List of state leaders in 1937

This is a list of heads of state, heads of governments, and other rulers in the year 1937.

Africa

• Egypt
  • Monarch - Farouk I, King of Egypt (1936–1952)
  • Regent - Prince Mohammed Ali Tewfik + Aziz Ezzat Pasha + Sherif Sabri Pasha, Regency of Egypt (1936–1937)
  • Prime Minister -
    1. Mustafa el-Nahhas, Prime Minister of Egypt (1936–1937)
    2. Muhammad Mahmoud Pasha, Prime Minister of Egypt (1937–1939)
• Liberia
  • President - Edwin Barclay, President of Liberia (1930–1944)
• South Africa
  • Monarch - George VI, King of the British Dominions Beyond the Seas (1936–1952)
  • Governor-General -
    1. George Villiers, Earl of Clarendon, Governor-General of South Africa (1931–1937)
    2. Sir Patrick Duncan, Governor-General of South Africa (1937–1943)
  • Prime Minister - J. B. M. Hertzog, Prime Minister of South Africa (1924–1939)

Asia

• Afghanistan
  • Monarch - Mohammed Zahir Shah, King of Afghanistan (1933–1973)
  • Prime Minister - Mohammad Hashim Khan, Prime Minister of Afghanistan (1929–1946)
• China
  • China (Nationalist Government)
    • Head of State - Lin Sen, Chairman of the National Government of China (1931–1943)
    • Premier - Chiang Kai-shek, President of Executive Yuan of China (1935–1938)
  • Manchukuo (puppet state of Japan)
    • Monarch - Puyi, Emperor of Manchukuo (1932–1945)
    • Prime Minister - General Zhang Jinghui, Prime Minister of Manchukuo (1935–1945)
  • Chinese Soviet Republic (unrecognized state)
    • dissolved on 22 September 1937
    • Head of State - Mao Zedong, Chairman of the Central Executive Committee of the Soviet Republic of China (1931–1937)
  • Provisional Government (puppet state of Japan)
    • was inaugurated on 14 December 1937
    • Head of State - Wang Kemin, Chairman of the Provisional Government of China (1937–1940)
  • East Hebei (puppet state of Japan)
    • was absorbed into the Provisional Government in December 1937
    • Chairman - Yin Ju-keng, Chairman of the East Hebei Autonomous Council (1935–1937)
  • Dadao government (puppet state of Japan)
    • established on 5 December 1937
    • Chairman - Su Xiwen, Chairman of the Dadao government (1937–1938)
  • Mengjiang (puppet state of Japan)
    • was renamed as an autonomous government on 22 November 1937
    • Chairman - Yondonwangchug, Chairman of Mengjiang (1936–1937)
  • Tibet (unrecognized, de facto independent country)
