey relations Germany has an Embassy in Ankara and Consulates General in Antalya, Istanbul and İzmir. Turkey has an Embassy in Berlin[361] and Consulates General in Cologne,[362] Düsseldorf,[363] Essen,[364] Frankfurt,[365] Hamburg[366] Hanover,[367] Karlsruhe[368] Mainz,[369] Munich,[370] Münster,[371] Nuremberg[372] and Stuttgart.[373] Both countries are members of G20, NATO, OECD and WTO. Trade volume between the two countries was 35.9 billion USD in 2018 (Turkish exports/imports: 16.6/19.3 billion USD).[374] 3 million people of Turkish origin reside in Germany.[375] 5,027,472 German tourists visited Turkey in 2019.[374] Relations with Turkey significantly deteriorated after the 2016–17 Turkish purges and Turkey's turn to authoritarianism including the arrest of journalists such as Die Welt's Deniz Yücel. Yunus Emre Institute has local branches in Berlin and Cologne.	√[46]
Greece	1830[376]	See Greece-Turkey relations Greek Prime Minister George Papandreou and Turkish Prime Minister Recep Tayyip Erdoğan in Ankara, November 2009 Greece has an Embassy in Ankara and Consulates General in Edirne, Istanbul and İzmir. Turkey has an Embassy in Athens[377] and Consulates General in Komotini,[378] Piraeus,[379] Rhodes[380] and Thessaloniki.[381] Both countries are members of BSEC, OECD, NATO and WTO. Trade volume between the two countries was 4.18 billion USD in 2018.[382] 150 thousand ethnic Turks reside in Western Thrace, Greece.[383] 836,882 Greek tourists visited Turkey in 2019. Turkey and Greece have clashed for decades over the status of Aegean islands and over the extent of territorial waters and airspace. In February 1999, the discovery that Greek authorities had been aiding and abetting Abdullah Öcalan, Turkey’s most wanted criminal, caused a diplomatic crisis. When Abdullah Öcalan was captured by Turkish authorities, he was found holding Greek and Cypriot passports and he later revealed that he had been hiding in the Greek Embassy in Nairobi, Kenya. Relations have since improved, particularly following the earthquakes that struck both countries in 1999.	√[46]
Holy See	1960[384]	See Holy See–Turkey relations The Holy See has a nunciature in Ankara. Turkey has an Embassy in Rome accredited to the Holy See. Trade volume between the two countries was negligible in 2018.	X
Hungary	1521[385]	See Hungary–Turkey relations Hungary has an Embassy in Ankara and a Consulate General in Istanbul. Turkey has an Embassy in Budapest.[386] Both countries are members of NATO, OECD and WTO. Hungary is an observer in the Turkic Council. Trade volume between the two countries was 2.5 billion USD in 2018 (Turkish exports/imports: 1.16/1.4 billion USD).[387] 149,523 Hungarian tourists visited Turkey in 2019. 2,600 Turkish citizens reside in Hungary.[387] Yunus Emre Institute has a local branch in Budapest.	√[46]
Iceland	June 17, 1944[388]	Bilateral relations between Turkey and Iceland are being coordinated by the Embassy of the Republic of Turkey in Oslo and the Embassy of Iceland in Copenhagen.[389] Both countries are members of NATO, OECD and WTO.[389] Trade volume between the two countries was 51 million USD in 2018 (Turkish exports/imports: 24/27 million USD).[389] 100 Turkish citizens reside in Iceland.[389]	√[46]
Ireland	1972[390]	See Ireland–Turkey relations Ireland has an Embassy in Ankara. Turkey has an Embassy in Dublin.[391] Both countries are members of NATO, OECD and WTO. Trade volume between the two countries was 1.5 billion USD in 2017 (Turkish exports/imports: 528/970 million USD).[392] 1,800 Turkish citizens reside in Ireland.[393] 118,620 Irish tourists visited Turkey in 2011.[393] Yunus Emre Institute has a local branch in Dublin.	√[46]
Italy	1381[394]	See Italy–Turkey relations Italy has an Embassy in Ankara and Consulates General in Istanbul and İzmir. Turkey has an Embassy in Rome[395] and a Consulate General in Milan[396] Both countries are members of G20, NATO, OECD and WTO. Trade volume between the two countries was 19.7 billion USD in 2017 (Turkish exports/imports: 8.47/11.3 billion USD). 205,788 Italian tourists visited Turkey in 2017.[397] Yunus Emre Institute has a local branch in Rome.	√[46]
Kosovo	Feb. 18, 2008[398]	See Kosovo–Turkey relations Kosovo has an Embassy in Ankara and a Consulate General in Istanbul. Turkey has an Embassy in Pristina and a Consulate General in Prizren. Trade volume between the two countries was 249 million USD in 2015 (Turkish exports/imports: 241/7 million USD).[399] Yunus Emre Institute has local branches in Peć, Pristina and Prizren.	√[46]
Latvia	1925[400]	See Latvia–Turkey relations Latvia has an Embassy in Ankara. Turkey has an Embassy in Riga.[401] Both countries are members of OECD, NATO and WTO. 200 Turkish citizens reside in Latvia.[400] Trade volume between the two countries was 291 million USD in 2018 (Turkish exports/imports: 126/165 million USD).[400] 86,051 Latvian tourists visited Turkey in 2019.	√[46]
Liechtenstein	Aug. 24, 1992[402]	See Liechtenstein–Turkey relations Bilateral relations between Turkey and Liechtenstein are being coordinated by the Embassies of the Republic of Turkey and Liechtenstein in Bern.[402] Both countries are members of WTO. Trade volume between the two countries was 7 million USD in 2017.[403]	√[46]
Lithuania	1930[404]	See Lithuania–Turkey relations Lithuania has an Embassy in Ankara. Turkey has an Embassy in Vilnius.[405] Both countries are members of OECD, NATO and WTO. Trade volume between the two countries was 687 million USD in 2018 (Turkish exports/imports: 277/410 million USD).[404] 229,704 Lithuanian tourists visited Turkey in 2019. 350 Turkish citizens reside in Lithuania.[404]	√[46]
Luxembourg	Aug. 24, 1992[402]	See Luxembourg–Turkey relations Luxembourg has an Embassy in Ankara. Turkey has an Embassy in Luxembourg.[406] Both countries are members of NATO, OECD and WTO. Trade volume between the two countries was 160 million USD in 2017 (Turkish exports/imports: 36/124 million USD).[407] 900 Turkish citizens reside in Luxembourg.[407]	√[46]
Malta	1522[408]	See Malta–Turkey relations Malta has an Embassy in Ankara and a Consulate General in Istanbul. Turkey has an Embassy in Valletta.[409] Both countries are members of WTO. Trade volume between the two countries was 593 million USD in 2017 (Turkish exports/imports: 541/52 million USD).[410]	√[46]
Moldova	Feb. 3, 1992[411]	See Moldova–Turkey relations Moldova has an Embassy in Ankara and a Consulate General in Istanbul. Turkey has an Embassy in Chişinău[412] and a Consulate General in Comrat. Both countries are members of BSEC. Trade volume between the two countries was 568 million USD in 2019 (Turkish exports/imports: 322/246 million USD).[411] Yunus Emre Institute has a local branch in Comrat.	√[46]
Monaco	1954[413]	See Monaco–Turkey relations Bilateral relations between Turkey and Monaco are being coordinated by the Consulates General of Turkey and Monaco in Marseille.[413] Trade volume between the two countries was 15.1 million USD in 2017.[413]	√[46]
Montenegro	July 3, 2006[414]	See Montenegro–Turkey relations Montenegro has an Embassy in Ankara and a Consulate General in Istanbul. Turkey has an Embassy in Podgorica.[415] Trade volume between the two countries was 46 million USD in 2015.[414] Yunus Emre Institute has a local branch in Podgorica.	√[46]
