Siege of Yorktown (1862)

The Battle of Yorktown or Siege of Yorktown was fought from April 5 to May 4, 1862, as part of the Peninsula Campaign of the American Civil War. Marching from Fort Monroe, Union Maj. Gen. George B. McClellan's Army of the Potomac encountered Maj. Gen. John B. Magruder's small Confederate force at Yorktown behind the Warwick Line. McClellan suspended his march up the Peninsula toward Richmond and settled in for siege operations.

This article is about the American Civil War battle. For the American Revolutionary War battle, see Siege of Yorktown (1781).
Siege of Yorktown (1862)
Part of the American Civil War

Pursuit of the flying rebels from Yorktown Sunday morning.
Alfred R. Waud, artist.
DateApril 5 – May 4, 1862
Location
York County and Newport News, Virginia
Result

Inconclusive

Belligerents
 United States (Union)  Confederate States (Confederacy)
Commanders and leaders
George B. McClellan John B. Magruder
Joseph E. Johnston
Strength
ca.58,000 rising to 102,670[1] 72,379[2]
Casualties and losses
182[3] 300[3]

On April 5, the IV Corps of Brig. Gen. Erasmus D. Keyes made initial contact with Confederate defensive works at Lee's Mill, an area McClellan expected to move through without resistance. Magruder's ostentatious movement of troops back and forth convinced the Union that his works were strongly held. As the two armies fought an artillery duel, reconnaissance indicated to Keyes the strength and breadth of the Confederate fortifications, and he advised McClellan against assaulting them. McClellan ordered the construction of siege fortifications and brought his heavy siege guns to the front. In the meantime, Gen. Joseph E. Johnston brought reinforcements for Magruder.

On April 16, Union forces probed a point in the Confederate line at Dam No. 1. The Union failed to exploit the initial success of this attack, however. This lost opportunity held up McClellan for two additional weeks while he tried to convince the U.S. Navy to bypass the Confederates' big guns at Yorktown and Gloucester Point and ascend the York River to West Point and outflank the Warwick Line. McClellan planned a massive bombardment for dawn on May 5, but the Confederate army slipped away during the night of May 3 toward Williamsburg.

The battle took place near the site of the 1781 Siege of Yorktown.

Background

McClellan had chosen to approach the Confederate capital of Richmond, Virginia, with an amphibious operation that landed troops on the tip of the Virginia Peninsula at Fort Monroe. His Army of the Potomac numbered 121,500 men, transported starting on March 17 by 389 vessels.[1] McClellan planned to use U.S. Navy forces to envelop Yorktown, but the emergence of the Confederate ironclad CSS Virginia and the Battle of Hampton Roads (March 8–9, 1862) disrupted this plan. The threat of the Virginia on the James River and the heavy Confederate batteries at the mouth of the York River prevented the Navy from assuring McClellan that they could control either the York or the James, so he settled on a purely land approach toward Yorktown.[4]

The Confederate defenders of Yorktown, led by Maj. Gen. John B. Magruder, initially numbered only 11–13,000 men;[5] the rest of the Confederate forces, under the overall command of General Joseph E. Johnston, remained spread out across eastern Virginia at Culpeper, Fredericksburg, and Norfolk. Magruder constructed a defensive line from Yorktown on the York River, behind the Warwick River, to Mulberry Point on the James River (even taking advantage of some trenches originally dug by Cornwallis in 1781[6]) to effectively block the full width of the Peninsula, although he could adequately man none of the defensive works at that time. This became known as the Warwick Line.

McClellan's plan called for Maj. Gen. Samuel P. Heintzelman's III Corps to fix the Confederate troops in their trenches near the York River, while the IV Corps under Brig. Gen. Erasmus D. Keyes enveloped the Confederate right and cut off their lines of communication. McClellan and his staff, ignorant of the extent of Magruder's line, assumed the Confederates had concentrated only in the immediate vicinity of Yorktown.[7]

Battle

Union advance and Lee's Mill
Siege of Yorktown, April–May 1862
  Confederate
  Union