    • Monarch - vacant, Dalai Lama (1933–1939)
    • Regent - Jamphel Yeshe Gyaltsen, Reting Rinpoche (1934–1941)
• Iran
  • Monarch - Reza Shah, Shah of Iran (1925–1941)
  • Prime Minister - Mahmoud Jam, Prime Minister of Iran (1935–1939)
• Iraq
  • Monarch - Ghazi, King of Iraq (1933–1939)
  • Prime Minister -
    1. Hikmat Sulayman, Prime Minister of Iraq (1936–1937)
    2. Jamil al-Midfai, Prime Minister of Iraq (1937–1938)
• Japan
  • Monarch - Hirohito, Emperor of Japan (1926–1989)
  • Prime Minister -
    1. Kōki Hirota, Prime Minister of Japan (1936–1937)
    2. Senjūrō Hayashi, Prime Minister of Japan (1937)
    3. Prince Fumimaro Konoe, Prime Minister of Japan (1937–1939)
• Mongolia
  • Communist Party Leadership - Banzarjavyn Baasanjav (1936–1940) + Dorjjavyn Luvsansharav (1932–1937) + Bat-Ochiryn Eldev-Ochir (1932–1937), Secretaries of the Central Committee of the Mongolian People's Revolutionary Party
  • Head of State - Dansranbilegiin Dogsom, Chairman of the Presidium of the State Little Khural of Mongolia (1936–1939)
  • Premier - Anandyn Amar, Chairman of the Council of People's Commissars of Mongolia (1936–1939)
• Muscat and Oman
  • Monarch - Said Bin Taimur, Sultan of Muscat and Oman (1932–1970)
• Nepal
  • Monarch - Tribhuvan, King of Nepal (1911–1950)
  • Prime Minister - Juddha Shamsher Jang Bahadur Rana, Maharaja of Lamjung and Kaski, Prime Minister of Nepal (1932–1945)
• Rajpipla State - Vijaysinhji (1915-1948)
• Saudi Arabia
  • Monarch - Ibn Saud, King of Saudi Arabia (1902–1953)[1]
• Siam
  • Monarch - Ananda Mahidol, King of Siam (1935–1946)
  • Regent - Prince Aditya Dibabha (1935–1944) + Pan Sukhum (1935–1938) + General Um Indrayodhin (1935–1942)
  • Prime Minister - Phraya Phahonphonphayuhasena, Prime Minister of Siam (1933–1938)
• Turkey
  • President - Mustafa Kemal Atatürk, President of Turkey (1923–1938)
  • Prime Minister -
    1. İsmet İnönü, Prime Minister of Turkey (1925–1937)
    2. Celâl Bayar, Prime Minister of Turkey (1937–1939)
• Tuva
  • Communist Party Leader - Salchak Toka, General Secretary of the Tuvan People's Revolutionary Party (1932–1944)
  • Head of State - Adyg-Tulush Khemchik-ool, Chairman of the Presidium of the Little Hural of Tuva (1936–1938)
  • Premier - Sat Churmit-Dazhi, Chairman of the Council of Ministers of Tuva (1936–1938)
• Yemen
  • Monarch - Yahya Muhammad Hamid ed-Din, King of Yemen (1904–1948)[2]

