Timeline of Khartoum

The following is a timeline of the history of the city of Khartoum, Sudan.

19th century

• 1821 - Settlement established by Ibrahim Pasha of Egypt.
• 1824 - "Turko-Egyptian governor Uthman Bey establishes Khartoum as a military centre."[1]
• 1826 - Ali Khurshid Pasha in power.[1][2]
• 1829 - Mosque built.[2]
• 1830 - Town becomes capital of "the Sudanese possessions of Egypt."[3]
• 1838 - Disease outbreak; capital relocated temporarily to Shendi.[4]
• 1840 - Flood.[4]
• 1841 - Flood.[4]
• 1854 - Muhammad Sa'id Pasha in power.[2]
• 1856 - Disease outbreak; capital relocated temporarily to Shendi.[4]
• 1862 - Chamber of Commerce established.[2]
• 1866 - Consulates of Austria, France, Italy, Persia, and Tuscany established.[2]
• 1869 - Flood.[5]
• 1874 - Flood.[5]
• 1878 - Flood.[4]
• 1884 - 13 March: Siege of Khartoum begins.
• 1885
  • 26 January: Mahdists in power.[2]
  • Capital relocated to Omdurman from Khartoum.[3]
• 1898
  • 2 September: Conflict between Mahdist and British forces.
  • Seat of government relocates to Khartoum from Omdurman.[3]
• 1899
  • Town becomes capital of Anglo-Egyptian Sudan.
  • Railway begins operating (Wadi Halfa-Khartoum).[3]
  • Sudan Gazette (government newspaper) begins publication.[6]

20th century

Aerial view of Khartoum, 1936

• 1902
  • Wellcome Tropical Research Laboratories[7] and Coptic Girls School open.
  • Population: 25,000.[8]
• 1903 - Gordon Memorial College opens.[2]
• 1905 - Military academy opens.[9]
• 1909 - Blue Nile Road and Railway Bridge built to Halfaya.[2]
• 1911 - Sudan Herald newspaper begins publication.[10]
• 1912 - Cathedral Church of All Saints consecrated.[11]
• 1913 - Famine.[12]
• 1924
  • Demonstrations.[12]
  • Flood.[5]
  • Kitchener School of Medicine established.[13]
• 1926 - White Nile Bridge to Omdurman built.
• 1928 - Unity High School for Girls founded.
• 1946 - Flood.[5]
• 1950 - Al Khartoum Sports Club formed.
• 1952 - Acropole Hotel in business.
• 1954 - Population: 100,000 (approximate).[12]
• 1955 - Area of city: 7.9 square kilometers.[8]
• 1956
  • 1 January: City becomes capital of independent Republic of Sudan.
  • University of Khartoum established.[12]
• 1957
  • Municipal Stadium opens.
  • Khartoum American School established.
• 1960 - Bank of Sudan headquartered in Khartoum.
• 1962 - Industrial Bank of Sudan opens.
• 1964 - Population: 173,500.[14]
• 1967 - August: Arab League summit held.[1]
• 1970
  • Area of city: 13.3 square kilometers.[8]
  • Bank of Khartoum established.
• 1971
  • National Museum of Sudan established.
  • Population: 261,840.[15]
• 1973
  • August: Anti-government unrest.[1]
  • Saudi embassy held by Palestinian militants.
• 1974 - Catholic Metropolitan Archdiocese of Khartoum formed.
• 1976 - Friendship Hall built.[16]
• 1977 - Oil pipeline to Port Sudan completed.
• 1978 - July - Organisation of African Unity summit held.
• 1980 - Area of city: 101.3 square kilometers.[8]
• 1983
  • September: Islamic law in effect.[17]
  • University of Juba relocates to Khartoum (approximate date).
• 1984
  • March: Teacher/doctor strike begins.[1]
  • El-Sheikh Mosque built.[18]
• 1985
  • March: Economic protest.[1]
  • Population: 1,611,000 (urban agglomeration).[19]
• 1988 - Flood.[5]
• 1990 - Population: 2,360,000 (urban agglomeration).[19]
• 1991
  • City becomes part of Khartoum federal state (administrative region).
  • Popular Arab and Islamic Congress held in city.[20]
• 1992 - Khartoum International Airport terminal opens.
• 1993
  • Khartoum Bank Group formed.
  • Sudatel headquartered in Khartoum.
  • Population: 924,505 city.[21]
• 1994 - Venezuelan criminal Carlos the Jackal arrested in Khartoum.[1]
• 1995
  • Khartoum Stock Exchange begins trading.[22]
  • Population: 3,088,000 (urban agglomeration).[19]
• 1997 - Greater Nile Petroleum Operating Company incorporated.
• 1998
  • August: Al-Shifa pharmaceutical factory in Khartoum North bombed by U.S. forces.
  • Area of city: 343.8 square kilometers.[8]
• 1999
  • Ibrahim Malik Islamic Center built.[18]
  • Republican Palace Museum opens.
  • Greater Nile Oil Pipeline in operation.
• 2000
  • Khartoum Monitor newspaper begins publication.[23]
  • Population: 3,505,000 (urban agglomeration).[19]

