List of state leaders in 1931

This is a list of heads of state, heads of governments, and other rulers in the year 1931.

Africa

• Egypt
  • Monarch - Fuad I, King of Egypt (1917–1936)[1]
  • Prime Minister - Ismail Sedky, Prime Minister of Egypt (1930–1933)
• Ethiopia
  • Monarch - Haile Selassie, Emperor of Ethiopia (1930–1974)[2]
  • Chief Minister - Haile Selassie, Chief Minister of Ethiopia (1927–1936)
• Liberia
  • President - Edwin Barclay, President of Liberia (1930–1944)
• South Africa
  • Monarch - George V, King of the British Dominions Beyond the Seas (1910–1936)
  • Governor-General -
    1. Alexander Cambridge, Earl of Athlone, Governor-General of South Africa (1924–1931)
    2. George Villiers, Earl of Clarendon, Governor-General of South Africa (1931–1937)
  • Prime Minister - J. B. M. Hertzog, Prime Minister of South Africa (1924–1939)

Asia

• Afghanistan
  • Monarch - Mohammed Nadir Shah, King of Afghanistan (1929–1933)
  • Prime Minister - Mohammad Hashim Khan, Prime Minister of Afghanistan (1929–1946)
• China
  • Republic of China
    • Head of State -
      1. Chiang Kai-shek, Chairman of the National Government of China (1928–1931)
      2. Lin Sen, Chairman of the National Government of China (1931–1943)
    • Premier -
      1. Chiang Kai-shek, President of Executive Yuan of China (1930–1931)
      2. Chen Mingshu, President of Executive Yuan of China (1931–1932)
  • Chinese Soviet Republic (unrecognized state)
    • was declared on 1 December 1931
    • Head of State - Mao Zedong, Chairman of the Central Executive Committee of the Soviet Republic of China (1931–1937)
  • Tibet (unrecognized, de facto independent country)
    • Monarch - Thubten Gyatso, Dalai Lama (1879–1933)
• Japan
  • Monarch - Hirohito, Emperor of Japan (1926–1989)
  • Prime Minister -
    1. Osachi Hamaguchi, Prime Minister of Japan (1929–1931)
    2. Baron Wakatsuki Reijirō, Prime Minister of Japan (1931)
    3. Inukai Tsuyoshi, Prime Minister of Japan (1931–1932)
• Mongolia
  • Communist Party Leadership - Peljidiin Genden (1928–1932) + Ölziin Badrakh (1928–1932) + Zolbingiin Shijee (1930–1932), Secretaries of the Central Committee of the Mongolian People's Revolutionary Party
  • Head of State - Losolyn Laagan, Chairman of the Presidium of the State Little Khural of Mongolia (1930–1932)
  • Premier - Tsengeltiin Jigjidjav, Chairman of the Council of People's Commissars of Mongolia (1930–1932)
• Muscat and Oman
  • Monarch - Taimur bin Feisal, Sultan of Muscat and Oman (1913–1932)
• Nejd and Hejaz
  • Monarch - Ibn Saud, King of Nejd and Hejaz (1902–1953)[3]
• Nepal
  • Monarch - Tribhuvan, King of Nepal (1911–1950)
  • Prime Minister - Bhim Shamsher Jang Bahadur Rana, Maharaja of Lamjung and Kaski, Prime Minister of Nepal (1929–1932)
• Persia
  • Monarch - Reza Shah, Shah of Persia (1925–1941)
  • Prime Minister - Mehdi Qoli Hedayat, Prime Minister of Persia (1927–1933)
• Rajpipla State - Vijaysinhji (1915-1948)
• Siam
  • Monarch - Prajadhipok, King of Siam (1925–1935)
• Turkey
  • President - Mustafa Kemal Atatürk, President of Turkey (1923–1938)
  • Prime Minister - İsmet İnönü, Prime Minister of Turkey (1925–1937)
• Tuva
  • Communist Party Leader - Irgit Shagdyrzhap, First Secretary of the Tuvan People's Revolutionary Party (1929–1932)
  • Head of State - Chuldum Lopsakovi, Chairman of the Presidium of the Little Hural of Tuva (1929–1936)
  • Premier - Adyg-Tulush Khemchik-ool, Chairman of the Council of Ministers of Tuva (1929–1936)
• Yemen
  • Monarch - Yahya Muhammad Hamid ed-Din, King of Yemen (1904–1948)[4]