Australia and Oceania

• Australia
  • Monarch - George VI, King of the British Dominions Beyond the Seas (1936–1952)
  • Governor-General - Alexander Hore-Ruthven, Baron Gowrie, Governor-General of Australia (1936–1945)
  • Prime Minister - Joseph Lyons, Prime Minister of Australia (1932–1939)
• New Zealand
  • Monarch - George VI, King of the British Dominions Beyond the Seas (1936–1952)
  • Governor-General - George Monckton-Arundell, Viscount Galway, Governor-General of New Zealand (1935–1941)
  • Prime Minister - Michael Joseph Savage, Prime Minister of New Zealand (1935–1940)

Europe

• Albania
  • Monarch - Zog I, King of the Albanians (1925–1939)[3]
  • Prime Minister - Kostaq Kota, Prime Minister of Albania (1936–1939)
• Andorra
  • Monarchs -
    • French Co-Prince - Albert François Lebrun, French Co-Prince of Andorra (1932–1940)
      • Co-Prince's Representative -
        1. Henri Samulens (1933–1937)
        2. Jean Baptiste Laumond (1937–1940)
    • Episcopal Co-Prince - Justí Guitart i Vilardebó, Episcopal Co-Prince of Andorra (1920–1940)
      • Co-Prince's Representative -
        1. Francesc Cairat (acting) (1936–1937)
        2. Jaume Sansa Nequí (1937–1972)
  • First Syndic -
    1. Francesc Molné, First Syndic of Andorra (1936–1937)
    2. Francesc Cairat Freixes, First Syndic of Andorra (1937–1960)
• Austria
  • President - Wilhelm Miklas, Federal President of Austria (1928–1938)
  • Chancellor - Kurt Schuschnigg, Federal Chancellor of Austria (1934–1938)
• Belgium
  • Monarch - Leopold III, King of the Belgians (1934–1951)[4]
  • Prime Minister -
    1. Paul van Zeeland, Prime Minister of Belgium (1935–1937)
    2. Paul-Emile Janson, Prime Minister of Belgium (1937–1938)
• Bulgaria
  • Monarch - Boris III, Tsar of the Bulgarians (1918–1943)
  • Premier - Georgi Kyoseivanov, Chairman of the Council of Ministers of Bulgaria (1935–1940)
• Czechoslovakia
  • President - Edvard Beneš, President of Czechoslovakia (1935–1938)
  • Prime Minister - Milan Hodža, Prime Minister of Czechoslovakia (1935–1938)
• Danzig (free city under League of Nations protection)
  • High Commissioner -
    1. Seán Lester, League of Nations High Commissioner for Danzig (1934–1937)
    2. Carl Jacob Burckhardt, League of Nations High Commissioner for Danzig (1937–1939)
  • Head of State - Arthur Greiser, President of the Senate of Danzig (1934–1939)
• Denmark
  • Monarch - Christian X, King of Denmark (1912–1947)
  • Prime Minister - Thorvald Stauning, Prime Minister of Denmark (1929–1942)
• Estonia
  • Head of State - Konstantin Päts, State Elder of Estonia[5] (1933–1940)
  • Prime Minister - Konstantin Päts, Prime Minister of Estonia (1934–1937)
• Finland
  • President -
    1. Pehr Evind Svinhufvud, President of Finland (1931–1937)
    2. Kyösti Kallio, President of Finland (1937–1940)
  • Prime Minister -
    1. Kyösti Kallio, Prime Minister of Finland (1936–1937)
    2. Aimo Cajander, Prime Minister of Finland (1937–1939)
• France
  • President - Albert François Lebrun, President of France (1932–1940)
  • Prime Minister -
    1. Léon Blum, President of the Council of Ministers of France (1936–1937)
    2. Camille Chautemps, President of the Council of Ministers of France (1937–1938)
• Germany
  • Head of State - Adolf Hitler, Führer of Germany (1934–1945)
  • Chancellor - Adolf Hitler, Chancellor of Germany (1933–1945)
• Greece
  • Monarch - George II, King of the Hellenes (1935–1947)[6]
  • Prime Minister - Ioannis Metaxas, President of the Ministerial Council of Greece (1936–1941)
• Hungary
  • Head of State - Miklós Horthy, Regent of Hungary (1920–1944)
  • Prime Minister - Kálmán Darányi, Prime Minister of Hungary (1936–1938)
• Iceland
  • Monarch - Christian X, King of Iceland (1918–1944)
  • Prime Minister - Hermann Jónasson, Prime Minister of Iceland (1934–1942)
• Ireland
  • the Irish Free State was superseded by Ireland (Éire) on December 29, 1937
  • Monarch - George VI, King of Ireland (1936–1949)
  • Governor-General - vacant, Governor-General of the Irish Free State (1936–1937)