Netherlands	1612[416]	See Netherlands–Turkey relations Netherlands has an Embassy in Ankara and a Consulate General in Istanbul. Turkey has an Embassy in The Hague[417] and Consulates General in Amsterdam,[418] Deventer[419] and Rotterdam.[420] Both countries are members of NATO, OECD and WTO. Trade volume between the two countries was 8.97 billion USD in 2019 (Turkish exports/imports: 5.76/3.20 billion USD).[421] 500 thousand people of Turkish origin reside in the Netherlands.[421] 1,117,290 Dutch tourists visited Turkey in 2019.[421] Yunus Emre Institute has a local branch in Amsterdam.	√[46]
North Macedonia	Aug. 26, 1992.[422]	See North Macedonia–Turkey relations North Macedonia has an Embassy in Ankara and a Consulate General in Istanbul. Turkey has an Embassy in Skopje and a Consulate General in Bitola. Both countries are members of NATO. Trade volume between the two countries was 503 million USD in 2018 (Turkish exports/imports: 396/107 million USD).[423] 209,519 Macedonian tourists visited Turkey in 2018.[423] Yunus Emre Institute has a local branch in Skopje.	√[46]
Norway	1926[424]	Norway has an Embassy in Ankara and a Consulate General in Istanbul. Both countries are members of NATO, OECD and WTO. Trade volume between the two countries was 1.28 billion USD in 2018 (Turkish exports/imports: 513/765 million USD).[424] 20 thousand Turkish citizens reside in Norway .[424] 208,330 Norwegian tourists visited Turkey in 2019.[424]	√[46]
Poland	1414[425]	See Poland–Turkey relations Poland has an Embassy in Ankara and a Consulate General in Istanbul. Turkey has an Embassy in Warsaw.[426] Both countries are members of NATO, OECD and WTO. Trade volume between the two countries was 6.45 billion USD in 2018 (Turkish exports/imports: 3.34/3.34 billion USD).[427] 880,839 Polish tourists visited Turkey in 2018.[427]	√[46] See also Polonezköy
Portugal	1843[428]	See Portugal–Turkey relations Portugal has an Embassy in Ankara. Turkey has an Embassy in Lisbon.[429] Both countries are members of NATO, OECD and WTO. Turkey is an observer in Lusophone Commonwealth. Trade volume between the two countries was 1.5 billion USD in 2017 (Turkish exports/imports: 811/684 million USD).[430] 54,130 Portuguese tourists visited Turkey in 2019.	√[46]
Romania	Oct. 22, 1879[431]	See Romania–Turkey relations Romania has an Embassy in Ankara and Consulates General in Istanbul and Izmir. Turkey has an Embassy in Bucharest[432] and a Consulate General in Constanţa.[433] Both countries are members of BSEC, NATO and WTO. Trade volume between the two countries was 5.4 billion USD in 2015 (Turkish exports/imports: 2.8/2.6 billion USD).[434] 763,320 Romanian tourists visited Turkey in 2019.[434] Yunus Emre Institute has local branches in Bucharest and Constanța.	√[46]
Russia	1699[435]	See Russia–Turkey relations Vladimir Putin, Recep Tayyip Erdoğan and Silvio Berlusconi in Turkey in November 2005 Russia has an Embassy in Ankara and Consulates General in Antalya, Istanbul and Trabzon. Turkey has an Embassy in Moscow[436] and Consulates General in Kazan[437] Novorossiysk[438] and Saint Petersburg.[439] Both countries are members of BSEC, G20 and WTO. Trade volume between the two countries was 26.3 billion USD in 2019 (Turkish exports/imports: 3.85/22.4 billion USD).[440] 7,017,657 Russian tourists visited Turkey in 2019. Yunus Emre Institute has local branches in Kazan and Moscow.	X
Serbia	1879[441]	See Serbia–Turkey relations Serbia has an Embassy in Ankara and a Consulate General in Istanbul. Turkey has an Embassy in Belgrade.[442] Both countries are members of BSEC, Central European Free Trade Agreement and WTO. Trade volume between the two countries was 731 million USD in 2015 (Turkish exports/imports: 493/328 million USD).[443] 282,347Serbian tourists visited Turkey in 2019. Yunus Emre Institute has a local branch in Belgrade.	√[46]
Slovakia	1993[444]	See Slovakia–Turkey relations Slovakia has an Embassy in Ankara and a Consulate General in Istanbul. Turkey has an Embassy in Bratislava.[445] Both countries are members of OECD, NATO and WTO. Trade volume between the two countries was 1.29 billion USD in 2018 (Turkish exports/imports: 532/767 million USD).[444] 207,108 Slovak tourists visited Turkey in 2019.[444]	√[46]
Slovenia	Feb. 6, 1992[446]	See Slovenia–Turkey relations Slovenia has an Embassy in Ankara and a Consulate General in Istanbul. Turkey has an Embassy in Ljubljana.[447] Both countries are members of OECD, NATO and WTO. Trade volume between the two countries was 1.15 million USD in 2015.[446] 50,414 Slovenian tourists visited Turkey in 2019.	√[46]
Spain	1782[448]	See Spain–Turkey relations Spain has an Embassy in Ankara and a Consulate General in Istanbul. Turkey has an Embassy in Madrid[449] and a Consulate General in Barcelona.[450] Both countries are members of OECD and WTO. Trade volume between the two countries was 12.7 billion USD in 2017 (Turkish exports/imports: 6.3/6.4 billion USD).[451] 257,342 Spanish tourists visited Turkey in 2019.[451] Yunus Emre Institute has a local branch in Madrid.	√[46]
Sweden	1603[452]	See Sweden–Turkey relations Sweden has an Embassy in Ankara and a Consulate General in Istanbul. Turkey has an Embassy in Stockholm.[453] Both countries are members of [OECD]] and WTO. Trade volume between the two countries was 3.2 billion USD in 2018 (Turkish exports/imports: 1.5/1.7 billion USD).[452] 115 thousand people of Turkish origin reside in Sweden.[452] See also Turks in Sweden 444,285 Swedish tourists visited Turkey in 2019.[452]	√[46]
Switzerland	1899[454]	See Switzerland–Turkey relations Switzerland has an Embassy in Ankara and a Consulate General in Istanbul. Turkey has an Embassy in Bern[455] and Consulates General in Geneva[456] and Zürich.[457] Both countries are members of OECD and WTO. Trade volume between the two countries was 4.41 billion USD in 2019 (Turkish exports/imports: 1.04/3.38 billion USD).[458] 130 thousand Turkish citizens reside in Switzerland.[454] 314,572 Swiss tourists visited Turkey in 2019.[459]	√[46]
Ukraine	Feb. 3, 1992[460]	See Turkey–Ukraine relations Ukraine has an Embassy in Ankara and Consulates General in Antalya and Istanbul. Turkey has an Embassy in Kiev[461] and a Consulate General in Odessa.[462] Both countries are members of WTO. Trade volume between the two countries was 4.8 billion USD in 2019 (Turkish exports/imports: 2.1/2.72 billion USD).[460] 1,547,996 Ukrainian tourists visited Turkey in 2019.[460] Yunus Emre Institute has a local branch in Kyiv.	X
United Kingdom	1583[463]	See Turkey–United Kingdom relations United Kingdom has an Embassy in Ankara and Consulates General in Antalya, Istanbul and Izmir. Turkey has an Embassy in London[464] and a Consulate General in Edinburgh.[465] Both countries are members of G20, NATO, OECD and WTO. Trade volume between the two countries was 13.9 billion USD in 2011.[463] 250 thousand Turkish citizens reside in the United Kingdom.[463] 2,562,064 British tourists visited Turkey in 2019.[463] Yunus Emre Institute has a local branch in London.	Expires 31 December 2020[46]