Australia and Oceania

• Australia
  • Monarch - George V, King of the British Dominions Beyond the Seas (1910–1936)
  • Governor-General -
    1. John Baird, Baron Stonehaven, Governor-General of Australia (1925–1931)
    2. Sir Isaac Isaacs, Governor-General of Australia (1931–1936)
  • Prime Minister - James Scullin, Prime Minister of Australia (1929–1932)
• New Zealand
  • Monarch - George V, King of the British Dominions Beyond the Seas (1910–1936)
  • Governor-General - Charles Bathurst, Baron Bledisloe, Governor-General of New Zealand (1930–1935)
  • Prime Minister - George Forbes, Prime Minister of New Zealand (1930–1935)

Europe

• Albania
  • Monarch - Zog I, King of the Albanians (1925–1939)[5]
  • Prime Minister - Pandeli Evangjeli, Prime Minister of Albania (1930–1935)
• Andorra
  • Monarchs -
    • French Co-Prince -
      1. Gaston Doumergue, French Co-Prince of Andorra (1924–1931)
      2. Paul Doumer, French Co-Prince of Andorra (1931–1932)
      • Co-Prince's Representative - Charles Romeu (1887–1933)
    • Episcopal Co-Prince - Justí Guitart i Vilardebó, Episcopal Co-Prince of Andorra (1920–1940)
      • Co-Prince's Representative - Joseph de Riba (1915–1933)
  • First Syndic - Roc Pallares, First Syndic of Andorra (1928–1933)
• Austria
  • President - Wilhelm Miklas, Federal President of Austria (1928–1938)
  • Chancellor -
    1. Otto Ender, Federal Chancellor of Austria (1930–1931)
    2. Karl Buresch, Federal Chancellor of Austria (1931–1932)
• Belgium
  • Monarch - Albert I, King of the Belgians (1909–1934)
  • Prime Minister -
    1. Henri Jaspar, Prime Minister of Belgium (1926–1931)
    2. Jules Renkin, Prime Minister of Belgium (1931–1932)
• Bulgaria
  • Monarch - Boris III, Tsar of the Bulgarians (1918–1943)
  • Premier -
    1. Andrey Lyapchev, Chairman of the Council of Ministers of Bulgaria (1926–1931)
    2. Aleksandar Malinov, Chairman of the Council of Ministers of Bulgaria (1931)
    3. Nikola Mushanov, Chairman of the Council of Ministers of Bulgaria (1931–1934)
• Czechoslovakia
  • President - Tomáš Garrigue Masaryk, President of Czechoslovakia (1918–1935)
  • Prime Minister - František Udržal, Prime Minister of Czechoslovakia (1929–1932)
• Danzig (free city under League of Nations protection)
  • High Commissioner - Manfredi di Gravina, League of Nations High Commissioner for Danzig (1929–1932)
  • Head of State -
    1. Heinrich Sahm, President of the Senate of Danzig (1920–1931)
    2. Ernst Ziehm, President of the Senate of Danzig (1931–1933)
• Denmark
  • Monarch - Christian X, King of Denmark (1912–1947)
  • Prime Minister - Thorvald Stauning, Prime Minister of Denmark (1929–1942)
• Estonia
  • Head of State -
    1. Otto Strandman, State Elder of Estonia (1929–1931)
    2. Konstantin Päts, State Elder of Estonia (1931–1932)
• Finland
  • President -
    1. Lauri Kristian Relander, President of Finland (1925–1931)
    2. Pehr Evind Svinhufvud, President of Finland (1931–1937)
  • Prime Minister -
    1. Pehr Evind Svinhufvud, Prime Minister of Finland (1930–1931)
    2. Juho Sunila, Prime Minister of Finland (1931–1932)
• France
  • President -
    1. Gaston Doumergue, President of France (1924–1931)
    2. Paul Doumer, President of France (1931–1932)
  • Prime Minister -
    1. Théodore Steeg, President of the Council of Ministers of France (1930–1931)
    2. Pierre Laval, President of the Council of Ministers of France (1931–1932)
• Germany
  • President - Paul von Hindenburg, President of Germany (1925–1934)
  • Chancellor - Heinrich Brüning, Chancellor of Germany (1930–1932)
• Greece
  • President - Alexandros Zaimis, President of Greece (1929–1935)
  • Prime Minister - Eleftherios Venizelos, Prime Minister of Greece (1928–1932)
• Hungary
  • Head of State - Miklós Horthy, Regent of Hungary (1920–1944)
  • Prime Minister -
    1. Count István Bethlen, Prime Minister of Hungary (1921–1931)
    2. Count Gyula Károlyi, Prime Minister of Hungary (1931–1932)
• Iceland
  • Monarch - Christian X, King of Iceland (1918–1944)
  • Prime Minister - Tryggvi Þórhallsson, Prime Minister of Iceland (1927–1932)
• Ireland
