List of wars involving France

This is a list of wars involving France and its predecessor states. It is an incomplete list of French and proto-French wars and battles from the foundation of Francia by Clovis I, the Merovingian king who united all the Frankish tribes and northern Gallo-Romans in the 5th century, to the current Fifth Republic.

Frankish Kingdom, Carolingian Empire and West Francia

Conflict France & allies France's opposition Outcome
Campaigns of Clovis I
(486-508)

Location: Europe

Kingdom of the Franks Various Enemies
Franco-Visigothic Wars
(492-508)

Location: Aquitaine, Provence, Burgundy

Kingdom of the Franks Visigothic Kingdom Frankish Victory, Gallia Aquitania annexed by Franks
Frankish-Burgundian War
(523-533)

Location: France

Francia Kingdom of the Burgundians Frankish Victory
Conquest of the Thuringia
(531)

Location: Thuringia

Francia Thuringii Frankish Victory
Gothic War
(535-554)

Location: Italy, Dalmatia

Ostrogoths,
Franks,
Alamanni,
Burgundians
East Roman Empire,
Huns,
Heruli,
Sclaveni,
Lombards
Short-term East Roman conquest of Italy, long-term devastation of Italy
Conquest of the Alemanni
(536)

Location: Upper Rhine

Francia Alemanni Frankish Victory
Conquest of Bavaria
(555)

Location: Bavaria

Francia Baiuvarii Frankish Victory
Frankish Civil War
(715-719)

Location: Francia

Neustria Austrasia Victory for Charles Martel
Frisian–Frankish wars
(600-793)

Location: Netherlands

Kingdom of the Franks Frisian Kingdom Frankish Victory
Umayyad invasion of Gaul
(719-759)

Location: Southern Gaul

Kingdom of the Franks

Kingdom of the Lombards

Umayyad Caliphate

Andalusi commanders (as of 750)

Frankish Victory
War against the Lombards
(755-758)

Location: Lombardy

Kingdom of the Franks Lombards Donation of Pepin
War of Aquitaine
(761-768)

Location: Aquitaine

Kingdom of the Franks Aquitani Frankish Victory
Saxon Wars
(772-804)

Location: Germany

Kingdom of the Franks Saxons Frankish Victory
War against the Lombards
(773-774)

Location: Lombardy

Kingdom of the Franks Lombards Frankish Victory, annexation of the Lombard Empire
War against the Avars and Slavs
(791-805)

Location: Pannonia

Kingdom of the Franks Avars & Slavs Frankish Victory
Frankish-Breton War
(843-851)

Location: France

West Francia Duchy of Brittany Defeat, Treaty of Angers 851
Frankish-Viking battles
(845-923)

Location: France

West Francia Vikings

Kingdom of France (987–1792)

Conflict Combatant 1 Combatant 2 Results
Reconquista
(722-1492)

Location: Iberia

  • Muslim nations and factions of Iberia
Christian Victory
First Norman Rebellion against William
(1047)

Location: Normandy

  • Norman Rebels
French-Norman Victory, Rebels defeated
Second Norman Rebellion against William
(1052-1054)

Location: Normandy

Norman Victory, French and Rebels defeated
First Crusade
(1096-1099)

Location: Mostly Levant and Anatolia

Crusader Victory
Crusade of 1101

Location: Anatolia

Defeat
Anglo-French War 1109-13

Location: Normandy

Kingdom of France Truce
Anglo-French War 1116-19

Location: Normandy

Anglo-Norman Victory
Anglo-French War 1123-1135

Location: France

Rebellion in Maine suppressed by Anglo-Normans, French remain in a strong position, Henry I dies. The White Ship incident opens succession question and the Anarchy begins before conclusive result
Second Crusade
(1147-1150)

Location: Iberia, Levant and Anatolia

  • Various Muslim Kingdoms
Mixed results
  • Iberia - Crusader Victory
  • Levant - Status Quo Ante Bellum
  • Anatolia - Crusader Defeat
Anglo-French War 1158-1189

Location: France

Kingdom of England Revolt of 1173-74 defeated, Richards revolt successful in 1189 with the help of Philip II and French forces, Treaty of Azay-le-Rideau, Prince Richard becomes king of England at expense of Henry II following the battle of Ballans
Anglo-French War 1193-1199

Location: France

Kingdom of France Kingdom of England Truce at Vernon
Third Crusade
(1189-1192)

Location: Levant and Anatolia


Crusader Victory
Fourth Crusade
(1202-04)

Location: Holy Land and Byzantine Empire

In Europe:

Holy Land:

Division of Byzantine Empire
French invasion of Normandy (1202–1204)

Location: Normandy

Kingdom of France Kingdom of England French Victory, Normandy, Anjou and Maine annexed by France
Albigensian Crusade
(1209-1229)

Location: Languedoc, France

* Crusade

County of Aurenja

Crusader Victory
Anglo-French War (1213-14)

Location: France, Flanders

Kingdom of France Angevin Empire

Holy Roman Empire County of Flanders County of Boulogne

French Victory, Collapse of Angevin Empire
First Barons War
(1215-17)

Location: England

Army of God and Holy Church
Kingdom of France
Pro-Angevin forces French Invasion Defeat
Fifth Crusade
(1217-1221)

Location: Egypt andLevant

Ayyubids Crusader Defeat
Poitou War
(1224)

Location: Poitou

France England French Victory
Saintonge War
(1242-1243)

Location: Saintonge

France England French Victory
Seventh Crusade
(1248-1254)

Location: Egypt

Kingdom of France

Principality of Morea
Knights Templar

Ayyubids Crusader Defeat
Eighth Crusade
(1270)

Location: Tunisia

Hafsid dynasty Inconclusive, Death of King Louis IX
War of the Sicilian Vespers
(1282-1302)

Location: Sicily and Catalonia

Angevin Kingdom of Naples
Kingdom of France
Kingdom of Majorca
Crown of Aragon
Kingdom of Trinacria
 Byzantine Empire
Division of the kingdom of Sicily into Aragonese Trinacria and Angevin Naples, Aragonese Crusade defeated
Anglo-French War (1294-1303)

Location: South-Western France

France England French Victory
Franco-Flemish War
(1297-1305)

Location: Flanders

France County of Flanders French Victory
War of Saint-Sardos
(1324)

Location: Aquitaine

France England French Victory
Peasant revolt in Flanders 1323–1328
(1323-1328)