International organizations

• ASEAN (Sectoral Dialogue Partner)
• ACD
• ADB
• Australia Group
• BIS
• Black Sea Naval Force
• BSEC
• CE
• Community of Portuguese Language Countries (observer)
• Developing-8
• EBRD
• G20
• IAEA
• IBRD
• International Energy Agency
• NATO
• NEA
• NSG
• OECD
• OIC
• OSCE
• Turkic Council
• TURKPA
• TÜRKSOY
• UfM

Turkey is a founding member of the UN (1945),[466] the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (1961),[467] the Organisation of Islamic Cooperation (1969),[468] the Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe (OSCE) (1973),[469] and the G20 industrial nations (1999). Turkey is a member state of the Council of Europe (1949) and NATO (1952) as well as being in full accession negotiations with the European Union since 2005, having been an associate member since 1963. Turkey was also an associate member of the Western European Union from 1992 to 2011, and signed the E.U. Customs Union agreement in 1995.

Turkey entered NATO in 1952 and serves as the organization's vital eastern anchor, controlling the Turkish Straits which lead from the Black Sea to the Mediterranean and sharing a border with Syria, Iraq, and Iran. A NATO headquarters is located in İzmir, and the United States has maintained air forces at the Incirlik Air Base in the province of Adana.

Turkey is also a member of the World Trade Organization (WTO) since 1995. It has signed free trade agreements with the European Free Trade Association (EFTA), Israel, and many other countries. In 1992, Turkey and 10 other regional nations formed the BSEC to expand regional trade and economic cooperation. In 2017 ASEAN-Turkey Sectoral Dialogue Partnership[470] was recognized by the 50th ASEAN Foreign Ministers' Meeting in Manila, the Philippines.