21st century

Aerial view of the cities of Omdurman (top left), Khartoum (lower half), and Bahri (top right), 2005

2000s

• 2005
  • July: Demonstrations.
  • Citizen (Juba) newspaper begins publication.[23]
  • Population: 3,979,000 (urban agglomeration).[19]
  • City designated an Arab Capital of Culture by Arab League/UNESCO.
• 2006
  • January: African Union summit held.
  • March: Arab League summit held.
• 2007 - Mac Nimir Bridge to Khartoum North built.
• 2008
  • 10–12 May: City besieged by anti-government forces.
  • Population: 639,598.
• 2009 - Tuti Bridge opens.

2010s

• 2010 - Population: 4,516,000 (urban agglomeration).[19]
• 2012
  • June: Economic protest.[24]
  • October: al-Yarmook armament factory bombed.[25]

See also

• Khartoum history
• Timeline of Sudanese history
• List of universities in Khartoum

References

1. Abdel Salam Sidahmed; Alsir Sidahmed (2004). "Chronology". Sudan. Routledge. ISBN 978-1-134-47947-4.
2. Robert S. Kramer; et al. (2013). "Khartoum". Historical Dictionary of the Sudan (4th ed.). Rowman & Littlefield. p. 247+. ISBN 978-0-8108-6180-0.
3. Britannica 1910.
4. Davies 1994.
5. Walsh 1994.
6. Sudan Gazette. WorldCat. OCLC 503943049.
7. "Henry Wellcome's tropical medicine laboratories". London: Wellcome Trust. 2008. Retrieved 27 January 2013.
8. Eltayeb 2003.
9. Heather J. Sharkey (2003), Living with Colonialism: Nationalism and Culture in the Anglo-Egyptian Sudan, University of California Press, ISBN 9780520235588
10. "International Coalition on Newspapers". Chicago, US: Center for Research Libraries. Retrieved 28 January 2013.
11. Baedeker 1914.
12. Stanley 2008.
13. E. N. Corbyn (1944). "The Kitchener School of Medicine at Khartoum, Sudan". Journal of the Royal African Society. 43 (171): 66–68. JSTOR 717807.
14. "Population of capital cities and cities of 100,000 and more inhabitants". Demographic Yearbook 1965. New York: Statistical Office of the United Nations. 1966.
15. United Nations Department of Economic and Social Affairs, Statistical Office (1976). "Population of capital city and cities of 100,000 and more inhabitants". Demographic Yearbook 1975. New York. pp. 253–279.
16. ArchNet. "Khartoum". MIT School of Architecture and Planning. Archived from the original on October 2012.
17. "Sudan: A Historical Perspective". Georgia, US: Sudan.Net. Archived from the original on 28 January 2013. Retrieved 28 January 2013.
18. "Khartoum". Islamic Cultural Heritage Database. Istanbul: Organization of Islamic Cooperation, Research Centre for Islamic History, Art and Culture. Archived from the original on 15 April 2013. Retrieved 28 January 2013.
19. The State of African Cities 2014. United Nations Human Settlements Programme. 10 September 2015. ISBN 978-92-1-132598-0. Archived from the original on 10 September 2014.
20. Barry M. Rubin (2010). Guide to Islamist Movements. M.E. Sharpe. ISBN 978-0-7656-4138-0.
21. United Nations Department for Economic and Social Information and Policy Analysis, Statistics Division (1997). "Population of capital cities and cities of 100,000 and more inhabitants". 1995 Demographic Yearbook. New York. pp. 262–321.
22. Regional Integration in Africa. OECD and African Development Bank. 2002.
23. Karen Fung, African Studies Association (ed.). "Sudan Newspapers". Africa South of the Sahara: Selected Internet Resources. Retrieved 28 January 2013 – via Stanford University, US.
24. "Sudan Profile: Timeline". BBC News. Retrieved 30 September 2014.
25. Andreas Mehler; et al., eds. (2013). "Sudan". Africa Yearbook: Politics, Economy and Society South of the Sahara in 2012. 9. Koninklijke Brill. p. 398+. ISBN 978-90-04-25600-2.

