Meitei script

The Meitei script or Meetei Mayek, (ꯃꯤꯇꯩ ꯃꯌꯦꯛ) is an abugida used for the Meitei language, one of the official languages of the Indian state of Manipur. It was used until the 18th century, when it was replaced by the Bengali alphabet. A few manuscripts survive. In the 20th century, the script has experienced a resurgence, and is again being used.[2] Since Meitei does not have voiced consonants, there are only fifteen consonant letters used for native words, plus three letters for pure vowels. Nine additional consonant letters inherited from the Indic languages are available for borrowings. There are seven vowel diacritics and a final consonant (/ŋ/) diacritic.

Meetei Mayek
ꯃꯤꯇꯩ ꯃꯌꯦꯛ
Type
LanguagesMeitei language
Time period
c. 1100 – 1700, 1930 – present
Parent systems
DirectionLeft-to-right
ISO 15924Mtei, 337
Unicode alias
Meetei Mayek
Brahmic scripts
The Brahmic script and its descendants
Northern Brahmic
Southern Brahmic

History

The Meitei script is a Brahmic abugida. According to Singh (1962), an archaic form of the script had developed by the 11th century, and it was in use until the early 18th century, when it was replaced by the Bengali script.[3] By contrast, Tomba (1993) claims that the script is a development of c. 1930, with all supposedly older documents being deliberate forgeries.[4]

A stone inscription found at Khoibu in Tengnoupal district, of current Manipur state, contains royal edicts of king Senbi Kiyamba (d. 1508), representing the earliest portion of the Chietharol Kumbaba or Royal Chronicle of Manipur. It is one of the primary texts in the Meitei script.[5]

Meitei manuscript

In 1980 a modernized version of the writing system was approved by Manipur state law for use in educational institutions.[6][7] It was encoded in Unicode in 2009.

Letter names

One of the unique feature of this script is the use of body parts in naming the letters.[8] Every letter is named after a human body part in the Meitei language. For example, the first letter "kok" means "head"; the second letter "sam" means "hair"; the third letter "lai" means "forehead", and so on. This is corroborated from the holybook "Wakoklol Heelel Theelel Salai Amailol Pukok Puya", which details how each script originated received its nomenclature.

Letters
Letter Name Latin
ꯀ kok K
ꯁ sam S
ꯂ lai L
ꯃ mit M
ꯄ pa P
ꯅ na N
ꯆ chil Ch
ꯇ til T
ꯈ khou Kh
ꯉ ngou Ng
ꯊ thou Th
ꯋ wai W
ꯌ yang Y
ꯍ huk H
ꯎ un U
ꯏ ee I or E
ꯐ pham F or Ph
ꯑ atiya A
ꯒ gok G
ꯓ jham Jh
ꯔ rai R
ꯕ ba B
ꯖ jil J
ꯗ dil D
ꯘ ghou Gh
ꯙ dhou Dh
ꯚ bham Bh
More Letters
Lonsum letter Name Derived from Mapung Mayek letter
ꯛ kok lonsum ꯀ
ꯜ lai lonsum ꯂ
ꯝ mit lonsum ꯃ
ꯞ pa lonsum ꯄ
ꯟ na lonsum ꯅ
ꯠ til lonsum ꯇ
ꯡ ngou lonsum ꯉ
ꯢ ee lonsum ꯏ

Suffix letters or addendum used
Cheitap letters(Cheitap mayek)
Cheitap mayek Name Latin Example
ꯥ aa-tap a Karl(ꯀꯥꯔꯜ)
ꯤ ee-nap e or i King(ꯀꯤꯡ) Feel(ꯐꯤꯜ)
ꯨ uu-nap u or oo Cool(ꯀꯨꯜ) Fumigate(ꯐꯨꯃꯤꯒꯦꯠ)
ꯦ yet-nap ay or e Bay(ꯕꯦ) Kentuk(ꯀꯦꯟꯇꯨꯛ)
ꯣ ot-nap o Boy(ꯕꯣꯌ) Cold(ꯀꯣꯜꯗ)
ꯩ chei-nap ei Heifer(ꯍꯩꯐꯔ) Feign(ꯐꯩꯟ)
ꯧ sou-nap ou or ow Soul(ꯁꯧꯜ) Hou(ꯍꯧ) Bowl(ꯕꯧꯜ)
ꯪ nung or noong ang or ng Anglo(ꯑꯪꯒꯂꯣ) Kangla(ꯀꯪꯂꯥ)