See also

• Turkish Modern Relations
• List of diplomatic missions in Turkey
• List of diplomatic missions of Turkey
• Turkey's membership of international organizations
• Visa requirements for Turkish citizens

References

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12. Chorbajian, Levon (2016). "'They Brought It on Themselves and It Never Happened': Denial to 1939". The Armenian Genocide Legacy. Palgrave Macmillan UK. pp. 167–182. ISBN 978-1-137-56163-3.
13. Aybak, Tunç (2016). "Geopolitics of Denial: Turkish State's 'Armenian Problem'". Journal of Balkan and Near Eastern Studies. 18 (2): 125–144. doi:10.1080/19448953.2016.1141582.
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26. Chorbajian 2016, p. 174. "It is also in the interwar period that we encounter what is now the common practice of recruiting Westerners to participate in Armenian Genocide denial."
27. Chorbajian 2016, p. 178.
28. Baer, Marc D. (2020). Sultanic Saviors and Tolerant Turks: Writing Ottoman Jewish History, Denying the Armenian Genocide. Indiana University Press. pp. 21, 145. ISBN 978-0-253-04542-3. The turn to Jews as lobbyists on Turkey’s behalf was based not only on the old myth of Turkish-Jewish friendship, but also on the anti-Semitic conspiracy theory that Jews control world governments, finance, and media. The Turkish Jewish community leadership, especially Jak Kamhi and Bensiyon Pinto, regularly boasts that it has acted as a special interest group working hand in hand with Turkish presidents, prime ministers, and foreign ministers successfully lobbying foreign Jews to influence their governments to side with Turkey by defeating resolutions to recognize the Armenian genocide, silencing mention of it at international academic conferences, and hindering its commemoration in Holocaust museums.
29. Bayraktar, Seyhan (2016). "The Politics of Denial and Recognition: Turkey, Armenia and the EU". The Armenian Genocide Legacy. Palgrave Macmillan UK. pp. 197–211. ISBN 978-1-137-56163-3. This group of ForeignMinistry-trained experts (such as Pulat Tacar, Ömer Engin Lütem and Gündüz Aktan) were active well into the 2000s. Turkish embassies reported back to Ankara the location of any public events or academic conferences in the country and intervened in the proceedings – be it with regard to the title of the event, the composition of the panels, or by articulating concerns about the authenticity of historical documents. These interventions would almost always lead to the changing of event titles (by either censuring the term ‘genocide’ or softening it by using quotation marks or other means to appease Turkish official concerns) or including participants who represented Turkey’s official stance.
30. Theriault, Henry (2012). "Genocide, Denial, and Domination: Armenian-Turkish Relations from Conflict Resolution to Just Transformation". Journal of African Conflicts and Peace Studies. 1 (2). doi:10.5038/2325-484X.1.2.5. ISSN 1996-3157. Since the 1970s, the Turkish government's denial campaign has been extensive. In the United States alone, to prevent US recognition of the Genocide, it expends significant diplomatic resources, even to the point of ambassadorial visits to state governments in the United States. It also pays millions for the lobbying of US legislators. The Turkish government and private supporters also promote various efforts in journalistic circles as well as academia, including the funding of university positions for deniers. Within Turkish universities as well as in the American academy and media, the Turkish government has developed a well-oiled propaganda machine that continually disseminates a falsified view of history and challenges attempts to present the true facts of history to academic and popular audiences.
31. Chorbajian 2016, pp. 177–178.
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393. "Relations between Turkey and Ireland".
394. "Relations between Turkey and Italy".
395. "T.C. Dışişleri Bakanlığı Ambasciata della Repubblica di Turchia a Roma". roma.be.mfa.gov.tr.
396. "T.C. Dışişleri Bakanlığı Milano Başkonsolosluğu". milano.bk.mfa.gov.tr.
397. "Commercial and Economic Relations between Turkey and Italy".
398. "Türkiye – Kosova İlişkileri".
399. "Relations between Turkey and Kosovo".
400. "Relations between Turkey and Latvia".
401. "T.C. Dışişleri Bakanlığı Turkish Embassy In Riga". riga.be.mfa.gov.tr.
402. "Relations between Turkey and Liechtenstein".
403. "Commercial and Economic Relations between Turkey and Liechtenstein".
404. "Relations between Turkey and Lithuania".
405. "T.C. Dışişleri Bakanlığı Turkish Embassy In Vilnius". vilnius.be.mfa.gov.tr.
406. "T.C. Dışişleri Bakanlığı Lüksemburg Büyükelçiliği". luksemburg.be.mfa.gov.tr.
407. "Relations between Turkey and the Grand Duchy of Luxembourg".