Bibliography

Published in 20th century

• "Omdurman, Khartoum North, and Khartoum", Anglo-Egyptian Sudan: a compendium prepared by officers of the Sudan government, London: H.M. Stationery Office, 1905
• Ernest Alfred Wallis Budge (1906), "Khartum", Cook's Handbook for Egypt and the Sudan (2nd ed.), London: T. Cook & Son, OCLC 7434398
• Eustace A. Reynolds-Ball (1907), "Khartoum", Cairo of To-Day (5th ed.), London: Adam & Charles Black
• "Khartum". Guide to Egypt and the Sudan (5th ed.). London: Macmillan and Co. 1908.
• "Khartum", Encyclopædia Britannica (11th ed.), New York, 1910, OCLC 14782424 – via Internet Archive
• "Khartum and Omdurman", Egypt and the Sudan (7th ed.), Leipzig: Karl Baedeker, 1914
• McLean, W. H. The planning of Khartoum and Omdurman; transactions of the Town Planning Conference, October 1910. London 1919.
• Walkley, C. E. J. The story of Khartoum, Sudan Notes and Records 18 (1935)
• Arkell, A. J. Early Khartoum. CUP, Cambridge 1949.
• Stevenson, R.C. Old Khartoum, 1821–1885. Sudan Notes and Records 47 (1966)
• El-Sayed El-Bushra (1979). "Some Demographic Indicators for Khartoum Conurbation, Sudan". Middle Eastern Studies. 15 (3): 295–309. doi:10.1080/00263207908700413. JSTOR 4282756. PMID 11614947.
• H. R. J. Davies (1994). "A Rural 'Eye' in the Capital: Tuti Island, Khartoum, Sudan". GeoJournal. 33 (4): 387–392. JSTOR 41146238.
• R.P.D. Walsh; et al. (1994). "Flood Frequency and Impacts at Khartoum since the Early Nineteenth Century". Geographical Journal. 160 (3): 266–279. doi:10.2307/3059609. JSTOR 3059609.
• Noelle Watson, ed. (1996). "Khartoum". International Dictionary of Historic Places: Middle East and Africa. UK: Routledge. pp. 420+. ISBN 1884964036.

Published in 21st century

• Galal Eldin Eltayeb (2003). "The Case of Khartoum, Sudan". Understanding Slums: Case Studies for the Global Report 2003. United Nations Human Settlements Programme and University College London.
• Paul Tiyambe Zeleza; Dickson Eyoh, eds. (2003). "Khartoum, Sudan". Encyclopedia of Twentieth-Century African History. Routledge. ISBN 0415234794.
• Kevin Shillington, ed. (2005). "Khartoum". Encyclopedia of African History. Fitzroy Dearborn. ISBN 978-1-57958-245-6.
• Bruce E. Stanley; Michael R.T. Dumper, eds. (2008), "Khartoum", Cities of the Middle East and North Africa, Santa Barbara, US: ABC-CLIO
• Sara Pantuliano; et al. (2011), City Limits: Urbanisation and Vulnerability in Sudan: Khartoum Case Study, London: Overseas Development Institute – via International Relations and Security Network

External links

• "(Khartoum)". Directory of Open Access Journals. UK. (Bibliography of open access articles)
• "(Khartoum)" – via Qatar National Library, Qatar Digital Library. (Images, etc.)
• "(Khartoum)" – via Europeana. (Images, etc.)
• "(Khartoum)" – via Digital Public Library of America. (Images, etc.)
• "(Khartoum)". Internet Library Sub-Saharan Africa. Germany: Frankfurt University Library. (Bibliography)
• "(Khartoum)". Connecting-Africa. Leiden, Netherlands: African Studies Centre. (Bibliography)
• "(Khartoum)". AfricaBib.org. (Bibliography)
• "Khartoum, Sudan". BlackPast.org. US.