Location: Flanders

Kingdom of France
Flemish count and loyalists
Flemish rebels French Victory
Hundred Years' War
(1337-1453)

Location: France, England, Spain, Scotland and Low Countries

French Victory
Castilian Civil War
(1351-1369)

Location: Spain

Forces of Henry of Trastámara
Kingdom of France
Crown of Aragon
Forces of Peter of Castile
Kingdom of England
Kingdom of Navarre
Kingdom of Majorca
Kingdom of Granada
Victory for Henry of Trastámara
Barbary Crusade
(1390)

Location: Tunisia

Kingdom of France
Republic of Genoa
Hafsids
Zianids
Bejaia
Truce negotiated, Both sides claim victory
Nicopolis Crusade
(1396)

Location: Nicopolis

Crusade:


Holy Roman Empire

 Kingdom of France[1]

Kingdom of Hungary[1]

Principality of Wallachia[2]
Knights Hospitaller[1]
 Republic of Venice[1]
 Republic of Genoa
Bulgarian Empire[3]
Polish Crown
Crown of Castile
Crown of Aragon
Kingdom of Portugal
Kingdom of Navarre
Teutonic Order
Byzantine Empire

Ottoman Empire Defeat
Old Zurich War
(1440-1446)

Location: Swiss plateau

Imperial City of Zurich
Habsburg Further Austria
France
  Old Swiss Confederacy:

Vogteien of Appenzell

Peace of Einsiedeln
Milanese War of Succession
(1447-54)

Location: Italy

House of Sforza
Duchy of Milan (1450–4)
Republic of Florence (1452–4)
Kingdom of France (1452–4)
Republic of Venice
Margravate of Mantua

Ambrosian Republic (1447–50)
Duchy of Savoy

Francesco Sforza recognised as Duke of Milan
War of the Burgundian Succession
(1477-1482)

Location: France, Low Countries

Valois-Orléans:
 Kingdom of France
Burgundy-Habsburg:
 Burgundian State
France annexes several Burgundian territories, Maximilian I retains the Netherlands, the County of Burgundy, Artois and Charolais.
Catalan Civil War
(1462-1472)

Location: Catalonia

John II of Aragon
France
Principality of Catalonia rebels John reestablished as King
War of the Castilian Succession
(1475-1479)

Location: Spain

Isabella is recognised as Queen of Castile in exchange for Ferdinand breaking alliance with Maximilian I, Duke of Burgundy
Mad War
(1485-1488)

Location: France

Kingdom of France Duchy of Lorraine
Duchy of Brittany
Lordship of Albret
Principality of Orange
County of Angoulême
Supported by:
Holy Roman Empire
Kingdom of England
Kingdom of Castile-Leon
Royal Victory
French-Breton War
(1487–1491)

Location: Duchy of Brittany

Kingdom of France Duchy of Brittany
Holy Roman Empire
Kingdom of England
Kingdom of Castile and León
French Victory, Anne of Brittany marries Charles VIII of France
First Italian War
1494-1498

Location: Italy

 Kingdom of France

Duchy of Milan (before 1495)

1494:
 Kingdom of Naples
1495:
League of Venice
 Papal States
 Republic of Venice
 Kingdom of Naples
Kingdoms of Spain
Duchy of Milan
 Holy Roman Empire
 Republic of Florence
 England (1496–98)
Duchy of Mantua
 Republic of Genoa
Victory for the League of Venice
Second Italian War
(1499–1501)

Location: Italy

 France
 Papal States
 Venice (1499)
Spain (1500)
Marquisate of Saluzzo
Duchy of Milan
 Naples
France conquers the Duchy of Milan
Third Italian War
(1502–1504)

Location: Italy

 France Spain Spanish Victory, France cedes Naples
War of the League of Cambrai
(1508-1516)

Location: Italy, France, England and Spain

1508–1510: League of Cambrai: 1510–1511:

1511–1513:

1513–1516:

1508–1510:

1510–1511:

1511–1513: Holy League:

1513–1516:

French and Venetian Victory
Italian War of 1521-1526

Location: France, Italy and Spain

 France

 Republic of Venice
 Papal States (1524–1525)
Marquisate of Saluzzo

 Holy Roman Empire
Spain
 England
 Papal States (1521–1523 and 1525–1526)
Habsburg Victory, Capture of Francois I
War of the League of Cognac
(1526-30)

Location: Italy

 Kingdom of France

 Papal States

 Republic of Venice
Republic of Florence
 Kingdom of England
 Republic of Genoa (1526–1528)
Kingdom of Navarre
Duchy of Milan

 Holy Roman Empire
Spain
Duchy of Ferrara
 Republic of Genoa (1528–1530)
Duchy of Mantua (1528–1530)
Habsburg Victory
Italian War of 1536–1538

Location: Provence, Piedmont and Lombardy

Truce of Nice, Savoy and Piedmont acquired by France
Italian War of 1542-1546

Location: England, France, Italy, Spain, and the Low Countries

Treaty of Crépy and Treaty of Ardres
Rough Wooing
(1542-1551)

Location: Northern England and Scotland

Scottish and French Victory
Italian War of 1551-1559

Location: France, Flanders, Italy and the Mediterranean

Spanish-Imperial Victory
Anglo-French War (1557-1559)

Location: Pale of Calais

Kingdom of France  Kingdom of England French Victory
French Wars of Religion
(1562-1628)

Location: France


Edict of Nantes 1598, Edict of Fontainebleau 1685 revokes treaty of Nantes
English expedition to France (1562-1563)

Location: Le Havre, Dieppe

Kingdom of France  Kingdom of England, Huguenots (Before Edict of Amboise) Elizabeth I accepts French rule over Pale of Calais
War of the Portuguese Succession
(1580-1583)

Location: Portugal, Atlantic Ocean, and the Azores Islands

Pro-Crato Portugal
Supported by
 France
 England
 Dutch Republic
Spain
Pro-Philip Portugal
Spanish Victory, Philip II of Spain crowned king of Portugal, Iberian Union
Franco-Spanish War 1595-98

Location: Western Europe

Kingdom of France
England
Spain French Victory
Franco-Savoyard War (1600–1601)

Location: Savoy

Kingdom of France Duchy of Savoy Treaty of Lyon (1601)
War of the Jülich Succession
(1609-10)

