Khaling language

Khaling (kʰɛ̂l brâː ख्या:ल् ब्रा:) is a Kiranti language spoken in Solukhumbu district, Nepal and in India. It is one of the few Kiranti languages with tonal contrasts, which are of secondary origin.[3]

Khaling
khāliṅ
खालिङ
Native toNepal
RegionSolukhumbu and Khotang districts
Native speakers
15,000 in Nepal (2011 census)[1]
unknown number in India[1]
Sino-Tibetan
Devanagari
Language codes
ISO 639-3klr
Glottologkhal1275
ELPKhaling[2]

Khaling has approximately 15,000 speakers and is therefore considered a vulnerable language. Khaling has a complex system of stem alternations: as many as 10 distinct stems have to be posited for a word (Jacques et al. 2012). Khaling is very unusual in having an auditory demonstrative (see Jacques and Lahaussois 2014). Khaling is also known as Rai, Khalinge Rai, Khael Bra, and Khael Baat.[4]

General information

Khaling is still being acquired by children who live in Khaling-speaking areas, as well as non-Khaling children who happen to live in that area.

Geographical distribution

Khaling is spoken in the following VDC's of Nepal (Ethnologue).

References
  1. Khaling at Ethnologue (18th ed., 2015)
  2. Endangered Languages Project data for Khaling.
  3. Tonogenesis in Khaling in discussed in the following articles:
    • Jacques, Guillaume, Aimée Lahaussois, Boyd Michailovsky, and Dhan Bahadur Rai. 2012. An overview of Khaling verbal morphology. 'Language and linguistics' 13.6: 1095–1170.
    • Jacques, Guillaume. 2016. Tonogenesis and tonal alternations in Khaling. In Enrique L. Palancar & Jean Léo Léonard (eds.), Tone and Inflection, 41–66. Berlin: Mouton De Gruyter.
  4. "Did you know Khaling is vulnerable?". Endangered Languages. Retrieved 2016-05-01.
  • Hale, Austin, editor. 1973. Collected papers on Khaling, Kulung, Darai, Newari, Chitwan Tharu. Nepal Studies in Linguistics, 1. Kirtipur: Summer Institute of Linguistics and Institute for Nepal and Asian Studies. vii, 87 p.
  • Jacques, Guillaume, Aimée Lahaussois, Boyd Michailovsky, and Dhan Bahadur Rai. 2012. An overview of Khaling verbal morphology. 'Language and linguistics' 13.6: 1095–1170.
  • Jacques, Guillaume; Lahaussois, Aimée (2014). "The auditory demonstrative in Khaling". Studies in Language. 38 (2): 393–404. doi:10.1075/sl.38.2.05jac.
  • Jacques, Guillaume 2015. Derivational morphology in Khaling. Bulletin of Chinese Linguistics 8(1). 78–85.
  • Jacques, Guillaume, Aimée Lahaussois & Dhan Bahadur Rai. 2016. Reflexive paradigms in Khaling. Linguistics of the Tibeto-Burman Area 39(1). 33–48.
  • Jacques, Guillaume, Aimée Lahaussois, Dhan Bahadur Rai & Yadav Kumar. 2015. Khaling-Nepali-English Dictionary, version 1.0. Paris: Projet HimalCo. http://himalco.huma-num.fr/.
  • Toba, Sueyoshi and Ingrid Toba. 1972. Khaling phonemic summary. Tibeto-Burman Phonemic Summaries, 12. Kirtipur: Summer Institute of Linguistics and Institute of Nepal Studies, Tribhuvan University. 73 p.
  • Toba, Ingrid. 1973. "The Khaling verb." Nepal Studies in Linguistics 1: 1-14.
  • Toba, Sueyoshi and Ingrid Toba. 1975. A Khaling-English, English-Khaling glossary. Kathmandu: Summer Institute of Linguistics and Institute of Nepal and Asian Studies. xiii, 86 p.
  • Toba, Ingrid. 1977. "Folk art and culture change as observed in a Khaling village." Kailash 5(1): 13-27.
  • Toba, Sueyoshi. 1981. Khaling texts. Tokyo: Institute for the Study of Languages and Cultures of Asia and Africa. 97 p.
  • Toba, Sueyoshi. 1983. Khaling Texts. YAK 7. Tokyo: Institute for the Study of Languages and Cultures of Asia and Africa
  • Toba, Sueyoshi. 1984. Khaling. Tokyo: Institute for the Study of Languages and Cultures of Asia and Africa
  • Caughley, R. C., & Caughley, R. C. (1996). Review of: The structure of Kiranti languages: comparative grammar and texts, by Karen Ebert. Journal of Nepalese Studies, 1(2), 243-246.
  • Hansson, G. (1991). The Rai of Eastern Nepal, Ethnic and Linguistic Grouping: Findings of the Linguistic Survey of Nepal. Linguistic Survey of Nepal and Centre for Nepal and Asian Studies, Tribhuvan University.
  • Hodson, T. C.. (1913). Note on the Numeral Systems of the Tibeto-Burman Dialects. Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society of Great Britain and Ireland, 315–336. Retrieved from https://www.jstor.org/stable/25188969
  • Matisoff, J. A. (2003). Handbook of Proto-Tibeto-Burman: system and philosophy of Sino-Tibetan reconstruction. UC Publications in Linguistics. 174
  • Michailovsky, B., & Mazaudon, M. (1973). Notes on the Hayu language. Kailash, 1, 135-52.
  • van Driem, G.. (1990). The Fall and Rise of the Phoneme /r/ in Eastern Kiranti: Sound Change in Tibeto-Burman. Bulletin of the School of Oriental and African Studies, University of London, 53(1), 83–86. Retrieved from https://www.jstor.org/stable/618970
  • Rai J.B. (2018), Nyagi Ritual of Khaling Rai Community:An anthropological study of Jubhing, Solukhumbu.[Un publish MA thesis, RR camus, Kathmandu]
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