408. de Vertot, Abbe (1728) The History of the Knights of Malta vol. II (facsimile reprint Midsea Books, Malta, 1989).
409. "T.C. Dışişleri Bakanlığı Turkish Embassy in Malta". valetta.be.mfa.gov.tr.
410. "Commercial and Economic Relations between Turkey and Malta".
411. "Relations between Turkey and Moldova".
412. "T.C. Dışişleri Bakanlığı Kişinev Büyükelçiliği". kisinev.be.mfa.gov.tr.
413. "Relations between Turkey and the Principality of Monaco".
414. "Relations between Turkey and Montenegro".
415. "T.C. Dışişleri Bakanlığı Turkish Embassy in Podgorica". podgorica.be.mfa.gov.tr.
416. "Relations between Turkey and the Netherlands". Republic of Turkey, Ministry of Foreign Affairs. Retrieved 20 December 2020.
417. "T.C. Dışişleri Bakanlığı Turkish Embassy in The Hague". lahey.be.mfa.gov.tr.
418. "T.C. Dışişleri Bakanlığı Turkish Consulate General in Amsterdam". amsterdam.bk.mfa.gov.tr.
419. "T.C. Dışişleri Bakanlığı Consulate General of Deventer". deventer.bk.mfa.gov.tr.
420. "T.C. Dışişleri Bakanlığı Turkish Consulate General In Rotterdam". rotterdam.bk.mfa.gov.tr.
421. "Commercial and Economic Relations between Turkey and the Netherlands".
422. "Министерство за надворешни работи". Ministry of Foreign Affairs. Archived from the original on 30 September 2011.
423. "Kuzey Makedonya Cumhuriyeti'nin Ekonomisi".
424. "Relations between Turkey and Norway".
425. "Relations between Turkey and Poland".
426. "T.C. Dışişleri Bakanlığı Turkish Embassy In Warsaw". varsova.be.mfa.gov.tr.
427. "Commercial and Economic Relations between Turkey and Poland".
428. "Relations between Turkey and Portugal".
429. "T.C. Dışişleri Bakanlığı Lisboa". lizbon.be.mfa.gov.tr.
430. "Commercial and Economic Relations between Turkey and Portugal".
431. "Republic of Turkey: Bilateral Relations".
432. "T.C. Dışişleri Bakanlığı Turkish Embassy In Bucharest". bukres.be.mfa.gov.tr.
433. "T.C. Dışişleri Bakanlığı Köstence Başkonsolosluğu". kostence.bk.mfa.gov.tr.
434. "Relations between Turkey and Romania".
435. Edward J. Phillips (1995). The Founding of Russia's Navy: Peter the Great and the Azov Fleet, 1688–1714. Greenwood Publishing Group. p. 113. ISBN 978-0-313-29520-1.
436. "T.C. Dışişleri Bakanlığı Moskova Büyükelçiliği". moskova.be.mfa.gov.tr.
437. "T.C. Dışişleri Bakanlığı Kazan Başkonsolosluğu". kazan.bk.mfa.gov.tr.
438. "T.C. Dışişleri Bakanlığı Novorossisk Başkonsolosluğu". novorossisk.bk.mfa.gov.tr.
439. "T.C. Dışişleri Bakanlığı St. Petersburg Başkonsolosluğu". stpetersburg.bk.mfa.gov.tr.
440. "Relations between Turkey and the Russian Federation".
441. "Turkey". mfa.gov.rs.
442. "T.C. Dışişleri Bakanlığı Turkish Embassy In Belgrade". belgrad.be.mfa.gov.tr.
443. "Relations between Turkey and Serbia".
444. "Relations between Turkey and Slovakia".
445. "T.C. Dışişleri Bakanlığı Turkish Embassy In Bratislava". bratislava.be.mfa.gov.tr.
446. "Relations between Turkey and Slovenia".
447. "T.C. Dışişleri Bakanlığı Turkish Embassy In Ljubljana". ljubljana.be.mfa.gov.tr.
448. "Relations between Turkey and Spain".
449. "T.C. Dışişleri Bakanlığı Madrid Büyükelçiliği". madrid.be.mfa.gov.tr.
450. "T.C. Dışişleri Bakanlığı Türkiye Cumhuriyeti Barselona Başkonsolosluğu". barselona.bk.mfa.gov.tr.
451. "Commercial and Economic Relations between Turkey and Spain".
452. "Relations between Turkey and Sweden".
453. "T.C. Dışişleri Bakanlığı Embassy of the Republic of Turkey in Stockholm". stokholm.be.mfa.gov.tr.
454. "Relations between Turkey and Switzerland".
455. "T.C. Dışişleri Bakanlığı Turkish Embassy In Bern". bern.be.mfa.gov.tr.
456. "T.C. Dışişleri Bakanlığı Cenevre Başkonsolosluğu". cenevre.bk.mfa.gov.tr.
457. "T.C. Dışişleri Bakanlığı Zürih Başkonsolosluğu". zurih.bk.mfa.gov.tr.
458. "Commercial and Economic Relations between Turkey and Switzerland".
459. "Commercial and Economic Relations between Turkey and Switzerland".
460. "Relations between Turkey and Ukraine".
461. "T.C. Dışişleri Bakanlığı Turkish Embassy In Kyiv". kiev.be.mfa.gov.tr.
462. "Türkiye Cumhuriyeti Odessa Başkonsolosluğu".
463. "Relations between Turkey and the United Kingdom".
464. "T.C. Dışişleri Bakanlığı Turkish Embassy In London". londra.be.mfa.gov.tr.
465. "T.C. Dışişleri Bakanlığı Turkish Consulate General in Edinburgh". edinburg.bk.mfa.gov.tr.
466. "Member States of the United Nations". United Nations. Archived from the original on 17 January 2016. Retrieved 28 September 2010.
467. "Organisation for European Economic Co-operation". Oecd.org. Retrieved 28 September 2010.
468. "Archived copy". Archived from the original on 9 November 2006. Retrieved 30 October 2006.CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link)
469. "About – Participating States". OSCE. Retrieved 28 September 2010.
470. (PDF) https://asean.org/storage/2018/07/Overview-of-ASEAN-Turkey-Sectoral-Dialogue-Relations-as-of-18-Sept-2020-fn.pdf. Missing or empty |title= (help)