Location: United Duchies of Jülich-Cleves-Berg

Margraviate of Brandenburg
Palatinate-Neuburg
 United Provinces
 Kingdom of France
Protestant Union
Rudolph II
Principality of Strasbourg
Prince-Bishopric of Liège
Catholic League
France did not participate when war resumed in 1614
Valtellina War
(1620-26)

Location: Valtellina

 France
The Three Leagues
 Venice
 Savoy
 Papal States
 Holy Roman Empire
Spain
Treaty of Monzon, France prevents complete Habsburg control of Valtellina
First Savoyard-Genoese War
(1625)

Location: Genoa

 Kingdom of France
 Duchy of Savoy
 Spain
 Republic of Genoa
Defeat
Anglo-French War (1627-1629)

Location: France, Quebec

 France  England Treaty of Susa, English withdraw support for huguenots, Status Quo Ante Bellum in Canada
War of the Mantuan Succession
(1628-31)

Location: Northern Italy

Supporting the Duke of Nevers:
 France
 Venice
Supporting the Duke of Guastalla:
 Holy Roman Empire
 Duchy of Savoy
Spain
Duke of Nevers is recognised as ruler of Mantua
Thirty Years War
(1618-1648)

Location: Europe, primarily in Germany

 France (from 1635)

Bohemia (until 1620)
Sweden (from 1630)
Palatinate (until 1632)
 Duchy of Savoy (1618–19)
Transylvania (until 1621)[5]
 Dutch Republic (from 1619)
Denmark–Norway (1625–29)
Heilbronn League (1631–1635)
Hesse-Kassel (from 1629)
Brandenburg-Prussia (1631–1635)[lower-alpha 4]
 Brunswick-Lüneburg (1634–1642)
 Saxony (1630–1635)[lower-alpha 4]

 Habsburg Monarchy

Spanish Empire
Electorate of Bavaria
Catholic League (1618–1635)

France annexes Décapole and Upper Alsace[6]
Franco-Spanish War (1635–1659)

Location: Northern France, Catalonia, Spanish Netherlands, Northern Italy, the Rhineland

 Kingdom of France
 Dutch Republic
 England (1657–1659)
Spanish Empire Treaty of the Pyrenees, Artois, Roussillon and Perpignan annexed by France
Austro-Turkish War (1663-1664)

Location: Kingdom of Hungary

 Holy Roman Empire
 France
League of the Rhine
 Ottoman Empire Peace of Vasvár
Second Anglo-Dutch War
(1665-1667)

Location: Europe, Caribbean, North Sea and English Channel

Treaty of Breda
War of Devolution
(1667-1668)

LocationSpanish Netherlands, Franche-Comté, Northern Catalonia

 France  Spain Treaty of Aix-la-Chapelle (1668), France gains Armentières, Bergues, Charleroi, Kortrijk, Douai, Veurne, Lille, Oudenaarde and Tournai
Franco-Dutch War
(1672-1678)

Location: Low Countries, England, Alsace, Rhineland, Brandenburg, Sicily, France, North America, West Indies

Peace of Nijmegen, France gains Franche-Comté
War of the Reunions
(1683-1684)

LocationSpanish Netherlands, Catalonia, Genoa

 France * Holy Roman Empire French Victory
French conquest of Senegal
(1659–1895)

Location: Senegal

 France Waalo Kingdom
Kingdom of Cayor
Jolof Empire
Baol
Kingdom of Sine
Saloum
French victory
  • France conquers territory of present-day Senegal
French-Tripolitania War (1681-1685)

Location: Chios, Tripoli and Tunis

France French Victory
French-Algerian War 1681-88
(1681-88)

Location: Algiers

France Regency of Algiers French Victory
Siamese revolution of 1688
(1688)

Location: Siam

Prasat Thong dynasty
 France
Phetracha and various Siamese lords
Supported by:
Dutch East India Company
French defeat
Nine Years' War

Location: Europe, Ireland, Asia, North America

 France
 New France
Wabanaki Confederacy
Jacobites
Treaty of Ryswick
French and Iroquois Wars
(17th century)

Location: Great Lakes region

Huron, Erie, Neutral, Odawa, Ojibwe, Mississaugas, Potawatomi, Algonquin, Shawnee, Wenro, Mahican, Innu, Abenaki, Miami, Illinois Confederation, other nations allied with France
Supported by:
 France
Haudenosaunee
Supported by:
 England
 Dutch Republic
Military stalemate
  • Great Peace of Montreal
  • Growth of French token influence in the Great Lakes region
  • Huron-Wendat Confederacy destroyed or assimilated
  • Military refugee migration results in expansion of Iroquois hunting grounds down to Mississippi River
  • Further Iroquois territorial expansion halted in military campaigns by the Council of Three Fires
War of the Spanish Succession
(1701–1714)

Location: Europe, North America, Asia, Africa

*  France Holy Roman Empire Treaty of Utrecht,Treaty of Portsmouth
Chickasaw Wars
(1721–1763)

Location: Mississippi River

 France
Choctaw
Illini
 Great Britain
Chickasaw
Chickasaw victory
War of the Quadruple Alliance
(1718-1720)

Location: Europe, North America

 Great Britain
 France
Austria
 Dutch Republic
Spain Allied Victory
Fox Wars
(1712-1733)

Location: Detroit

 Kingdom of France and Indigenous Allies Fox Peoples French Victory
War of the Polish Succession
(1733-1735)

Location: Poland, Rhineland, Italy

* Poland loyal to Stanislaus I * Poland loyal to Augustus III Treaty of Vienna, Bourbon Territorial gains, France guaranteed Lorraine following death of Stanisław Leszczyński
War of Austrian Succession
(1740-48)

Location: Europe, North America

* France

Wabanaki Confederacy

* Great Britain

Iroquois Confederacy

Status quo ante bellum
Father Le Loutre's War
(1749–1755)

Location: Acadia and Nova Scotia

 France

Wabanaki Confederacy

 Great Britain French defeat
Seven Years' War
(1756–1763)
 France

Wabanaki Confederacy

Algonquin
Lenape
Ojibwa
Ottawa
Shawnee
Wyandot

 Great Britain

Iroquois Confederacy
Catawba
Cherokee (before 1758)

French defeat
Larache expedition
(1765)

Location: Larache, Morocco

 France Morocco French defeat
Anglo-French War 1778-83
(1778-83)

Location: English Channel, Atlantic Ocean, West Indies, North America, Straits of Gibraltar, Balearic Islands, East Indies

 France
Spain
United States
 Great Britain French Victory
French Conquest of Corsica
(1768-1770)

