1994 Georgia gubernatorial election
The 1994 Georgia gubernatorial election occurred on November 8, 1994, to elect the next Governor of Georgia from 1995 to 1999. Incumbent Democratic Governor Zell Miller, first elected in 1990, ran for a second term. In his party's primary, Miller received three challengers, but easily prevailed with just over 70% of the vote. The contest for the Republican nomination, however, was a competitive race. As no candidate received a majority of the vote, John Knox and Guy Millner advanced to a run-off election. Millner was victorious and received the Republican nomination after garnering 59.41% of the vote.
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The general election was a competitive race between Zell Miller and Guy Millner. Issues such as welfare reform, education, and the removal of the Confederate battle flag from Georgia's state flag dominated the election. On election day, Miller defeated Millner 51.05%-48.95% in the third-closest gubernatorial election in Georgian history – behind only the 2018 and 1966 elections – since Reconstruction due to the strong Republican wave of 1994. Although the state was becoming increasingly more Republican, Democrats would retain the Governor's mansion until 2003.
Background
Incumbent Governor Zell Miller (D) chose to run for re-election in 1994. Early in his first term, Miller's approval rating fell significantly after attempting to gain legislative support for removing the Confederate battle flag from Georgia's state flag.[1] Miller wanted the Confederate battle flag removed before Atlanta hosted Super Bowl XXVIII and the 1996 Summer Olympics,[2] but backed down in March 1993 after it became apparent that the Georgia House of Representatives would not support this proposal.[3] However, following the same legislative session, Miller's popularity began to recover after bills were passed that initiated his welfare reform proposals. Miller's disapproval promptly decreased to 29% and fell further to 25% about a year later.[1]
A week prior to the scheduled primary elections on July 12, 14 polling locations in the southwestern portion of the state were either underwater or serving as emergency shelters as a result of the disastrous flooding wrought by Tropical Storm Alberto. State officials began discussing delaying the primary elections. However, on July 19, turnout exceeded predictions.[4]
Democratic primary
Campaign
Despite pledging in 1990 to serve only one term, incumbent Governor Zell Miller announced his re-election bid on June 16, 1993.[5] During the next 12 months, three other Democrats entered the primary, they included perennial candidate Jim Boyd, State Representative Charles "Judy" Poag, and Korean War veteran Mark Tate. Boyd and Poag attacked Miller for attempting to change the state flag and increasing fees for driver's licenses, car tags, and sporting licenses. Miller defended other portions of his record, including the establishment of the Georgia Lottery, the passage of a $100 million tax cut, and a bill proposed that would take a tougher stance on violent criminals. In May 1994, Mark Tate was convicted of attempting defrauding the Department of Veterans Affairs out of $99,000 by falsely claiming he had no other source of income. His sentencing was scheduled for July 19, the day of the primary. However, Tate's name remained on the ballot.[6]
Candidates
- Jim Boyd, candidate for Georgia's 9th congressional district in 1976 and 1982, 1984 United States Senate election, and Georgia Public Service Commissioner in 1986 and 1988
- Zell Miller, incumbent Governor of Georgia
- Charles "Judy" Poag, Georgia State Representative from the 6th district
- Mark Tate, Korean War veteran
Results
Miller easily prevailed against the other three Democrats, winning just over 70% of the vote, compared to 17.06% for Boyd, 6.69% for Tate, and 6.23% for Poag. Because Miller received a majority of the votes, he immediately advanced to the general election without a run-off.[7]
| Party | Candidate | Votes | % | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Democratic | Zell Miller (incumbent) | 321,963 | 70.03 | |
| Democratic | Jim Boyd | 78,444 | 17.06 | |
| Democratic | Mark Tate | 30,749 | 6.69 | |
| Democratic | Charles "Judy" Poag | 28,623 | 6.23 | |
| Total votes | 459,779 | 100.00 | ||
Republican primary
Campaign
Five Republicans entered to compete for the party nomination, including former State House Minority Leader Paul W. Heard, Jr., former Mayor of Waycross John Knox, Atlanta management consultant Nimrod McNair, businessman Guy Millner, and Tift County developer Leonard Morris. Then-State Senator Johnny Isakson, Miller's 1990 general election opponent, announced his intention to run again on June 16, 1993.[5] However, he apparently withdrew from the race well before the primary in July 1994. Bert Lance, a Director of the Office of Management and Budget under President Jimmy Carter, predicted a run-off in the Republican primary. He also believed that Miller would face a tougher re-election against Paul Heard, citing his legislative experience and noting that, "Paul knows the state well and has the potential to be a strong candidate." During the primary, Heard pledged to reduce taxes and improve education, while attacking Miller's new prison release program, which, in Heard's opinion, un-incarcerated too many criminals. Similarly, Knox promised to cut income tax by $250 million in his first year in office, reform education, and make prison "hard time". Millner pledged to decrease taxes, make Georgia's education the top-ranking in the Southern United States, reform welfare, and force violent criminal to serve their entire sentence.
Candidates
- Paul W. Heard, Jr., former State House Minority Leader
- John Knox, former Mayor of Waycross and candidate for the 1992 United States Senate election
- Nimrod McNair, Atlanta management consultant
- Guy Millner, businessman
- Leonard Morris, Tift County developer
Polling
| Source | Date | Miller (D) | Millner (R) |
|---|---|---|---|
| WXIA-TV | Nov. 6, 1994 | 48% | 41% |
General election
Results
| Party | Candidate | Votes | % | ±% | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Democratic | Zell Miller (incumbent) | 788,926 | 51.05% | -1.83% | |
| Republican | Guy Millner | 756,371 | 48.95% | +4.41% | |
| Majority | 32,555 | 2.11% | -6.24% | ||
| Turnout | 1,545,297 | ||||
| Democratic hold | Swing | ||||
References
- Hana E. Brown. "Policy Context and the Racialization of Welfare Reform". Berkeley, California: University of California, Berkeley. p. 13. Retrieved March 21, 2015.
- Eric Harrison and Edith Stanley (May 29, 1992). "Georgia Governor Wants to Lower Confederate Flag: South: Under pressure from civil rights groups, he will push for removal of battle cross from state banner". Los Angeles Times. Atlanta, Georgia. Retrieved March 21, 2015.
- "South's Emblem To Be Retained On Georgia Flag". The New York Times. March 10, 1993. Retrieved March 21, 2015.
- "The Flood of 1994, a day-by-day account". The Albany Herald. June 27, 2014. Retrieved March 21, 2015.
- "Georgia Governor Breaks Vow Not To Seek 2nd Term". Orlando Sentinel. Atlanta, Georgia. June 18, 1993. Retrieved March 21, 2015.
- John M. Willis (June 22, 1994). "Lance: Who Will Face Zell?". Calhoun Times and Gordon County News. p. 7. Retrieved March 21, 2015.
- "1994 Gubernatorial Democratic Primary Election Results – Georgia". uselectionatlas.org. May 16, 2009. Retrieved March 21, 2015.
- http://sos.georgia.gov/elections/election_results/1998_0721/summary.htm
- http://sos.georgia.gov/elections/election_results/1994/gov.htm