 This article incorporates public domain material from the CIA World Factbook website https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/.

Further reading

European Union–Turkey relations

• Aybet, Gülnur. Turkey's Foreign Policy and Its Implications for the West: A Turkish Perspective. London: Royal United Services Institute for Defence Studies, 1994.
• Aydin-Duzgit, Senem and Keyman, Fuat, “EU–Turkey Relations and the Stagnation of Turkish Democracy,” IAI/IPC, Global Turkey in Europe, Working Paper 2 (2012).
• Barchard, David. Turkey and the West. (Chatham House Papers, No. 27, published for the Royal Institute of International Affairs.) London: Routledge and Kegan Paul, 1985.
• Cakir, A.E. (ed.), Fifty Years of EU–Turkey Relations (Oxon: Routledge, 2011).
• Dixon, Jeffrey C., “Turkey, Islam and the EU,” Contexts, 8.4 (2009).
• Engert, Stefan, EU Enlargement and Socialization: Turkey and Cyprus (New York: Routledge, 2010).
• Esfahani, Hadi Salehi and Ceviker-Gurakar, Esra, “Fading Attraction: Turkey’s Shifting Relationship with the European Union,” The Quarterly Review of Economics and Finance, 53.4 (November 2013).
• Fuller, Graham E. Turkey's New Geopolitics: From the Balkans to Western China. (A Rand Study.) Boulder, Colorado: Westview Press, 1993.
• Gocek, Fatma Muge. East Encounters West: France and the Ottoman Empire in the 18th Century. New York: Oxford University Press, 1987.
• Goffman, Daniel. Izmir and the Levantine World, 1550-1650. Seattle: University of Washington Press, 1990.
• International Crisis Group, “Turkey and Europe: The Way Ahead,” Europe Report No. 184 (17 August 2007).
• Kramer, Heinz, A Changing Turkey: A Challenge to Europe and the US (Washington, DC: Brookings Institution Press, 2000).
• Kubicek, Paul, “Turkey’s Inclusion in the Atlantic Community: Looking Back, Looking Forward,” Turkish Studies, 9.1 (March 2008).
• Kuniholm, Bruce R. "Turkey and the West," Foreign Affairs, 70, No. 2, Spring 1991, pp. 34-48.
• Kuniholm, Bruce R., “Turkey and NATO,” in Kaplan, L., Clawson, R. and Luraghi, R. (eds.), NATO and the Mediterranean (Wilmington: Scholarly Resources, 1985).
• McGhee, George C. "Turkey Joins the West." Foreign Affairs, July 1954, pp. 617-30.
• Oguzlu, Tarik, “Turkey and Europeanization of Foreign Policy?” Political Science Quarterly, 125.4 (Winter 2010/2011).
• Pierini, Marc, “Options for the EU–Turkey Relationship,” Carnegie Europe, 3 May 2019.
• Pierini, Marc and Ulgen, Sinan, “A Moment of Opportunity in the EU–Turkey Relationship,” Carnegie Europe (Brussels, December 2014).
• Reuther, Helmut (ed.). Deutschlands Aussenpolitik seit 1955. With a contribution by Franz von Cancig, "Die Türkei, Griechenland und die deutsche Aussenpolitik." Stuttgart-Degerloch: Seewald Verlag, 1965.
• Steinbach, Udo. "Turkey-ECC Relations: Cultural Dimension." pp. 13-24 in Erol Manisali, ed., Turkey's Place in Europe: Economic, Political, and Cultural Dimensions. Istanbul: Ucer, 1990.
• Tocci, Nathalie, “New Doubts and Uncertainties in Turkey–EU Relations,” Paper, Centre for European Policy Studies (October 2000). * Narbone, Luigi and Tocci, Nathalie, “Running Around in Circles? The Cyclical Relationship Between Turkey and the European Union,” in Verney, S. and Infantis, K. (eds.), Turkey’s Road to European Union Membership: National Identity and Political Change (London: Routledge, 2009).

Greece–Turkey relations

• "Der Zypern-Konflikt, eine Bewahrungsprobe westlicher Friedensordnung." Europa-Archiv, 1964, pp. 713-26.
• Bahcheli, Tozun. Greek-Turkish Relations since 1955. Boulder, Colorado: Westview Press, 1990.
• Balci, Ali, “Foreign Policy as Politicking in the Sarikiz Coup Plot: Cyprus Between the Coup Plotters and the JDP,” Middle East Critique, 21.2 (Summer 2012).
• Brus, Marcel et al., “A Promise to Keep: Time to End the International Isolation of the Turkish Cypriots,” TESEV, Foreign Policy Analysis Series, No. 7 (Istanbul, June 2008).
• Couloumbis, Theodore A. The United States, Greece, and Turkey: The Troubled Triangle. New York: Praeger, 1983.
• Engert, Stefan, EU Enlargement and Socialization: Turkey and Cyprus (New York: Routledge, 2010).
• Ertekün, Necati M. The Cyprus Dispute and the Birth of the Turkish Republic of Northern Cyprus. Nicosia, Northern Cyprus: Rustem, 1984.
• International Crisis Group, “Reunifying Cyprus: The Best Chance Yet,” Europe Report No. 194 (23 June 2008).
• International Crisis Group, “The Cyprus Stalemate: What Next?” Europe Report No. 171 (8 March 2006).
• Migdalovitz, Carol, “Cyprus: Status of U.N. Negotiations and Related Issues,” CRS Report (Washington, DC, 20 July 2007).
• Ozcan, Gencer, “The Military and the Making of Foreign Policy in Turkey,” in Kirisci, K. and Rubin, B. (eds.), Turkey in World Politics. An Emerging Multiregional Power (London: Lynne Rienner, 2001).
• Pipinelis, Panayotis. "The Greco-Turkish Feud Revived." Foreign Affairs, January 1959, pp. 306-16.
• Psomiades, Harry J. The Eastern Question: The Last Phase. A Study in Greek Turkish Diplomacy. Salonika (Greece): Institute for Balkan Studies, 1968.
• Qicek, Kemal. "Living Together: Muslim-Christian Relations in 18th-Century Cyprus as Reflected by the Shari'a Court Record," Islam and Christian-Muslim Relations [Birmingham, United Kingdom], 4, No. 1, 1993.
• Sozen, Ahmet, “The Cyprus Challenge in Turkey–EU Relations: Heading Towards the Defining Moment?” in Cengiz, F. and Hoffmann, L. (eds.), Turkey and the European Union: Facing New Challenges and Opportunities (London: Routledge, 2014).
• Stearns, Monteagle. Entangled Allies: US Policy toward Greece, Turkey, and Cyprus. New York: Council on Foreign Relations Press, 1992.
• Turkeş, Alpaslan. Dış Politikamız ve Kıbrıs (Our Foreign Policy and Cyprus). Istanbul: Publication of the Istanbul Cypriote-Turkish Society, 1966.