Location: Corsica

 France Corsican Republic French Victory

First French Republic (1792–1804)

Conflict France & its Allies France's opposition Outcome
War of the First Coalition
(1792-1797)

Location: France, Central Europe, Italy, Belgium, Netherlands, Spain, West Indies

 France

Spain (from 1796)[lower-alpha 7]

Army of Condé

 Dutch Republic (until 1795)
 Great Britain
 Holy Roman Empire (until 1797)[lower-alpha 8]

 Naples (until 1796)
 Portugal
 Sardinia (until 1796)[lower-alpha 11]
Spain (until 1795)[lower-alpha 12]
Other Italian states

French Victory
War of the Pyrenees
(1793-1795)

Location: Pyrenees

 France Kingdom of Spain
 Kingdom of Portugal
French Victory
Haitian Revolution
(1791–1804)

Location: Saint-Domingue

Collage of the Haitian Revolution
Slave owners
Kingdom of France
French Republic
Ex-slaves
French royalists
Captaincy General of Santo Domingo (1793–1795)
 Great Britain
Ex-slaves (1802–1803)
Haitian victory
War of the Second Coalition
(1798-1802)

Location: Europe, Middle East, Mediterranean Sea, Caribbean Sea

 France


 Spain
Polish Legions
French client republics:

 Holy Roman Empire (until 1801)[lower-alpha 15]

 Great Britain (pre-1801)
 United Kingdom (post-1801)
 Russia (until 1799)
 Portugal
 Naples (until 1801)
Grand Duchy of Tuscany (until 1801)
Order of Saint John (1798)
 Ottoman Empire
French Royalists

French Victory
Peasants' War
(1798)

Location: Southern Netherlands

 France Brigands French Victory
Quasi-War
(1798-1800)

Location: Atlantic Ocean, the Caribbean, the Indian Ocean, and the Mediterranean

 France


Spain

 United States


 Great Britain

Convention of 1800
War of the Oranges
(1801)

Location: Portugal

 France


Kingdom of Spain

 Kingdom of Portugal French Victory, Portugal closes its ports to British ships

First French Empire (1804–1814,15)

Conflict France & its Allies France's opposition Outcome
War of the Third Coalition
(1803-06)

Location: Central Europe, Italy and the Atlantic Ocean

France
Batavian Republic
Bavaria
Etruria
Italy
Spain
Württemberg
Holy Roman Empire
Naples
Russia
Sicily
Sweden
United Kingdom
French victory
Franco-Swedish War
(1805-10)

Location: Swedish Pomerania

France Sweden French victory
Siege of Santo Domingo
(1805)

Location: Santo Domingo, Saint-Domingue
present day Dominican Republic

France Haiti French victory
War of the Fourth Coalition
(1806)

Location: Central Europe, Wallachia and Moldavia

France

Spain
Switzerland

Prussia
Russia
Saxony
(until 11 December 1806)
Sicily
Sweden
United Kingdom
French victory
Peninsular War
(1808-1814)

Location: Iberian Peninsula and Southern France

France Spain
Portugal
United Kingdom
Coalition Victory, Junta control over Spain
War of the Fifth Coalition
(1809)

Location: Central Europe, Italy and Netherlands

France  Austria

Portugal
 Sardinia
Sicily
Spain
Tyrol
 United Kingdom

French victory
Tyrolean Rebellion
(1809)

Location: Tyrol

French Empire Tyrolean partisans French victory, Uprising crushed
French invasion of Russia
(1812)

Location: Eastern Europe

 France  Russia Russian victory
War of the Sixth Coalition
(1813-1814)

Location: Central and Eastern Europe

 France

Until January 1814

Original coalition

After the Armistice of Pläswitz

After the Battle of Leipzig

After January 1814

Coalition victory
Hundred Days
(1815)

Location: France and Netherlands

France
Naples
Austria
Prussia
Russia
United Kingdom
 Baden
Bavaria
Brunswick
Denmark
Kingdom of France
Hanover
Liechtenstein
 Nassau
Netherlands
 Portugal
 Sardinia
Saxony
 Sicily
Spain
Sweden
Switzerland
Tuscany
Württemberg
Coalition-Bourbon victory

Bourbon Restoration (1814-15, 1815–1830)

Conflict France & its Allies France's opposition Outcome
Hundred Thousand Sons of Saint Louis
(1820-1823)

Location: Spain

Kingdom of France
Armée de la Foi
Partisans of the Cortes French and Spanish Royalist victory
Greek War of Independence
(1821-1829)

Location: Greece

1821:
Filiki Eteria
Greek revolutionaries
After 1822:
Hellenic Republic
Supported by:
Romanian Revolutionaries (1821)
Philhellenes
 United Kingdom (after 1826)
Russian Empire (after 1826)
Kingdom of France (after 1826)
Serb and Montenegrin volunteers
Ottoman Empire Greek victory
  • First Hellenic Republic established and recognized
Franco-Trarzan War of 1825
(1825)

Location: Waalo, West Africa

France Trarza French victory
Irish and German Mercenary Soldiers' Revolt
(1825)

Location: Rio de Janeiro, Brazil

Empire of Brazil
France
United Kingdom
Irish mercenaries
German mercenaries
Revolt Suppressed

July Monarchy (1830–1848)

Conflict France & allies France's opposition Outcome
Liberal Wars
(1828–34)

Location: Portugal

Liberals

Supported by:
United Kingdom (1828-1834)
France (1830-1834)
Belgian volunteers (1832-1834)[7]
Spain (1833-1834)

Miguelites

Supported by:
Spain (1828-1833)

Liberal Victory
French conquest of Algeria
(1827–1830–1857)

Location: Regency of Algiers

 France  Ottoman Empire

Emirate of Abdelkader
Kingdom of Ait Abbas
Kel Ahaggar
Sultanate of Morocco

French victory
Belgian Revolution
(1830–31)

Location: The Low Countries

Belgian rebels
France
 United Netherlands Franco-Belgian victory
  • Most European powers' recognition of Belgium's independence from the Kingdom of the Netherlands
First Carlist War
(1833-1840)

Location: Spain

Liberals
Supported by:
France
United Kingdom
Portugal (from 1834)
Carlists
Supported by:
Portugal (until 1834)
French and Liberal victory
First Franco-Mexican War
(1838–1839)