  • Monarch - George V, King of Ireland (1922–1936)
  • Governor-General - James McNeill, Governor-General of Ireland (1928–1932)
  • Head of Government - W. T. Cosgrave, President of the Executive Council of Ireland (1922–1932)
• Italy
  • Monarch - Victor Emmanuel III, King of Italy (1900–1946)
  • Prime Minister - Benito Mussolini, President of the Council of Ministers of Italy (1922–1943)
• Latvia
  • President - Alberts Kviesis, President of Latvia (1930–1936)
  • Prime Minister -
    1. Hugo Celmiņš, Prime Minister of Latvia (1928–1931)
    2. Kārlis Ulmanis, Prime Minister of Latvia (1931)
    3. Marģers Skujenieks, Prime Minister of Latvia (1931–1933)
• Liechtenstein
  • Monarch - Franz I, Prince Regnant of Liechtenstein (1929–1938)
  • Head of Government - Josef Hoop, Head of Government of Liechtenstein (1928–1945)
• Lithuania
  • President - Antanas Smetona, President of Lithuania (1926–1940)
  • Prime Minister - Juozas Tūbelis, Prime Minister of Lithuania (1929–1938)
• Luxembourg
  • Monarch - Charlotte, Grand Duchess of Luxembourg (1919–1964)[6]
  • Prime Minister - Joseph Bech, President of the Government of Luxembourg (1926–1937)
• Monaco
  • Monarch - Louis II, Sovereign Prince of Monaco (1922–1949)
  • Head of Government - Maurice Piette, Minister of State of Monaco (1923–1932)
• Netherlands
  • Monarch - Wilhelmina, Queen of the Netherlands (1890–1948)[7]
  • Prime Minister - Charles Ruijs de Beerenbrouck, Chairman of the Council of Ministers of the Netherlands (1929–1933)
• Norway
  • Monarch - Haakon VII, King of Norway (1905–1957)[8]
  • Prime Minister -
    1. Johan Ludwig Mowinckel, Prime Minister of Norway (1928–1931)
    2. Peder Kolstad, Prime Minister of Norway (1931–1932)
• Poland
  • President - Ignacy Mościcki, President of Poland (1926–1939)
  • Prime Minister -
    1. Walery Sławek, President of the Council of Ministers of Poland (1930–1931)
    2. Aleksander Prystor, President of the Council of Ministers of Poland (1931–1933)
• Portugal
  • President - Óscar Carmona, President of Portugal (1926–1951)
  • Premier - Domingos Oliveira, President of the Ministry of Portugal (1930–1932)
• Romania
  • Monarch - Carol II, King of the Romanians (1930–1940)
  • Premier -
    1. Gheorghe Mironescu, President of the Council of Ministers of Romania (1930–1931)
    2. Nicolae Iorga, President of the Council of Ministers of Romania (1931–1932)
• San Marino
  • Captains Regent -
    1. Valerio Pasquali and Gino Ceccoli, Captains Regent of San Marino (1930–1931)
    2. Angelo Manzoni Borghesi and Francesco Mularoni, Captains Regent of San Marino (1931)
    3. Domenico Suzzi Valli and Marino Morri, Captains Regent of San Marino (1931–1932)
• Soviet Union
  • Communist Party Leader - Joseph Stalin, General Secretary of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union (1922–1953)
  • Head of State - Mikhail Kalinin, Chairman of the Central Executive Committee of the Congress of Soviets of the Soviet Union (1919–1946)[9]
  • Premier - Vyacheslav Molotov, Chairman of the Council of People's Commissars of the Soviet Union (1930–1941)
• Spain
  • the Kingdom of Spain was superseded by the Spanish Republic on 14 April 1931
  • Monarch - Alfonso XIII, King of Spain (1886–1931)
  • President -
    1. Niceto Alcalá-Zamora, President of the Council of Ministers of Spain (1931)
    2. Manuel Azaña, President of the Council of Ministers of Spain (1931)
    3. Niceto Alcalá-Zamora, President of Spain (1931–1936)
  • Prime Minister -
    1. Dámaso Berenguer, Count of Xauen, President of the Council of Ministers of Spain (1930–1931)
    2. Juan Bautista Aznar-Cabañas, President of the Council of Ministers of Spain (1931)
    3. Niceto Alcalá-Zamora, President of the Council of Ministers of Spain (1931)
    4. Manuel Azaña, President of the Council of Ministers of Spain (1931–1933)
  • Catalonia (unrecognized state)
    • President - Francesc Macià, President of Catalonia (1931)
• Sweden
  • Monarch - Gustaf V, King of Sweden (1907–1950)
  • Prime Minister - Carl Gustaf Ekman, Prime Minister of Sweden (1930–1932)
• Switzerland
  • Federal Council:[10]