Numerals
Arabic numerals 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
Meitei numerals ꯰ ꯱ ꯲ ꯳ ꯴ ꯵ ꯶ ꯷ ꯸ ꯹
Names ꯐꯨꯟ
phun		 ꯑꯃ
ama		 ꯑꯅꯤ
ani		 ꯑꯍꯨꯝ
ahum		 ꯃꯔꯤ
mari		 ꯃꯉꯥ
mangā		 ꯇꯔꯨꯛ
taruk		 ꯇꯔꯦꯠ
taret		 ꯅꯤꯄꯥꯜ
nipāl		 ꯃꯥꯄꯜ
māpal


Unicode

The Meitei script was added to the Unicode Standard in October, 2009 with the release of version 5.2.

Blocks
Main articles: Meetei Mayek (Unicode block) and Meetei Mayek Extensions (Unicode block)

The Unicode block for the Meitei script, called Meetei Mayek, is U+ABC0 – U+ABFF.

Characters for historical orthographies are part of the Meetei Mayek Extensions block at U+AAE0 – U+AAFF.

Meetei Mayek[1][2]
Official Unicode Consortium code chart (PDF)
 0123456789ABCDEF
U+ABCx ꯀ ꯁ ꯂ ꯃ ꯄ ꯅ ꯆ ꯇ ꯈ ꯉ ꯊ ꯋ ꯌ ꯍ ꯎ ꯏ
U+ABDx ꯐ ꯑ ꯒ ꯓ ꯔ ꯕ ꯖ ꯗ ꯘ ꯙ ꯚ ꯛ ꯜ ꯝ ꯞ ꯟ
U+ABEx ꯠ ꯡ ꯢ ꯣ ꯤ ꯥ ꯦ ꯧ ꯨ ꯩ ꯪ ꯫ ꯬ ꯭
U+ABFx ꯰ ꯱ ꯲ ꯳ ꯴ ꯵ ꯶ ꯷ ꯸ ꯹
Notes
1.^ As of Unicode version 13.0
2.^ Grey areas indicate non-assigned code points
Meetei Mayek Extensions[1][2]
Official Unicode Consortium code chart (PDF)
 0123456789ABCDEF
U+AAEx ꫠ ꫡ ꫢ ꫣ ꫤ ꫥ ꫦ ꫧ ꫨ ꫩ ꫪ ꫫ ꫬ ꫭ ꫮ ꫯ
U+AAFx ꫰ ꫱ ꫲ ꫳ ꫴ ꫵ   ꫶  
Notes
1.^ As of Unicode version 13.0
2.^ Grey areas indicate non-assigned code points

References
  1. Masica, Colin (1993). The Indo-Aryan languages. p. 143.
  2. "Banished Manipuri script stages a comeback". Retrieved 9 January 2021.
  3. K.B. Singh, The Meiteis of Manipur (1989 [1962]), p. 157.
  4. Frans Welman, Out of Isolation – Exploring a Forgotten World (2011), 468f., citing O.Tomba, The Need to rewrite Manipuri History, Imphal, 1993.
  5. Michael Everson (20 September 2006). "Preliminary Proposal for Encoding the Meithei Mayek Script in the BMP of the UCS" (PDF). Unicode.
  6. "Approved Meitei Mayek Govt Gazzette 1980". e-pao.net. Retrieved 31 July 2019.
  7. Devi, S. (May 2013). "Is Manipuri an Endangered Language?" (PDF). Language in India. 13 (5): 520–533.
  8. "A comparative study of Meetei Mayek" (PDF). typoday. Retrieved 13 May 2019.

Bibliography
  • Chelliah, Shobhana L. (1997). A grammar of Meithei. Berlin: Mouton de Gruyter. ISBN 0-19-564331-3.
  • Chelliah, Shobhana L. (2002). Early Meithei manuscripts. In C. I. Beckwith (Ed.), Medieval Tibeto-Burman languages: PIATS 2000: Tibetan studies: Proceedings of the ninth seminar of the International Association of Tibetan Studies, Leiden 2000 (pp. 59–71). Leiden, Netherlands: Brill.
  • Chelliah, Shobhana L. (2002). A glossary of 39 basic words in archaic and modern Meithei. In C. I. Beckwith (Ed.), Medieval Tibeto-Burman languages: PIATS 2000: Tibetan studies: Proceedings of the ninth seminar of the International Association of Tibetan Studies, Leiden 2000 (pp. 189–190). Leiden, Netherlands: Brill.
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