Location: Mexico

 France Mexico French victory
  • Mexican government agrees to pay damages of 600,000 pesos
Uruguayan Civil War
(1839-1851)

Location: Uruguay

Colorados
Unitarian Party
 Brazil
France
 United Kingdom
Riograndense Republic
Italian redshirts
Blancos
 Argentine Confederation
Colorado victory, Arana-Southern Treaty for Anglo-French blockade of the Rio de la Plata
First Franco-Moroccan War
(1844)

Location: Morocco

 France Morocco
Algerian volunteers
French victory
Franco-Tahitian War
(1844–1847)

Location: Tahiti

France Tahiti
Huahine
Raiatea
Bora Bora and Tahaa
French victory
Bombardment of Tourane
(1847)

Location: Off Tourane (Da Nang), South Central Coast of Vietnam

 France Nguyễn dynasty French victory

Second French Republic (1848–1852)

Conflict France & its Allies France's opposition Outcome
First Italian War of Independence
(1848)

Location: Lombardy

Austrian Empire
Kingdom of Lombardy–Venetia
French Republic
Kingdom of Sardinia

Supported by:

French-Austrian Victory
  • Austria keeps Lombardy-Venetia
  • French Victory over Roman Republic
    • Papal rule restored over Rome[8]

Second French Empire (1852–1870)

Conflict France & its Allies France's opposition Outcome
Taiping Rebellion
(1850–1871)

Location: China

Taiping Heavenly Kingdom Qing victory
Bombardment of Salé
(1851)

Location: Morocco

 France Sherifian Empire French military victory
French political failure
  • Morocco agreed to pay 100,000 francs to the French on 29 November 1851 to avoid further conflict.[9]
  • France had desired a revolt against the governor of Salé to force repayment and avoid destruction of the city, but this did not occur.[10]
Crimean War
(1853-1856)

Location: Crimea, Caucasus, Balkans, Black Sea, Baltic Sea, White Sea, Far East

France
 Ottoman Empire  British Empire[lower-alpha 17]
Sardinia[lower-alpha 18]
Supported by:
 Austrian Empire
Caucasus Imamate[lower-alpha 19]
Circassia
Abkhazia[lower-alpha 18]
Russian Empire Kurdish rebels
Greece[lower-alpha 20]
Allied victory
Second Opium War
(1857)

Location: China

France
 United Kingdom
 India
United States
Qing dynasty Allied victory
Siege of Medina Fort
(1857)

Location: Médine, Mali

France Toucouleur Empire French victory
Cochinchina Campaign
(1858–1862)

Location: Vietnam

Second French Empire
Spain
Nguyễn Dynasty Franco-Spanish victory
Second Italian War of Independence
(1859)

Location: Lombardy-Venetia, Piedmont and the Austrian Littoral

French Empire
Kingdom of Sardinia
Supported By:
United Principalities
Austrian Empire
Kingdom of Lombardy-Venetia
Franco-Sardinian victory
Second Franco-Mexican War
(1862–1867)

Location: Mexico

France
Mexican Empire
United Mexican States
 United States (from 1865)[11]
French Defeat
Shimonoseki Campaign
(1863–1864)

Location: Shimonoseki, Yamaguchi, Japan

 British Empire
French Empire
 Netherlands
 United States
Chōshū Domain Allied victory
French campaign against Korea
(1866)

Location: Korea

France Korea French defeat
  • French withdrawal, Korea reaffirms its isolationism
Garibaldis Expedition to Rome 1867

Location: Rome

France
 Papal States
 Italian volunteers Franco-Papal Victory
Franco-Prussian War
(1870-71)

Location: France

France North German Confederation

Grand Duchy of Baden
 Kingdom of Bavaria
Kingdom of Württemberg
Grand Duchy of Hesse

French Defeat
  • Dissoulution of the Second French Empire, Third Republic Established

French Third Republic (1870–1940)

Conflict France & its Allies France's opposition Outcome
Annexation of the Leeward Islands
(1880-1897)

Location: Society Islands

France
Tahiti (French protectorate)
Raiatea-Tahaa
Huahine
Bora Bora
French Victory
French conquest of Tunisia
(1881)

Location: Tunisia

France Beylik of Tunis French victory
  • Tunisia becomes a French protectorate
Mandingo Wars
(1883–1898)

Location: West Africa

France Wassoulou Empire French victory
First Madagascar expedition
(1883–1885)

Location: Madagascar

France Merina Kingdom French victory
Sino-French War
(1884–1885)

Location: Southeast mainland China, Taiwan, northern Vietnam

France China
Black Flag Army
Nguyễn dynasty
Both sides declared victory
Tonkin Campaign
(1883–1886)

Location: Northern Vietnam

France Qing dynasty
Black Flag Army
Nguyễn dynasty
French victory
First Franco-Dahomean War
(1890)

Location: Ouémé Department of modern Benin

France Dahomey French victory
  • Dahomey recognizes Porto-Novo as a French protectorate and gives up customs rights to Cotonou in exchange for yearly payment
Second Franco-Dahomean War
(1892–1894)

Location: Ouémé Department and Zou Department of modern Benin

France Dahomey French victory
  • Dahomey conquered and incorporated as a French protectorate
Franco-Siamese War
(1893)

Location: French Indochina, Siam

French Republic Siam French victory
First Italo-Ethiopian War
(1894-1896)

Location: Eritrea and Ethiopia

 Ethiopia
Support:
 Russia[12][13][14]
 France[15][16]
Eritrean rebels[17]
 Italy Ethiopian victory
Second Madagascar expedition
(1894–1895)

Location: Madagascar

France Merina Kingdom French victory
Boxer Rebellion
(1899)

Location: North China

 France
 British Empire  Russia
 Japan
 Germany
 United States
 Italy
 Austria-Hungary
 Netherlands
 Belgium
Spain
Mutual Protection of Southeast China
Boxers
Qing Dynasty
Allied victory
Rabih War
(1899–1901)

Location: West Africa

France Kanem–Bornu Empire French victory
1904–1905 uprising in Madagascar
(1904–1905)

Location: Madagascar

France Rebels French victory
  • Rebellion suppressed
Ouaddai War
(1909–1911)

Location: Ouaddai Empire

France Ouaddai Empire French victory
French conquest of Morocco
(1911–1934)

Location: North Africa

France
  • Morocco
Zaian Confederation
Varying other Berber tribes
French victory
Zaian War
(1914–1921)