On April 4, 1862, the Union Army pushed through Magruder's initial line of defense but the following day encountered his more effective Warwick Line. The nature of the terrain made it difficult to determine the exact disposition of the Confederate forces. McClellan correctly estimated that the Confederates had 15-18,000 troops in the defensive line.[8] It has been claimed that Magruder attempted to deceive by moving infantry and artillery in a noisy, ostentatious manner to make the defenders seem a much larger forces than their actual numbers.[9] However, his reports do not mention this and no reference before 1988 can be found claiming this, except for Shelby Foote's three volume history of the Civil War, first published in 1956.[10] On 6–7 April McClellan correctly estimated (given Magruder's reinforcements) that 30,000 troops were at Yorktown.[11] Troops continued to arrive and on 20 April McClellan correctly estimated "more than 80,000" were at Yorktown.[12]

McClellan had five divisions available and advanced in two columns. The 4th Corps of two divisions under Keyes advanced towards Lee's Mill, whilst the 3rd Corps of two divisions under Heintzelman advanced towards Yorktown proper. He kept his last division (Sedgwick) in reserve to commit to either column. The lead division of Keyes' corps under Smith contacted the position at Lee's Mill in the early afternoon of the 5th. He had two brigades (Davidson and Hancock) and a battery (Wheeler's) to hand and attempted to suppress the superior enemy artillery. He lost the firefight and despite an order from McClellan to Keyes "to attack with all his force if only with the bayonet", Smith withdrew back to Warwick Court House. The 3rd Corps advanced directly towards Yorktown, but were stopped by heavy artillery fire.[13]

That evening McClellan ordered two brigades to march across the entire frontage of the enemy line. The next day (April 6) Hancock and Burns took parts of their brigades and marched across the entire frontage to provoke enemy fire. Hancock took the 6th Maine Infantry and 5th Wisconsin Infantry left to right, and Burns went right to left. This proved that there was no break in the river that could easily be assaulted. That evening a major storm started, and shut down all troop movements until the 10th. Further recces were ordered in order to find a weak point to attack, and on April 9 Hancock performed a reconnaissance around Dam Number One, where Magruder had widened the Warwick to create a water obstacle nearby. The rebel picket line was along the Garrow Ridge on the eastern side of the river. Hancock drove off the Confederate pickets and took some prisoners. Smith and the attached engineer (Comstock) noted this was the only place along the river where the ground was higher on the eastern bank than the western, and hence was vulnerable. McClellan chided Smith for not taking an opportunity to attack stating "if you had gone and succeeded, you would have been a Major General". Hancock considered this area a weak spot in the line, but his messenger was captured by the rebels en route to Smith's HQ.[14] Keyes believed that the Warwick Line fortifications could not be carried by assault and so informed McClellan.[15]

During this phase, Union Army Balloon Corps aeronaut Professor Thaddeus S. C. Lowe used two balloons, the Constitution and the Intrepid, to perform aerial observation. On April 11, Intrepid carried Brig. Gen. Fitz John Porter, a division commander of the V Corps, aloft, but unexpected winds sent the balloon over enemy lines, causing great consternation in the Union command before other winds returned him to safety. Confederate Captain John Bryan suffered a similar wind mishap in a hot air balloon over the Yorktown lines.[16]

In Front of Yorktown, 1862–1863, by Winslow Homer

Dam Number One[17]
Dam No. One Battlefield Site
Location13560 Jefferson Ave., Newport News, Virginia
Area143 acres (58 ha)
Built1862 (1862)
NRHP reference No.95000972[18]
Added to NRHPAugust 4, 1995
The skirmish near Dam Number One

It was to the amazement of the Confederates (who had estimated his strength at 200,000, four times the real number), and the dismay of President Abraham Lincoln that McClellan did not attack immediately. McClellan wished to either turn the position with an amphibious movement or find a weak point where an assault stood a reasonable chance of success. The Navy refused to cooperate, but on 14 April Barnard finally reported to McClellan that a weak point had been found at Dam No. 1. McClellan developed a plan of attack at that point. Initially a division (Smith's) would seize and occupy the Garrow Ridge overlooking the dams. This would prevent the rebels conducting further work on a fort they were building at the rivers edge and prevent rebel scouts finding the assembling assault forces. He would then assemble a large force behind the ridge and assault the rebel fortifications. On April 15 orders were sent to Smith to occupy the Garrow Ridge and probe the rebel fortifications to see whether there was a clearing in the woods behind the crossing. All the uncommitted units (Casey's Division, Richardson's Division and Naglee's brigade) were ordered to assemble ready to assault in the following days.

