Fenitrothion

Fenitrothion (IUPAC name: O,O-dimethyl O-(3-methyl-4-nitrophenyl) phosphorothioate) is a phosphorothioate (organophosphate) insecticide that is inexpensive and widely used worldwide. Trade names include Sumithion, a 94.2% solution of fenitrothion.[5]

Fenitrothion
Names
IUPAC name
O,O-Dimethyl O-(3-methyl-4-nitrophenyl) phosphorothioate
Other names
• Dimethoxy-(3-methyl-4-nitrophenoxy)thioxophosphorane
O,O-Dimethyl O-4-nitro-m-tolyl phosphorothioate
Identifiers
3D model (JSmol)
ChEBI
ChEMBL
ChemSpider
ECHA InfoCard 100.004.114
KEGG
UNII
Properties
C9H12NO5PS
Molar mass 277.23 g·mol−1
Appearance Yellow-brown liquid
Density 1.3227 g/cm3
Melting point 3.4 °C (38.1 °F; 276.5 K)
Boiling point 118 °C (244 °F; 391 K) at 0.05 mmHg
38.0 mg/L
Solubility Readily soluble in dichloromethane, 2-propanol, toluene, hardly soluble in n-hexane.[1]
log P 3.30 (octanol/water)[2]
Hazards
Lethal dose or concentration (LD, LC):
Rat, oral: 500 mg/kg[3]

Mouse (female), oral: 1416 mg/kg[4]

Except where otherwise noted, data are given for materials in their standard state (at 25 °C [77 °F], 100 kPa).
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Infobox references

Health effects

Fenitrothion at sublethal doses affected the motor movement of marsupials,[6] and at acute dose levels it reduced the energy of birds.[7]

In chronic (low) dose tests, unexpectedly only the lowest concentration (0.011 microgram/liter) of fenitrothion depressed the growth of an algae, though all of the chronic dose levels used were toxic in other ways to the algae.[8]

Just half of fenitrothion's minimally effective dose altered the thyroid structure of a freshwater murrel (the snakehead fish).[9]

Cases of non-specific encephalopathy and fatty visceral changes (Reye's syndrome) in children living in the vicinity of fenitrothion-spraying operations invoked the research described latterly in Science,[10] and originally in The Lancet:[11]

2-day-old mice were dosed topically for 11 days with fenitrothion, amongst other substances. After a further 2 days a sublethal dose of encephalomyocarditis virus was injected subcutaneously in known titre. Mortality-rates in the 10-day period after virus injection 4-9% in fenitrothion groups, and 0% in corn-oil controls. Fatty changes were noted in liver and kidney in the insecticide-virus groups. The encephalopathy showed no specific central-nervous system lesion, but death followed a sequence of paralysis and convulsions. The possible role of exposure to combinations of insecticides in human viral susceptibility requires further attention.

Further study showed that the illness was caused not by fenitrothion itself, but combinations which included the surfactants and the solvent (with or without the pesticide) clearly showed that pretreatment with these chemicals markedly increased the viral lethality in the test mice.[12]

Resistance

In an unusual demonstration of resistance to pesticides, 8% of insects in farm fields were found to carry a symbiotic gut microbe that can metabolize and detoxify fenitrothion; after in-vitro tests showed that the microbe significantly increased the survival of fenitrothion-treated insects.[13]

References
  1. Farm Chemicals Handbook. Willoughby, OH: Meister Publishing Co. 1999. p. 177. ISBN 978-1-892829-02-3. OCLC 50201739.
  2. Hansch C, Leo A, Hoekman D (1995). Exploring QSAR - Hydrophobic, Electronic, and Steric Constants. Washington, DC: American Chemical Society. p. 60. ISBN 978-0-8412-2993-8. OCLC 924843801.
  3. Eckroth D, Grayson M, Kirk RE, Othmer DF (1981). Kirk-Othmer Encyclopedia of Chemical Technology. 3 (3rd ed.). New York, NY: John Wiley and Sons. p. 440. ISBN 978-0-471-02066-0. OCLC 873939596.
  4. Sekizawa J, Eto M, Miyamoto J, Matsuo M (1992). Environ Health Criteria 133: Fenitrothion (Report). Geneva: World Health Organization. p. 70.
  5. "Fenitrothion". PubChem Compound Database. National Center for Biotechnology Information.
  6. Buttemer WA, Story PG, Fildes KJ, Baudinette RV, Astheimer LB (July 2008). "Fenitrothion, an organophosphate, affects running endurance but not aerobic capacity in fat-tailed dunnarts (Sminthopsis crassicaudata)". Chemosphere. 72 (9): 1315–20. Bibcode:2008Chmsp..72.1315B. doi:10.1016/j.chemosphere.2008.04.054. PMID 18547601.
  7. Kitulagodage M, Isanhart J, Buttemer WA, Hooper MJ, Astheimer LB (April 2011). "Fipronil toxicity in northern bobwhite quail Colinus virginianus: reduced feeding behaviour and sulfone metabolite formation". Chemosphere. 83 (4): 524–30. Bibcode:2011Chmsp..83..524K. doi:10.1016/j.chemosphere.2010.12.057. PMID 21227481.
  8. Ferrando MD, Sancho E, Andreu-Moliner E (November 1996). "Chronic toxicity of fenitrothion to an algae (Nannochloris oculata), a rotifer (Brachionus calyciflorus), and the cladoceran (Daphnia magna)". Ecotoxicology and Environmental Safety. 35 (2): 112–20. doi:10.1006/eesa.1996.0090. PMID 8950533.
  9. Saxena PK, Mani K (1988). "Effect of safe concentrations of some pesticides on thyroid in the freshwater murrel, Channa punctatus: a histopathological study". Environmental Pollution. 55 (2): 97–105. doi:10.1016/0269-7491(88)90121-2. PMID 15092506.
  10. Crocker JF, Ozere RL, Safe SH, Digout SC, Rozee KR, Hutzinger O (June 1976). "Lethal interaction of ubiquitous insecticide carriers with virus". Science. 192 (4246): 1351–3. Bibcode:1976Sci...192.1351C. doi:10.1126/science.179146. PMID 179146.
  11. Crocker JF, Rozee KR, Ozere RL, Digout SC, Hutzinger O (July 1974). "Insecticide and viral interaction as a cause of fatty visceral changes and encephalopathy in the mouse". Lancet. 2 (7871): 22–4. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(74)91351-8. PMID 4134409.
  12. Safe S, Plugge H, Crocker JF (1977). "Analysis of an aromatic solvent used in a forest spray program". Chemosphere. 6 (10): 641–651. Bibcode:1977Chmsp...6..641S. doi:10.1016/0045-6535(77)90075-3.
  13. Kikuchi Y, Hayatsu M, Hosokawa T, Nagayama A, Tago K, Fukatsu T (May 2012). "Symbiont-mediated insecticide resistance". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America. 109 (22): 8618–22. Bibcode:2012PNAS..109.8618K. doi:10.1073/pnas.1200231109. PMC 3365206. PMID 22529384.

Further reading
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