Location: French protectorate of Morocco

France
  • Morocco
Zaian Confederation
Varying other Berber tribes
Supported during the First World War by the Central Powers
French victory
First World War
(1914–1918)

Location: Europe, Africa, Asia, Middle East, the Pacific Islands, and coast of North and South America

Allied Powers

France
 British Empire

Russian Empire
 United States
 Italy
 Japan
 China
 Serbia
 Montenegro
 Romania
 Belgium
 Greece
 Portugal
 Brazil

Central Powers

 Germany
 Austria-Hungary
 Ottoman Empire
 Bulgaria

Allied victory
Volta-Bani War
(1915–1917)

Location: Burkino Faso, Mali

France Marka, Bwa, Lela, Nuni, and Bobo people French victory
Kaocen revolt
(1916–1917)

Location: Northern Niger

France Tuareg guerrillas French victory
Thái Nguyên uprising
(1917–1918)

Location: Northern Vietnam

France Vietnamese rebels French victory
  • Uprising suppressed.
Hungarian-Romanian War
(1918–1919)

Location: Hungary, and Transylvania

 Romania
Supported by:
 France

 Czechoslovakia

 Hungary
(until 21 March 1919)
 Soviet Hungary
Supported by:
 Soviet Russia
Romanian victory
Franco-Turkish War
(1918–1921)

Location: Cilicia and Upper Mesopotamia

France Grand National Assembly French loss
  • French influence in Anatolia is repelled
Allied intervention in the Russian Civil War
(1918–1920)

Location: Russia, Mongolia, and Iran

White Movement
 British Empire

 United States
France
 Japan
 Czechoslovakia
 Greece
 Estonia
 Serbia
 Italy
Poland
 Romania
 China

 Russian SFSR
 Far Eastern Republic
Latvian SSR
Ukrainian SSR
Commune of Estonia
Mongolian Communists

Allied withdrawal
  • Allied withdrawal from Russia
  • Bolshevik victory over White Army
Bender Uprising
(1919)

Location: Tighina, Kingdom of Romania (present day Bender, Moldova)

France
Romania
Red Guards
 Ukrainian SSR
Franco-Romanian victory
Franco-Syrian War
(1920)

Location: Syria

France Arab Kingdom of Syria
  • Arab militias
French victory
Rif War
(1920–1927)

Location: Morocco

Spain
 France (1925–1926)
Jebala tribes
Republic of the Rif
Jebala tribes
Franco-Spanish victory
Occupation of the Ruhr
(1923-25)

Location: The Ruhr, Germany

France
 Belgium
Germany French Military Victory, Political Failure
Great Syrian Revolt
(1925–1927)

Location: French Mandate for Syria and the Lebanon

Damascus in flames as the result of the French air raid on October 18, 1925.
France Syrian rebels French victory
Kongo-Wara rebellion
(1928–1931)

Location: French Equatorial Africa, French Cameroon

France

Fula people


Co-belligerents:
Gbaya chiefdoms

Gbaya people and clans

Co-belligerents:
Mbum people
Mbai people
Pana people
Yangere people
Mbimou people
Goundi people

French victory
Yên Bái mutiny
(1930)

Location: Vietnam

France Việt Nam Quốc Dân Đảng French victory
  • Uprising crushed
    VNQDĐ severely damaged by deaths and arrests, jailings and executions by French authorities[18]
Second World War
(1939–1945)

Location: Europe, Pacific Ocean, Atlantic Ocean, Southeast Asia, East Asia, Middle East, Mediterranean, North Africa, Oceania, North and South America

Allied Powers

 United States
 Soviet Union
 United Kingdom
 China
France
Poland
 Canada
 Australia
 New Zealand
 India
 South Africa
 Yugoslavia
 Greece
 Denmark
 Norway
 Netherlands
 Belgium
 Luxembourg
 Czechoslovakia
 Brazil
 Mexico

Axis Powers

 Germany
 Japan
 Italy
 Hungary
 Romania
 Bulgaria
 Independent State of Croatia
 Slovakia
 Finland
 Thailand
 Manchukuo
 Mengjiang

Allied victory

Vichy France (1940–1944)

Conflict France & its Allies France's opposition Outcome
Franco-Thai War
(1940–1941)

Location: French Indochina

 France Thailand Indecisive
  • Japanese-mediated ceasefire
  • On Japanese decision, disputed territories in French Indochina ceded by France to Thailand

French Fourth Republic (1946–1958)

Conflict France & its Allies France's opposition Outcome
War in Vietnam
(1945–1946)

Location: Vietnam

France
 British Empire
Japan Allied captured soldiers.
Việt Minh Operational success
First Indochina War
(1946–1954)

Location: French Indochina

France

Cambodia
(1953–1954)
 Laos
(1953–1954)
State of Vietnam (1949–1954)


Supported by:
 United States(1950–1954)

Viet Minh

Lao Issara (1945–1949)

Khmer Issarak

Japanese volunteers


Supported by:
 Soviet Union
 China (1949–1954)
 East Germany
Poland[19]

French defeat
Malagasy Uprising
(1947–1948)

Location: Madagascar

 France MDRM French victory
  • Uprising Crushed by French, various participants tried and executed
  • Scars on Malagasy society
Korean War
(1950–1953)

Location: Korea

 South Korea
 United States
 United Kingdom
 Australia
 Belgium
 Canada
France
 Philippines
 Colombia
 Ethiopia
 Greece
 Luxembourg
 Netherlands
 New Zealand
 South Africa
 Thailand
 Turkey
 North Korea
 China
 Soviet Union
Ceasefire
  • Ceasefire armistice
  • North Korean invasion of South Korea repelled
  • UN invasion of North Korea repelled
  • Chinese invasion of South Korea repelled
  • Korean Demilitarized Zone established
  • Little territorial change at the 38th parallel border
Algerian War
(1954–1962)

Location: Algeria

 France
 NATO
FLN Military stalemate
Suez Crisis
(1956)

Location: Gaza Strip and Egypt (Sinai and Suez Canal zone)

Israel
United Kingdom
France
Egypt Coalition military victory
Egyptian political victory
Ifni War
(1957–1958)

Location: Spanish Sahara, Ifni, Morocco

French wars since 1958
 Spain
France
Moroccan Army of Liberation Franco-Spanish victory

French Fifth Republic (1958–present)

Conflict France & its Allies France's opposition Outcome
Bizerte crisis
(1961)