Smith's operations were a debacle. Initially wildly successful in seizing the Garrow Ridge and advancing a small force to drive off the rebels, McClellan considered the task completed, and returned to his HQ to arrange for the assaulting units to move into position. Smith then decided to advance a small force of Vermonters across the Dam against his orders. They were rapidly pinned down as Brig. Gen. Howell Cobb's brigade, supported by two others, came down on this small force, and were driven back. In the process they collapsed the dam, and destroyed the crossing point. This rendered the planned assault impossible. Smith faced a severe criticism for his failure, and was the subject of a witchhunt by a Vermont senator[19]

Union battery with 13-inch (330 mm) seacoast mortars, Model 1861, during siege of Yorktown, Virginia 1862.

Drummer Julian Scott, along with First Sergeant Edward Holton and Captain Samuel E. Pingree were awarded the Medal of Honor.[20]

  • Monuments on site to the Battle of Dam 1
  • Dam No. One Battlefield Site Plaque 1
  • Dam No. One Battlefield Site Plaque 2
  • Dam No. One Battlefield Site Obelisk South Face
  • Dam No. One Battlefield Site Obelisk West Face
  • Dam No. One Battlefield Site Obelisk North Face
  • Dam No. One Battlefield Site Obelisk East Face

Aftermath of Dam No. 1

On the morning of April 17 it was obvious that no assault could be attempted at any point. At this point McClellan acquiesced to conducting "regular approaches" and ordered parallels to be dug for heavy artillery.[21] The siege preparations at Yorktown consisted of 15 batteries with more than 70 heavy guns, including two 200-pounder Parrotts and twelve 100-pounder Parrots, with the rest of the rifled pieces divided between 20-pounder and 30-pounder Parrotts and 4.5-inch (110 mm) Rodman siege rifles. These were augmented by 41 mortars, ranging in size from 8 inches (200 mm) to 13-inch (330 mm) seacoast mortars, which weighed over 10 tons and fired shells weighing 220 pounds. When fired in unison, these batteries would deliver over 7,000 pounds of ordnance onto the enemy positions with each volley.[22]

McClellan had not given up hope of turning Yorktown. The commander of the York River flotilla, Missroon, had consistently refused to even approach the Yorktown batteries, citing the weakness of his ship. However, on 16 April the USS Sebago joined the flotilla, and her captain promptly reported Missroon's "cowardice". Missroon attempted to delay further by stating he'd only attack Yorktown if the opposite fortress at Gloucester Point was destroyed first. McClellan gave him the newly arrived division of Franklin as a landing force, but Missroon kept finding reasons not to land them. Finally on 30 April Missroon was relieved and replaced by Commander William Smith. Smith promptly closed with the Yorktown batteries and bombarded them. This would precipitate Johnston's retreat.[23]

For the remainder of April, the Confederates, now at ca. 72,000 PFD and under the direct command of Johnston, improved their defenses while McClellan undertook the laborious process of transporting and placing massive siege artillery batteries, which he planned to deploy on May 5. This would be followed by an assault by six divisions against "The Divide" a fortified line containing two forts (named the Red Redoubt and the White Redoubt) linked by continual trenchline between the head of the Warwick and the main fortress of Yorktown.

To Johnston, the naval bombardment of 30 April, and the initial Federal bombardment by the siege guns on 1 May were a signal that time was up. Johnston sent his supply train (which was small as Yorktown was being supplied by water) in the direction of Richmond on May 3. That evening the rebels expended as much ordnance as possible to discourage pursuit, and when the last rebel infantry was clear, leaving booby traps and land mines in their works, the gunners set long fuses on the remaining powder and joined the retreat.