Middle East–Turkey relations

• Ayoob, Mohammed, “Beyond the Democratic Wave in the Arab World: The Middle East’s Turko-Persian Future,” Insight Turkey, 13.2 (2011).
• Bank, André and Karadag, Roy, “The ‘Ankara Moment’: The Politics of Turkey’s Regional Power in the Middle East,” Third World Quarterly, 34.2 (2013).
• Bengio, Ofra and Ozcan, Gencer, “Old Grievances, New Fears: Arab Perceptions of Turkey and Its Alignment with Israel,” Middle Eastern Studies, 37.2 (April 2001).
• Bolukbasi, Suha. "Turkey, Syria, Iraq, and the Euphrates Dam," Journal of South Asian and Middle Eastern Studies, 16, No. 4, June 1993, pp. 9-32.
• Brummett, Palmira. Ottoman Seapower and Levantine Diplomacy in the Age of Discovery. Albany: State University of New York Press, 1994.
• Burton, J.A. "Relations Between the Khanate of Bukhara and Ottoman Turkey, 1558-1702," International Journal of Turkish Studies, 5, 1990-91, pp. 83-103.
• Fuller, Graham, The New Turkish Republic: Turkey as a Pivotal State in the Muslim World (Washington, DC: United States Institute of Peace, 2008). * Haddad, Benjamin, “Time for Turkey and Europe to Face Reality: Turkey Is Not Going to Join the EU. And That Is OK,” Foreign Policy, 23 May 3016. * Nafi, Basheer M., “The Arabs and Modern Turkey: A Century of Changing Perceptions,” Insight Turkey, 11.1 (2009).
• Hale, William M. "Turkey, the Middle East, and the Gulf Crisis, International Affairs [London], 68, No. 2, Spring 1992, pp. 679- 92.
• International Crisis Group, “Turkey and the Middle East: Ambitions and Constraints,” Europe Report No. 203 (7 April 2010).
• Jennings, Ronald C. Christians and Muslims in Ottoman Cyprus and the Mediterranean World, 1571-1640. New York: New York University Press, 1993.
• Karpat, Kemal H., “Turkish and Arab-Israeli Relations,” in Karpat, K. (ed.), Turkey’s Foreign Policy in Transition (Leiden: E. J. Brill, 1975).
• Kirisci, Kemal, Tocci, Nathalie, and Walker, Joshua, “A Neighborhood Rediscovered: Turkey’s Transatlantic Value in the Middle East,” The German Marshall Fund of the United States, Paper Series (Washington, DC, 2010).
• Kirisci, Kemal, “The EU, Turkey and the Arab Spring: Challenges and Opportunities for Regional Integration,” IAI/IPC, Global Turkey in Europe, Working Paper 1 (2012).
• Kirisci, Kemal and Winrow, Gareth M., The Kurdish Question and Turkey: An Example of a Trans-State Ethnic Conflict (London: Frank Cass, 1997).
• Levy, Aviador. The Sephardim in the Ottoman Empire. Princeton: Darwin Press and Washington: Institute of Turkish Studies, 1992.
• Robins, Philip. Turkey and the Middle East. London: Royal Institute of International Affairs and New York: Council on Foreign Relations Press, 1991.
• Sayari, Sabri. "Turkey: The Changing European Security Environment and the Gulf Crisis," Middle EastJournal, 46, No. 1, Winter 1992, pp. 9-21.
• Shaw, Stanford. The Jews of the Ottoman Emire and Modern Turkey. New York: New York University Press, 1991.

Russia–Turkey relations and the Turkish Straits

• "The Turkish Straits in the Light of Recent Turkish-Soviet Russian Correspondence." American Journal of International Law, October 1947, pp. 727-47.
• Bayazit, Vural. "Black Sea and Mediterranean Challenges for the Turkish Navy," NATO's Sixteen Nations [Brussels], 39, January 1994, pp. 67-69.
• DeLuca, Anthony R. The Great Power Rivalry at the Turkish Straits: The Montreux Conference and the Convention of 1936. (East European Monographs.) Boulder, Colorado: Westview Press, 1981.
• Dranov, B. Chernomorskie Prolivy-Mezhdunarodno-pravovoi rezhim (The Black Sea Straits-International-legal regime). Moscow: Yurid, izd-vo, 1948.
• Edmonds, Martin, and John Skitt. "Current Soviet Maritime Strategy and NATO." International Affairs, January 1969, pp. 28-43.
• Eren, Nuri. "Die türkisch-sowjetischen Beziehungen." Europa-Archiv, September 1965, pp. 337-48.
• Erkin, Feridun Cerna!. Les Relations Turco-Soviétiques et la Question des Detroits. Ankara: Banur Matbaas1, 1968.
• Esmer, Ahmed Şükrü. "The Straits: Crux of World Politics." Foreign Affairs, January 1947, pp. 290-302.
• Fernau, Friedrich-Wilhelm. "Nachbarschaft am Schwarzen Meer. Wendepunkte in den türkisch-sowjetischen Beziehungen." Europa-Archiv, September 1967, pp. 613-20.
• Howard, Harry N. "The United States and the Question of the Turkish Straits." Middle East journal, January 1947, pp. 59-72.
• Hurewitz, J. C. The Background of Russia's Claims to the Turkish Straits. Ankara: Turk Tarih Kurumu Basimevi, 1964.
• Imhoff, Christoph von. Duell in Mittelmeer: Moskau greift nach dem Nahen und Mittleren Osten. Freiburg i. Br.: Rombach, 1968.
• Rohn, Peter H. "Turkish Treaties in Global Perspective." Turkish Yearbook of International Relations, 1965, pp. n9-60.
• Routh, D. A. "The Montreux Convention Regarding the Regime of the Black Sea Straits." Survey of International Affairs, 1936. London: Oxford University Press, 1937.
• Sadak, Necmeddin. "Turkey Faces the Soviets." Foreign Affairs, April 1949, pp. 449-61.
• Shotwell, James T., and Francis Deak. Turkey at the Straits: A Short History. New York: Macmillan, 1940.
• Yanik, Lerna. "Allies or Partners An Appraisal of Turkey's Ties to Russia 1991-2007", East European Quarterly 41#3 (2007), pp. 349- 370.

Turkey–Turkic world relations

• Contessi, Nicola P. "Turkey and the Shanghai Cooperation Organization: Common values, economics or pure geopolitics?" in Emre Erşen, Seçkin Köstem, eds. Turkey's Pivot to Eurasia. Geopolitics and Foreign Policy in a Changing World Order, (Routledge, 2019), pp. 93–110.
• Gokalp, Ziya. The Principles of Turkism. Trans., Robert Devereux. Leiden, Netherlands: E.J. Brill, 1968.
• Kubilay Yado Arin. The AKP's Foreign Policy, Turkey's Reorientation from the West to the East? (Wissenschaftlicher Verlag Berlin, 2013).
• Landau, Jacob M. Pan-Turkism in Turkey: A Study of Irredentism. Hamden, Connecticut: Archon Books, 1981.
• Robins, Philip. "Between Sentiment and Self-interest: Turkey's Policy toward Azerbaijan and the Central Asian States," Middle EastJournal, 47, No. 4, Autumn 1993, pp. 593-610.