    Giuseppe Motta (1911–1940), Edmund Schulthess (1912–1935), Jean-Marie Musy (1919–1934), Heinrich Häberlin (1920–1934, President), Marcel Pilet-Golaz (1928–1944), Albert Meyer (1929–1938), Rudolf Minger (1929–1940)

• United Kingdom
  • Monarch - George V, King of the United Kingdom (1910–1936)
  • Prime Minister - Ramsay MacDonald, Prime Minister of the United Kingdom (1929–1935)
• Vatican City
  • Monarch - Pope Pius XI, Sovereign of Vatican City (1929–1939)
  • Governor - Marquis Camillo Serafini, Governor of Vatican City (1929–1952)
  • Holy See (sui generis subject of public international law)
    • Secretary of State - Cardinal Eugenio Pacelli, Cardinal Secretary of State (1930–1939)
• Yugoslavia
  • Monarch - Alexander I, King of Yugoslavia (1921–1934)
  • Prime Minister - Petar Živković, Prime Minister of Yugoslavia (1929–1932)

North America and the Caribbean

• Canada
  • Monarch - George V, King of the British Dominions Beyond the Seas (1910–1936)
  • Governor General -
    1. Freeman Freeman-Thomas, Earl of Willingdon, Governor General of Canada (1926–1931)
    2. Sir Lyman Duff, Administrator of the Government of Canada (1931)
    3. Vere Ponsonby, Earl of Bessborough, Governor General of Canada (1931–1935)
  • Prime Minister - R. B. Bennett, Prime Minister of Canada (1930–1935)
• Costa Rica
  • President - Cleto González Víquez, President of Costa Rica (1928–1932)
• Cuba
  • President - Gerardo Machado, President of Cuba (1925–1933)
• Dominican Republic
  • President - Rafael Trujillo, President of the Dominican Republic (1930–1938)
• El Salvador
  • President -
    1. Pío Romero Bosque, President of El Salvador (1927–1931)
    2. Arturo Araujo, President of El Salvador (1931)
    3. Maximiliano Hernández Martínez, Acting President of El Salvador (1931–1934)
• Guatemala
  • President -
    1. Lázaro Chacón González, President of Guatemala (1926–1931)
    2. José María Reina Andrade, Acting President of Guatemala (1931)
    3. Jorge Ubico, President of Guatemala (1931–1944)
• Haiti (under US occupation)
  • American Representative - Dana Gardner Munro, Minister to Haiti (1930–1932)
  • President - Sténio Vincent, President of Haiti (1930–1941)
• Honduras
  • President - Vicente Mejía Colindres, President of Honduras (1929–1933)
• Mexico
  • President - Pascual Ortiz Rubio, President of Mexico (1930–1932)
• Newfoundland
  • Monarch - George V, King of the British Dominions Beyond the Seas (1910–1936)
  • Governor - Sir John Middleton, Governor of Newfoundland (1928–1932)
  • Prime Minister - Sir Richard Squires, Prime Minister of Newfoundland (1928–1932)
• Nicaragua
  • President - José María Moncada, President of Nicaragua (1929–1933)
• Panama
  • President -
    1. Florencio Harmodio Arosemena, President of Panama (1928–1931)
    2. Harmodio Arias Madrid, Acting President of Panama (1931)
    3. Ricardo Joaquín Alfaro Jované, President of Panama (1931–1932)
• United States of America
  • President - Herbert Hoover, President of the United States (1929–1933)