McClellan's guns and gunners near the lower wharf at Yorktown after the Confederate evacuation

Sometime after midnight on 4 May, two escaped slaves approached Hancock's brigade. They said the rebels were withdrawing. Hancock sent the message to Smith, who was awoken at 2 a.m. with this information, which was followed immediately by Lt. George Custer reporting he'd seen the same from a balloon. Still groggy, Smith sent the messenger up to Keyes, and ordered the pickets to investigate at dawn. Custer was not satisfied with this and rode forward to Brookes' Vermont Brigade and told him. He immediately woke his brigade and set them in place to make a dawn attack, and at 5.30 a.m. the Vermonters seized the fortifications they'd been repelled by on 16 April. Keyes' message apparently did not arrive until well into the morning.

Meanwhile, sometime between 3.15 and 4.00 a.m., General Jameson, the General of the Trenches for the day, was informed that there were explosions in Yorktown and picket firing. He woke General Porter, the Director of the Siege, with the information. Porter looked through at Yorktown and dismissed the rumour that the rebels were retreating. However at 4.30 a.m. three rebel soldiers surrendered to the Federals and were brought to Jameson. He went back to Porter who this time accepted the information, ordering that recces be immediately sent out and for several regiments to occupy Yorktown at dawn.

At 5.30 a.m. the news reached McClellan's HQ. Awoken by the news he send telegraphed Sumner, Smith and Porter to push forward and ascertain the truth of the matter. Other news soon came in, and McClellan ordered a general pursuit.[24] He sent cavalry under Brig. Gen. George Stoneman in pursuit and ordered Brig. Gen. William B. Franklin's division to reboard Navy transports, sail up the York River, and cut off Johnson's retreat. The stage was set for the subsequent Battle of Williamsburg and Battle of Eltham's Landing.[25]

  • Yorktown, Va., vicinity. Topographical engineers, Camp Winfield Scott May 2, 1862 by James F. Gibson;
  • [Top] Yorktown [Bottom] Richmond VA
  • Southwest View of Battery No. 1 at Farnhold's House, York River Mounting One 200 Pound and Five 100 Pound Rifled Guns.by James F. Gibson
  • [Top] Union Battery No. 1; [Bottom] Farenhold mansion
  • Union Battery No. 1
  • [Top] Union Battery No. 1; [bottom]Union Battery No. 4 Yorktown
  • Union Battery No. 4 South & southeast of Yorktown
  • Union Battery No. 4 Yorktown
  • Union Battery No. 4 Yorktown
  • Union Battery No. 4 Yorktown
  • Cornwallis Cave
  • [Top] Scene of Cornwallis surrender
  • [Top] CS Naval Battery [Bottom] Cornwallis Hq used as a hospital
  • [Top]Confederate Forticiations [Bottom] MaGruder Headquarters
  • MaGruder Battery CSA
  • Confederate Forticiations at Yorktown
  • Confederate Forticiations at Yorktown
  • Confederate Forticiations at Yorktown
  • A confederate cannon that burst trying to reach Federal artillery Battery No. 1
  • Confederate Forticiations at Yorktown
  • Confederate Forticiations at Yorktown
  • Confederate Forticiations at Yorktown
  • Confederate Forticiations at Yorktown
  • Water Battery at Yorktown by James F. Gibson
  • File:View of Gloucester and Yorktown, by James F. Gibson

Battlefield preservation

The Civil War Trust (a division of the American Battlefield Trust) and its partners have acquired and preserved 6 acres (0.024 km2) of the Lee's Mill section of the battlefield.[26]