  • President - Presidential Commission, Acting President of Ireland (1937–1938)
  • Head of Government - Éamon de Valera, President of the Executive Council of the Irish Free State[7] (1932–1948)
• Italy
  • Monarch - Victor Emmanuel III, King of Italy (1900–1946)
  • Prime Minister - Benito Mussolini, President of the Council of Ministers of Italy (1922–1943)
• Latvia
  • President - Kārlis Ulmanis, President of Latvia (1936–1940)
  • Prime Minister - Kārlis Ulmanis, Prime Minister of Latvia (1934–1940)
• Liechtenstein
  • Monarch - Franz I, Prince Regnant of Liechtenstein (1929–1938)
  • Head of Government - Josef Hoop, Head of Government of Liechtenstein (1928–1945)
• Lithuania
  • President - Antanas Smetona, President of Lithuania (1926–1940)
  • Prime Minister - Juozas Tūbelis, Prime Minister of Lithuania (1929–1938)
• Luxembourg
  • Monarch - Charlotte, Grand Duchess of Luxembourg (1919–1964)[8]
  • Prime Minister -
    1. Joseph Bech, President of the Government of Luxembourg (1926–1937)
    2. Pierre Dupong, President of the Government of Luxembourg (1937–1953)[9]
• Monaco
  • Monarch - Louis II, Sovereign Prince of Monaco (1922–1949)
  • Head of Government -
    1. Maurice Bouilloux-Lafont, Minister of State of Monaco (1932–1937)
    2. Henry Mauran, Acting Minister of State of Monaco (1937)
    3. Émile Roblot, Minister of State of Monaco (1937–1944)
• Netherlands
  • Monarch - Wilhelmina, Queen of the Netherlands (1890–1948)[10]
  • Prime Minister - Hendrikus Colijn, Chairman of the Council of Ministers of the Netherlands (1933–1939)
• Norway
  • Monarch - Haakon VII, King of Norway (1905–1957)[11]
  • Prime Minister - Johan Nygaardsvold, Prime Minister of Norway (1935–1945)[12]
• Poland
  • President - Ignacy Mościcki, President of Poland (1926–1939)
  • Prime Minister - Felicjan Sławoj Składkowski, President of the Council of Ministers of Poland (1936–1939)
• Portugal
  • President - Óscar Carmona, President of Portugal (1926–1951)
  • Premier - António de Oliveira Salazar, President of the Council of Ministers of Portugal (1932–1968)
• Romania
  • Monarch - Carol II, King of the Romanians (1930–1940)
  • Premier -
    1. Gheorghe Tătărescu, President of the Council of Ministers of Romania (1934–1937)
    2. Octavian Goga, President of the Council of Ministers of Romania (1937–1938)
• San Marino
  • Captains Regent -
    1. Francesco Morri and Gino Ceccoli, Captains Regent of San Marino (1936–1937)
    2. Giuliano Gozi and Settimio Belluzzi, Captains Regent of San Marino (1937)
    3. Marino Rossi and Giovanni Lonfernini, Captains Regent of San Marino (1937–1938)
• Soviet Union
  • Communist Party Leader - Joseph Stalin, General Secretary of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union (1922–1953)
  • Head of State - Mikhail Kalinin, Chairman of the Central Executive Committee of the Congress of Soviets of the Soviet Union (1919–1946)[13]
  • Premier - Vyacheslav Molotov, Chairman of the Council of People's Commissars of the Soviet Union (1930–1941)
• Spain
  • Spanish Republic
    • President - Manuel Azaña, President of Spain (1936–1939)
    • Prime Minister -
      1. Francisco Largo Caballero, President of the Council of Ministers of Spain (1936–1937)
      2. Juan Negrín, President of the Council of Ministers of Spain (1937–1939)
    • Asturias and León (unrecognized state)
      • declared independence on 24 August 1937, extinguished on 21 October 1937
      • Head of State - Belarmino Tomás, President of the Council of Asturias and León (1937)
  • Spanish State
    • Head of State - Francisco Franco, Head of State of Spain (1936–1975)
    • Head of Government -
      1. Fidel Dávila Arrondo, President of the Technical Board of State of Spain (1936–1937)
      2. Francisco Gómez-Jordana, Count of Jordana, President of the Technical Board of State of Spain (1937–1938)
• Sweden
  • Monarch - Gustaf V, King of Sweden (1907–1950)
  • Prime Minister - Per Albin Hansson, Prime Minister of Sweden (1936–1946)
• Switzerland
  • Federal Council:[14]