Location: Bizerte, Tunisia

 France Tunisia French victory
Bamileke War
(1955-1964)

Location: French Cameroon

Before 1960
France

After 1960
Cameroon[21]
France

UPC French-Cameroonian victory
Shaba I
(1977)

Location: Shaba Province, Zaire

 France
 Zaire
 Morocco
Egypt
 Belgium
Supported by:
 United States
 China
 Saudi Arabia
Sudan
 Nigeria
Front for the National Liberation of the Congo (FNLC)
Supported by:
Angola
 Soviet Union
 East Germany
Zairian victory
Shaba II
(1978)

Location: Shaba, Zaire

 France
 Zaire
 Belgium
 Morocco
 United States
Supported by
 China
Front for the National Liberation of the Congo (FNLC)
Supported by
Angola
 Cuba (alleged)
 Soviet Union (alleged)
Zairian victory
Western Sahara War
(1975-1991)

Location: Western Sahara

 Morocco
 Mauritania (1975–1979)
 France (1977–78) Operation Lamantin, aid from 1978)
Supported by:
Saudi Arabia
United States
Western Sahara

 Algeria
Supported by:
Libya (until 1984)
North Korea (from 1978)

Inconclusive
  • Spanish withdrawal under the Madrid Accords (1976)
  • Mauritanian retreat and withdrawal of territorial claims
Chadian-Libyan conflict
(1978-1987)

Location: Chad

Anti-Libyan Chadian factions

 France
 Zaire
 Nigeria
 Senegal
Supported by:
 Sudan
 Egypt
 Israel
 Iraq
 United States

Libya

Pro-Libyan Chadian factions

 PLO (1987)
Supported by:
 East Germany
 Soviet Union

Chadian-French victory
Gulf War
(1990-1991)

Location: Iraq, Kuwait, Saudi Arabia and
the Persian Gulf

 Kuwait
 United States
 United Kingdom
 Saudi Arabia
 Egypt
 France
 Syria
 Morocco
 Oman
 Pakistan
 Canada
 United Arab Emirates
 Qatar
 Thailand
 Bangladesh
 Italy
 Australia
 Netherlands
 Niger
 Philippines
 Sweden
 Argentina
 Senegal
 Spain
 Bahrain
 Belgium
 Poland
 South Korea
 Singapore
 Norway
Czechoslovakia
 Greece
 Denmark
 New Zealand
 Hungary
Iraq Coalition victory
  • Iraqi forces expelled from Kuwait
  • Kuwaiti independence restored
  • Destruction of Iraqi and Kuwaiti infrastructure
Djiboutian Civil War
(1991-1994)

Location: Northern Djibouti

 Djibouti
Supported by :
 France
FRUD Franco-Djiboutian victory
  • FRUD peace accord
Bosnian War
(1992-1995)

Location: Bosnia and Herzegovina

 Bosnia and Herzegovina
 Herzeg-Bosnia
 Croatia
Support:
 NATO
 Republika Srpska
 Serbian Krajina
Western Bosnia (from 1993)
Support:
 FR Yugoslavia
Croatian and Bosnian victory
Kosovo War
(1998-1999)

Location: Autonomous Province of Kosovo and Metohija (then part of Serbia

KLA
 Belgium
 Canada
 Denmark
 France
 Germany
 Italy
 Luxembourg
 Netherlands
 Norway
 Portugal
 Spain
 Turkey
 United Kingdom
 United States
 FR Yugoslavia NATO Victory
Basque conflict
(1959–2011)

Location: Basque country

 Spain

 France

Neo-fascist paramilitaries:

Basque National Liberation Movement:

Victory
Corsican conflict
(1976–2011)

Location: Corsica

 France Corsican nationalist paramilitaries Victory
War in Afghanistan
(2001–2014)

Location: Afghanistan

ISAF Taliban
al-Qaeda
Victory
First Ivorian Civil War
(2002–2007)

Location: Ivory Coast

A Forces nouvelles's member caught by the French Foreign Legion in 2004 after a plundering.
 Ivory Coast
Young Patriots of Abidjan militia
Liberian mercenaries
Supported by:
 Russia
 Bulgaria
 Belarus

 France
UNOIC

Forces Nouvelles de Côte d'Ivoire Victory
Insurgency in the Maghreb
(2002–present)

Location: Maghreb, Sahara desert, Sahel

 Algeria
 Mauritania
 Tunisia
 Libya
 Mali
 Niger
 Chad
 France
al-Qaeda Ongoing
Haitian coup d'état
(2004)

Location: Haiti

National Revolutionary Front for the Liberation of Haiti

MINUSTAH
 United States
 Chile
 Canada
 France

 Republic of Haiti Victory
Chadian Civil War
(2005–2010)

Location: Chad

 Chad
 France
NMRD
JEM
Rebels
Janjaweed
Alleged support:
 Sudan (until 2010)
Victory
War in Somalia
(2009–present)

Location: Somalia

 Somalia
 United States
 European Union
Al-Qaeda Ongoing
Boko Haram insurgency
(2009–present)

Location: Northeast Nigeria

 Nigeria
 Cameroon
 Chad
 Niger
Supported by:
 Benin
 Canada
 China
 France
 Iran
 Israel
 Italy
 Spain
 United Kingdom
 United States
Boko Haram Ongoing
Second Ivorian Civil War
(2010–2011)

Location: Ivory Coast

New Forces
Liberian mercenaries
RDR
UNOCI
 France
Military of Ivory Coast
Liberian mercenaries
Young Patriots of Abidjan
Ivorian Popular Front
Victory
Libyan Civil War
(2011)

Location: Libya

Part of a group of six, Italian-built, Palmaria self-propelled howitzers of the Gaddafi regime's forces, destroyed by French Rafale airplanes at the west-southern outskirts of Benghazi, Libya, in Opération Harmattan on March 19, 2011.
 NATO  Libyan Arab Jamahiriya: Victory
Northern Mali Conflict
(2012–present)

Location: Northern Mali

Government of Mali

 France
ECOWAS

National Movement for the Liberation of Azawad
(MNLA)
  • Islamic Movement of Azawad
Ongoing
Central African Republic Civil War
(2012–present)

Location: Central African Republic

French soldiers as part of Operation Sangaris, authorized in late 2013.
 Central African Republic
MINUSCA (since 2014)
MISCA (2013–2014)
MICOPAX (2013)

 France (2013–16)
 South Africa (2012–13)
EUFOR RCA (2014–15)