Turkey–United States relations

• Armaoglu, Fahir H. "Turkey and the United States: A New Alliance." The Turkish Yearbook of International Relations, 1965, pp. 1-15.
• Aybet, Gülnur. Turkey's Foreign Policy and Its Implications for the West: A Turkish Perspective. London: Royal United Services Institute for Defence Studies, 1994.
• Barkey, Henri. Turkish-American Relations in the Post-War Era: An Alliance of Convenience," Orient [Leverkusen, Germany], 33, No. 3, 1992, pp. 447-64.
• Barlas, Dilek, and Şuhnaz Yilmaz. "Managing the transition from Pax Britannica to Pax Americana: Turkey's relations with Britain and the US in a turbulent era (1929–47)." Turkish Studies (2016): pp. 1–25.
• Bolukbasi, Suha. The Superpowers and the Third World: Turkish- American Relations and Cyprus. Lanham, Maryland: University Press of America, 1988.
• Couloumbis, Theodore A. The United States, Greece, and Turkey: The Troubled Triangle. New York: Praeger, 1983.
• Yilmaz, Şuhnaz. Turkish-American Relations, 1800–1952: Between the Stars, Stripes and the Crescent (Routledge, 2015).

Foreign Relations (1923–1945)

• "Türk Dış Politikasına Yon Veren Etkenler (1923-1968)" (Controlling Factors of Turkish Foreign Policy, 1923-1968). Siyasal Bilgiler Fakültesi Dergisi (Review of the Political Science Faculty), 23 (1968).
• Ataöv, Türkkaya. "Turkish Foreign Policy: 1923-1938." Turkish Yearbook of International Relations, 1961, pp. 103-42.
• Ataöv, Türkkaya. Turkish Foreign Policy, 1939-1945. Ankara: Publication of the Faculty of Political Sciences of the University of Ankara, 1965.
• Hale, William. “Turkish foreign policy since 1774” (Routledge, 2012).
• Howard, Harry N. The Partition of Turkey: A Diplomatic History, 1913-1923. New York: Ferig, 1966.
• Kohn, Hans. "Ten Years of the Turkish Republic." Foreign Affairs, October 1933, pp. 141-55.
• Sousa, Nasim. The Capitulatory Regime of Turkey: Its History, Origin, and Nature. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins Press, 1957.
• Vere-Hodge, Edward Reginald. Turkish Foreign Policy, 1918-1948. Ambilly Annemasse: Imprimerie Franco-Suisse, 1950.

Foreign Relations (1945–2002)

• Abramowitz, Morton. "Dateline Ankara: Turkey after Özal," Foreign Policy, No. 91, 1993, pp. 164-81.
• Balci, Ali and Mis, Nebi, “Turkey’s Role in the Alliance of Civilizations: A New Perspective in Turkish Foreign Policy?” Turkish Studies, 9.3 (September 2008).
• Batu, Hamit. "La politique étrangère de la Turquie." Turkish Yearbook of International Relations, 1964, pp. 1-12.
• Black, Joseph E., and Kenneth W. Thompson (eds.). Foreign Policies in a World of Change. New York: Harper & Row, 1963. With a contribution by Nuri Eren, "The Foreign Policy of Turkey."
• Deshocquets, Claude. "La Turquie de 1960 et la stratégie globale." Revue de Defense Nationale, 17 (1961), pp. 222-36.
• Dodd, Clement H., ed. Turkish Foreign Policy: New Prospects. Huntingdon, United Kingdom: Eothen Press, 1992.
• Hale, William. “Turkish foreign policy since 1774” (Routledge, 2012).
• Hartmann, Hans Walter. Die auswärtige Politik der Türkei, pp. 923-940. Zurich: Leemann & Co., 1999.
• Karpat, Kemal H. (ed.), Turkey’s Foreign Policy in Transition (Leiden: E. J. Brill, 1975).
• Kirisci, Kemal and Rubin, Barry (eds.), Turkey in World Politics: An Emerging Multiregional Power (London: Lynne Rienner, 2001).
• Robins, Philip, “Turkish Foreign Policy Under Erbakan,” Survival, 39.2 (Summer 1997).
• Rouleau, Eric. "The Challenges to Turkey," Foreign Affairs, 72, No. 5, November-December 1993, pp. 110-26.

Foreign Relations (2002–present)

• Duran, Burhanettin, “JDP and Foreign Policy as an Agent of Transformation,” in Yavuz, H.M. (ed.), The Emergence of a New Turkey: Democracy and the AK Party (Salt Lake City: University of Utah Press, 2006).
• Hale, William. “Turkish foreign policy since 1774” (Routledge, 2012).
• Kirisci, Kemal, “Turkey’s Foreign Policy in Turbulent Times,” Chaillot Paper 92 (Paris, EUISS, 2006).
• Kutlay, Mustafa, “Economy as the ‘Practical Hand’ of ‘New Turkish Foreign Policy’: A Political Economy Explanation,” Insight Turkey, 13.1 (2011).
• Renda, Kadri Kaan, “Turkey’s Neighborhood Policy: An Emerging Complex Interdependence?” Insight Turkey, 13.1 (2011).
• Sandole, Dennis J.D., “Turkey’s Unique Role in Nipping in the Bud the ‘Clash of Civilizations’,” International Politics, 46.5 (September 2009).
• Schenkkan, Nate, Testimony Before the Subcommittee on Europe, Eurasia and Emerging Threats, Foreign Affairs Committee, United States House of Representatives, Hearings on “The Future of Turkish Democracy,” 15 July 2014.

External links

• Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Turkey