    Giuseppe Motta (1911–1940, President), Marcel Pilet-Golaz (1928–1944), Albert Meyer (1929–1938), Rudolf Minger (1929–1940), Philipp Etter (1934–1959), Johannes Baumann (1934–1940), Hermann Obrecht (1935–1940)

• United Kingdom
  • Monarch - George VI, King of the United Kingdom (1936–1952)
  • Prime Minister -
    1. Stanley Baldwin, Prime Minister of the United Kingdom (1935–1937)
    2. Neville Chamberlain, Prime Minister of the United Kingdom (1937–1940)
• Vatican City
  • Monarch - Pope Pius XI, Sovereign of Vatican City (1929–1939)
  • Governor - Marquis Camillo Serafini, Governor of Vatican City (1929–1952)
  • Holy See (sui generis subject of public international law)
    • Secretary of State - Cardinal Eugenio Pacelli, Cardinal Secretary of State (1930–1939)
• Yugoslavia
  • Monarch - Peter II, King of Yugoslavia (1934–1945)[15]
  • Regent - Prince Paul + Radenko Stanković + Ivo Perović, Regency of Yugoslavia (1934–1941)
  • Prime Minister - Milan Stojadinović, Prime Minister of Yugoslavia (1935–1939)

North America and the Caribbean

• Canada
  • Monarch - George VI, King of the British Dominions Beyond the Seas (1936–1952)
  • Governor General - John Buchan, Baron Tweedsmuir, Governor General of Canada (1935–1940)
  • Prime Minister - William Lyon Mackenzie King, Prime Minister of Canada (1935–1948)
• Costa Rica
  • President - León Cortés Castro, President of Costa Rica (1936–1940)
• Cuba
  • President - Federico Laredo Brú, President of Cuba (1936–1940)
• Dominican Republic
  • President - Rafael Trujillo, President of the Dominican Republic (1930–1938)
• El Salvador
  • President - Maximiliano Hernández Martínez, President of El Salvador (1935–1944)
• Guatemala
  • President - Jorge Ubico, President of Guatemala (1931–1944)
• Haiti
  • President - Sténio Vincent, President of Haiti (1930–1941)
• Honduras
  • President - Tiburcio Carías Andino, President of Honduras (1933–1949)
• Mexico
  • President - Lázaro Cárdenas, President of Mexico (1934–1940)
• Nicaragua
  • President -
    1. Carlos Alberto Brenes, Acting President of Nicaragua (1936–1937)
    2. Anastasio Somoza García, President of Nicaragua (1937–1947)
• Panama
  • President - Juan Demóstenes Arosemena, President of Panama (1936–1939)
• United States of America
  • President - Franklin D. Roosevelt, President of the United States (1933–1945)

South America

• Argentina
  • President - Agustín Pedro Justo, President of Argentina (1932–1938)
• Bolivia
  • Head of State -
    1. David Toro, Chairman of the Government Junta of Bolivia (1936–1937)
    2. Germán Busch, Chairman of the Government Junta of Bolivia (1937–1939)
• Brazil
  • President - Getúlio Vargas, President of Brazil (1930–1945)
• Chile
  • President - Arturo Alessandri, President of Chile (1932–1938)
• Colombia
  • President - Alfonso López Pumarejo, President of Colombia (1934–1938)
• Ecuador
  • Head of State -
    1. Federico Páez, Supreme Chief of Ecuador (1935–1937)
    2. Alberto Enríquez Gallo, Supreme Chief of Ecuador (1937–1938)
• Paraguay
  • President -
    1. Rafael Franco, Acting President of Paraguay (1936–1937)
    2. Félix Paiva, Acting President of Paraguay (1937–1939)
• Peru
  • President - Óscar R. Benavides, President of Peru (1933–1939)
  • Prime Minister - Ernesto Montagne Markholz, President of the council of ministers of Peru (1936–1939)
• Uruguay
  • President - Gabriel Terra, President of Uruguay (1931–1938)
• Venezuela
  • President - Eleazar López Contreras, President of Venezuela (1935–1941)

References

1. Ibn Saud was Emir of Nejd and Hasa between 1902 and 1921, Sultan of Nejd between 1921 and 1927, King of Nejd between 1927 and 1932 additionally King of Hejaz between 1926 and 1932 (collectively referred to as King of Nejd and Hejaz), and King of Saudi Arabia from 1932.
2. Yemen only became independent in 1918.
3. Zog I was in power as President of Albania under the name of Ahmet Zogu between 1925 and 1928.
4. German prisoner between 1940 and 1945, in exile between 1945 and 1950.
5. The title of the Estonian head of state changed from State Elder to President-Regent on September 3, 1937.
6. In exile between 1941 and 1946.
7. The title of the Irish head of government changed from President of the Executive Council to Taoiseach on December 29, 1937.
8. In exile between 1940 and 1945.
9. In exile between 1940 and 1944.
10. In exile between 1940 and 1945.
11. In exile between 1940 and 1945.
12. In exile between 1940 and 1945.
13. Kalinin was head of state of Russia (Chairman of the Central Executive Committee of the All-Russian Congress of Soviets) from 1919 to 1938, and head of state of the Soviet Union from 1922 to 1946.
14. The seven member Swiss Federal Council is the collective head of state and the government of Switzerland. Within the Council, the President of the Swiss Confederation serves solely in a primus inter pares capacity for one year.
15. In exile from 1941.

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