South America

• Argentina
  • President - José Félix Uriburu, President of Argentina (1930–1932)
• Bolivia
  • Head of State -
    1. Carlos Blanco Galindo, Chairman of the Military Government Junta of Bolivia (1930–1931)
    2. Daniel Salamanca Urey, President of Bolivia (1931–1934)
• Brazil
  • President - Getúlio Vargas, Head of Provisional Government of Brazil (1930–1945)
• Chile
  • President -
    1. Carlos Ibáñez del Campo, President of Chile (1927–1931)
    2. Pedro Opaso, Provisional President of Chile (1931)
    3. Juan Esteban Montero, President of Chile (1931–1932)
• Colombia
  • President - Enrique Olaya Herrera, President of Colombia (1930–1934)
• Ecuador
  • President -
    1. Isidro Ayora, President of Ecuador (1926–1931)
    2. Luis Larrea Alba, Acting President of Ecuador (1931)
    3. Alfredo Baquerizo, Acting President of Ecuador (1931–1932)
• Paraguay
  • President - José Patricio Guggiari, President of Paraguay (1928–1932)
• Peru
  • Head of State -
    1. Luis Miguel Sánchez Cerro, President of the Government Junta of Peru (1930–1931)
    2. Ricardo Leoncio Elías Arias, President of the Government Junta of Peru (1931)
    3. Gustavo Jiménez, President of the Government Junta of Peru (1931)
    4. David Samanez Ocampo, Chairman of the National Junta of Peru (1931)
    5. Luis Miguel Sánchez Cerro, President of Peru (1931–1933)
  • Prime Minister -
    1. Antonio Beingolea, President of the council of ministers of Peru (1930–1931)
    2. Germán Arenas Zuñiga, President of the council of ministers of Peru (1931–1932)
• Uruguay
  • President -
    1. Juan Campisteguy, President of Uruguay (1927–1931)
    2. Gabriel Terra, President of Uruguay (1931–1938)
• Venezuela
  • President -
    1. Juan Bautista Pérez, President of Venezuela (1929–1931)
    2. Juan Vicente Gómez, President of Venezuela (1931–1935)

References

1. Egypt only became independent in 1922.
2. In exile between 1936 and 1941.
3. Ibn Saud was Emir of Nejd and Hasa between 1902 and 1921, Sultan of Nejd between 1921 and 1927, King of Nejd between 1927 and 1932 additionally King of Hejaz between 1926 and 1932 (collectively referred to as King of Nejd and Hejaz), and King of Saudi Arabia from 1932.
4. Yemen only became independent in 1918.
5. King Zog I was in power as President of Albania under the name of Ahmet Zogu between 1925 and 1928.
6. In exile between 1940 and 1945.
7. In exile between 1940 and 1945.
8. In exile between 1940 and 1945.
9. Kalinin was head of state of Russia (Chairman of the Central Executive Committee of the All-Russian Congress of Soviets) from 1919 to 1938, and head of state of the Soviet Union from 1922 to 1946.
10. The seven member Swiss Federal Council is the collective head of state and the government of Switzerland. Within the Council, the President of the Swiss Confederation serves solely in a primus inter pares capacity for one year.

External links