Newaric languages

The Newaric languages are a proposed group of Sino-Tibetan languages. George van Driem (2003) and Mark Turin (2004) argue that Newar and Baram–Thangmi (consisting of the two closely related languages Baram and Thangmi) share many features with each other, and thus group with each other.

Newaric
Geographic
distribution
Nepal
Linguistic classificationSino-Tibetan
  • Newaric
Subdivisions
Glottolognewa1245

Newaric was part of van Driem's (2001) Mahakiranti branch. However, this proposed grouping was retracted in van Driem (2003), who maintained that the Newaric is likely a group, but is not closely related to the Kiranti languages. van Driem (2003) notes that similarities between Kiranti and Newaric due to shared retentions from Proto-Sino-Tibetan rather than from a more recent common ancestor.

Comparative vocabulary

The following comparative 100-word Swadesh list of the Newaric languages Baram, Thami (Thangmi), and Newar, along with Chepang is from Kansakar, et al. (2011: 220-223).[1]

English glossBaramThamiNewarChepang
I ŋagaijiŋa
you naŋnaŋcʰə, cʰinaŋ
we ninijʰi:, jipĩni, ŋi
this yokatʰwəʔiʔ
that u, totoʔowʔ, ʔuwʔ
who susususu
what haiharacʰudoh
not ma-ma-mə-, -mə--la, -ma
all səpəi (< Nep.)sakalepʰukkə, dakkwəjuda, ʔanə
many dʰerəi (< Nep.)aheye-kwəʔa.nə
one dedicʰə-guyat
two nisnisnyi-gunis
large alamjekʰatə:dʰə̃:taŋh-ʔo
long alamələmgatahakə:gyaŋ-ʔo
small ikineucyacidʰi:, cidʰə:̃mi-ʔo
woman mamacamaicamisanom-coʔ
man papamimijə̃goy-coʔ
person balmimənumanta, coʔ
fish nəŋanaŋanyaŋaʔ
bird jyali, wa (hen)ḍaŋaṇeŋ, wa (hen)jʰə̃gə:waʔ
dog akyakucukʰyicakuyʔ
louse kʰatsiriksyikras, srəyk
tree seŋmaseŋsyi-masiŋʔ
seed ayupuyapusasayʔ
leaf su/holaajaləpte, hə:lo, mat
root jəra (< Nep.)naraharut, goyʔ
bark bokra (< Nep.)sebu (skin)kʰwəlapun
skin cʰala (< Nep.)sebicʰẽgupun
meat kusyacicilamayʔ
blood cihwuicwoi, cəihiwəyʔ
bone hoṭkʰosakwəẽhrus
fat ucʰocʰyəu, cyouda:cʰaw
egg wohom, womahum, womkʰẽ:ʔum
horn uyuŋnarunyekuroŋʔ
tail pitiklimeknʰipyə̃:meʔ
feather pwãkʰ (< Nep.)-pəpumeʔ, pʰeh
hair syamsamsə̃:myaŋ
head kəpukapucʰyə̃:ta.laŋ
ear kunakunlanʰaepə̃no
eye mikmesekmikʰamik
nose cinaciŋanʰaeneh
mouth anamugomʰutuhmo.toŋ
teeth swasuwawasyək, səyk
tongue celecilemyele
nail luŋjiŋ, ləgjuŋpinlusyisən
leg unjikkonṭe, ulaŋtutidom
knee gʰũḍa (< Nep.)pokolekpulikryoŋ
hand hitlaklʰa:krut
abdomen uyaŋbaŋkal, guŋguŋpwa:tuk
throat gʰãṭi (< Nep.)kaṇṭugəpə:kəyk
breast nənununuduru-pwəʔoh
heart muṭuloŋseknugəhluŋ
liver kəlejo (< Nep.)-syẽsinh
drink syaŋ-gotun-satwəne, twənətuŋʔ-na
eat ca-gocya-sanələ, nəyejeʔ-na
bite aŋak-kocek-sanyatə, wã nyayeŋawh-na
look ayo-go, ni-goyo-sakʰənə, kʰəneyo-na, cewʔ-na
hear səi-gona-sai-satalə, tayesayʔ-na
know ra-go, cigosai-sasilə, syiyeci-na
sleep nu-goammi-sadenə, deneʔenʔ-sa
die si-gosi-sasitə, syiesi-sa
kill sat-kosat-sasyatə, syaesat-sa
swim pəuri bəne-go (< Nep.)lampasalalkalə/kayelaʔ-na, kwelh-na
fly uble-goper-sabwələ, bwəyesyuŋ-na
walk jyo-go, ya-go (go)cawa-sa, ajyacanya:se, wənə, wəyewah-na
arrive hyuŋcelgokelet-sawələ, jʰaləwaŋ-na
lie na-goami-samu:pulə,ʔenʔ-na
sit huk-kohok-sadilə, pʰetuyecuŋʔ-na
stand ṭʰiŋ-gotʰeŋ-sadənə, daneciŋ-na
give pi-gopi-sabila, biyebəyʔ-na, hla-na
say da-goŋa-sa, isdudʰalə, dʰayedayh-na
sun uniunisurdyə:nyam
moon cəlaunicəlaunitimlalah
star tara (< Nep.)ucʰinəu, nəgukar
water awapaŋkulə:tiʔ
rain aŋmətyuduwatiʔ, waʔ-ʔo
stone kumbalyuŋ, liŋlwəhãbaŋ
sand --pʰi-
earth nəsanasacasaʔ
cloud amukʰasusupãemus
smoke iskuaskuhmeʔ-ku
fire muimemihmeʔ
ash mautarbanəuhmeʔ-mut
burn jo-gojyou-sacyatə, cyayejʰəm-na
way/path uŋmaulamlyam
mountain pahaḍcyuri (top)paharpa.har
red pʰəyakerethyãũdu-ʔo
green həriyo (< Nep.)-wãũpli-ʔo
yellow keuwomelumʰasuyar-ʔo
white gyaboubotuyu:bʰam-ʔo
black ciliŋkijihakugal-ʔo
night rat (< Nep.)ṭacanʰəe, caya. ʔdiŋ
hot gyodumadumkwa:dʰah-ʔo
cool ciso (< Nep.)ajikkʰwaũnik-ʔo
full kipoŋir-irja:bliŋ-ʔo
new kauinakanʰu:rəw-ʔo
good kisenapracabʰĩ:pe-ʔo
round golo (< Nep.)kurliŋgwəlla:luŋ-o, gore
dried kyoksiareŋ, gaŋdugə̃gusot-ʔo
name uminnameməyŋ

References

  1. Kansakar, Tej Ratna; Yogendra Prasad Yadava; Krishna Prasad Chalise; Balaram Prasain; Dubi Nanda Dhakal; Krishna Paudel. 2011. A sociolinguistic study of the Baram language. Himalayan Linguistics 10: 187-225.
  • van Driem, George (2001). Languages of the Himalayas: An Ethnolinguistic Handbook of the Greater Himalayan Region. Leiden: Brill. ISBN 978-90-04-12062-4.
  • van Driem, George (2003). "Mahakiranti revisited: Mahakiranti or Newaric?" (PDF). In Kansakar, Tej Ratna; Turin, Mark (eds.). Themes in Himalayan Languages and Linguistics. Heidelberg and Kathmandu: South Asia Institute and Tribhuvan University. pp. 21–26. ISBN 978-99933-54-16-1.
  • Turin, Mark (2004). "Newar-Thangmi lexical correspondences and the linguistic classification of Thangmi". Journal of Asian and African Studies. 68: 97–120. hdl:10108/20207.
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