References
  1. ORA 11(1), 7, online at http://ebooks.library.cornell.edu/cgi/t/text/pageviewer-idx?c=moawar;cc=moawar;q1=58%2C000;rgn=full%20text;idno=waro0012;didno=waro0012;view=image;seq=0025 and ORA 11(3), 184, online at http://ebooks.library.cornell.edu/cgi/t/text/pageviewer-idx?c=moawar;cc=moawar;q1=present%20for%20duty;rgn=full%20text;idno=waro0014;didno=waro0014;view=image;seq=0186
  2. Newton, Joseph E. Johnston and the Defence of Richmond 1861-2, Appendix B: The Strength of Johnston's Army at Yorktown and Seven Pines, 213-216
  3. Kennedy, p. 90.
  4. Eicher, p. 215.
  5. Kennedy, p. 88, states 11,000; Eicher, p. 215, and Salmon, p. 76, state 13,000.
  6. Sears, p. 48.
  7. Eicher, p. 215,
  8. ORA 11(1), 12. Online at http://ebooks.library.cornell.edu/cgi/t/text/pageviewer-idx?c=moawar;cc=moawar;q1=18%2C000;rgn=full%20text;idno=waro0014;didno=waro0014;view=image;seq=0014, compare with Magruder's February return of 15,900 in ORA 9, 49, online at http://ebooks.library.cornell.edu/cgi/t/text/pageviewer-idx?c=moawar&cc=moawar&idno=waro0009&q1=strength&view=image&seq=61&size=100
  9. Salmon, p. 76; Kennedy, p. 88.
  10. Magruder's two reports are in ORA 11(1), 403-411. The first mention of Magruder's theatrics is in McPherson, Battle Cry of Freedom, 426, but is unreferenced.
  11. ORA 11(3), 76, online at http://ebooks.library.cornell.edu/cgi/t/text/pageviewer-idx?c=moawar;cc=moawar;q1=30%2C000;rgn=full%20text;idno=waro0014;didno=waro0014;view=image;seq=0078
  12. ORA 11(3), 114-5. Compare with appendix B of Newton, Joseph E. Johnston and the Defence of Richmond 1861-2. McClellan's estimates were of "aggregate present" and thus the actual enemy strength was ca. 84,000 on this date
  13. Beatie, Army of the Potomac Vol. 3, 323-333, Siciliano, Major General William Farrar Smith: Critic of Defeat and Engineer of Victory, Ph.D., William and Mary College, 1984, 80-82
  14. B
  15. Sears, p. 42; Burton, 15. and 20. Beatie, 364, Siciliano, 82-84 (drawing on Smith's diary Siciliano shows that Hancock's report conflates the 6 and 9 April recces). Comstock's report of the recce is online here: https://archive.org/stream/acp5999.0001.001.umich.edu#page/194/mode/2up/search/comstock This portion of the Warwick River is now the Lee Hall Reservoir, part of Newport News Park.
  16. Sears, pp. 54–55.
  17. Union reports in the Official Records refer to this engagement as Lee's Mill or Burnt Chimneys. Sears, p. 55, bases his work on these reports. However, more recent histories differentiate the skirmish on April 5 at Lee's Mill from the more significant action nearby on April 16, which they refer to as Dam Number One. See for example, Burton, pp. 14–19, and the Virginia Civil War Traveler map.
  18. "National Register Information System". National Register of Historic Places. National Park Service. July 9, 2010.
  19. Beatie, 357-408, Siciliano, 84-97
  20. Salmon, pp. 76–77; Rickard, np.
  21. Beatie, 409-486
  22. Sears, p. 58.
  23. Reed, Combined Operations in the Civil War, 133-160, Beatie, 393-408
  24. Beatie, 487-499
  25. Salmon, p. 80.
  26. American Battlefield Trust "Saved Land" webpage. Accessed May 25, 2018.

References
  • Burton, Brian K. The Peninsula & Seven Days: A Battlefield Guide. Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press, 2007. ISBN 978-0-8032-6246-1.
  • Eicher, David J. The Longest Night: A Military History of the Civil War. New York: Simon & Schuster, 2001. ISBN 0-684-84944-5.
  • Kennedy, Frances H., ed. The Civil War Battlefield Guide. 2nd ed. Boston: Houghton Mifflin Co., 1998. ISBN 0-395-74012-6.
  • Quarstein, John V., and J. Michael Moore. Yorktown's Civil War Siege: Drums Along the Warwick. Charleston, SC: History Press, 2012. ISBN 978-1-60949-656-2.
  • Rickard, J. "Battle of Lee's Mill". Accessed August 2, 2010.
  • Salmon, John S. The Official Virginia Civil War Battlefield Guide. Mechanicsburg, PA: Stackpole Books, 2001. ISBN 0-8117-2868-4.
  • Sears, Stephen W. To the Gates of Richmond: The Peninsula Campaign. Ticknor and Fields, 1992. ISBN 0-89919-790-6.

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