FPRC
UPC
MPC
Ongoing
Iraqi Civil War
(2014–2017)

Location: Iraq

 Iraq
CJTF–OIR
Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant Ongoing
Opération Chammal
(2014–present)

Location: Iraq, Syria, Libya

French Dassault Rafale of Squadron 11F prepares to land on USS Carl Vinson. Carl Vinson is deployed as part of maritime security operations and strike operations in Iraq and Syria.
 France Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant
Syria
Ongoing
  • French airstrikes on ISIL in Iraq and Syria
  • ISIL ground attacks on French special forces repelled

Wars France was not involved in but provided support (Material, Political, Advisory etc)

Conflict Supported by France Opposed by France Outcome
Byzantine–Norman wars
(1040-1189)

Location: Italy

Norman Sicily Byzantine Empire Norman Victory
Breton–Norman War
(1064-1066)

Location: Normandy and Brittany

Norman Victory
Norman conquest of England

Location: England

Duchy of Normandy Anglo-Saxon England Norman Conquest of England
Gunboat War
(1807-1814)

Location: Danish–Norwegian waters

Denmark–Norway

Co-belligerent:
Russian Empire (1808–09)
Supported by:
French Empire[22]

United Kingdom

Co-belligerent:
Sweden
(1809, 1813-1814)

British victory
Dano-Swedish War of 1808–09
(1808-1809)

Location: Scandinavia

Denmark–Norway

Co-belligerent:
Russian Empire
Supported by:
French Empire

Sweden

Co-belligerent:
United Kingdom

Inconclusive
  • Treaty of Jönköping
Finnish War
(1808-1809)

Location: Finland and Sweden

Russian Empire

Co-belligerent:
Denmark–Norway Supported by:
French Empire

Sweden

Supported by:
United Kingdom

Russian victory
Second Egyptian-Ottoman War
(1839-1841)

Location: The Levant

Eyalet of Egypt
Kingdom of France
Kingdom of Spain
Ottoman Empire
British Empire
Austrian Empire
Russian Empire
Kingdom of Prussia
Ottoman victory
  • Egypt renounces claim on Syria, Britain recognizes Muhammad Ali and his descendants as the legitimate rulers of Egypt
Expedition of the Thousand
(1860-61)

Location: Sicily and Southern Italy

 Two Sicilies
Supported by
Papal States
France
Spain
Sardinia
Supported by
United Kingdom
Unification Victory
Boshin War
(1868-69)

Location: Japan

1869

Republic of Ezo
Supported by:
 France
 Kingdom of Prussia

1869
 Empire of Japan

Supported by:
United Kingdom
 United States

Imperial Victory
  • End of the Shogunate in Japan
German Revolution of 1918-1919
(1918-1919)

Location: German Empire

1918–1919:
 Weimar Republic

Supported by:
 France

FSR Germany
Supported by:
 Russian SFSR
Weimar victory
Polish-Soviet War
(1919–1921)

Location: Central and Eastern Europe

 Poland
Belarusian PR
 Latvia[lower-alpha 22]
Ukrainian PR[lower-alpha 23]
Supported By:
 France
 Hungary
 Romania
Russian Whites
 United Kingdom[lower-alpha 24]
 United States[lower-alpha 24]
 Russian SFSR
 Byelorussian SSR
Polrewkom
 Ukrainian SSR
Logistical support:
 Lithuania
Polish victory
Spanish Civil War
(1936-1939)

Location: Spain, Morocco, Western Sahara, North Sea and Guinea

Republicans

Supported by:
 Soviet Union
 Mexico
France (1936)

Nationalists

Italy
Germany
Supported by:
Portugal
Holy See (Diplomatic)
Foreign volunteers

Nationalist Victory
Nigerian Civil War
(1967-1970)

Location: Nigeria

 Biafra
 Republic of Benin (1967)
Supported By:
 France
 China[23]
West Germany[24]
Israel (after 1968)[25]
Portugal[26][27][28]
Spain[27][29]
  Vatican City (alleged)[29][30][31]
 South Africa
 Rhodesia[32]
 Haiti[24]
 Gabon[24]
 Ivory Coast[24]
 Tanzania[33][34][35]
 Czechoslovakia (until 1968)[36]
Nigeria
Supported By:
 United Kingdom
 Soviet Union
 United States[37]
 Israel (until 1968)[38]
 Bulgaria[39]
Ethiopia[40]
 Senegal
Somalia
Sierra Leone
 Cameroon
 Niger
Congo-Kinshasa[41][42]
 Algeria[43]
 Syria
 Saudi Arabia[44]
Nigerian victory
Angolan Civil War
(1975-2002)

Location: Angola

UNITA
FNLA (1975–1978)
 South Africa(1975–1991)
 Zaire(1975)
Supported By
 United States (1975–1991)
 Morocco (1970s)
 China (1975)
FLEC
Material support:
 France
MPLA
 Cuba(1975–1991)
SWAPO (1975–1991)
ANC(1975–1991)
Executive Outcomes (1993–1995)
FLNC (1975–2001)
 Namibia (2001-2002)
Material support:
 Soviet Union (1975-1991)
 Yugoslavia (1975–1991)
 North Korea (1980s)
MPLA Victory

Civil Wars and Revolutions

Conflict French Government Rebels Outcome
French Revolution
(1789-1793)

Location: France

Kingdom of France Revolutionairies French Republican victory, Execution of Louis XVI
War in the Vendée
(1793-1796)

Location: Western France

French Republic: French Royalists:

Supported by:  Great Britain

French Republican victory
June Rebellion
(1832)

Location: Paris, France

 France Republicans Orléanist victory, rebellion crushed
French Revolution of 1848
(1848)

Location: Paris, France

 France
Supported by:
 United Kingdom
Republicans
Socialists
French Government defeat
June Days uprising
(1848)

Location: France

 France Insurgents Uprising Crushed
  • New constitution adopted from the provisional government
Paris Commune
(1871)

Location: Paris

French Republic Communards
National Guards
Government Victory

See also

Notes

  1. Fought against England during Despenser's Crusade.
  2. Fought with England during the Caroline War.
  3. Fought with England during Despenser's Crusade.
  4. Reconciled with the Emperor and switched sides in the Peace of Prague (1635).
  5. The French Revolutionary Army overthrew the Dutch Republic and established the Batavian Republic as a puppet state in its place.
  6. Formed in French-allied Italy in 1797, following the abolition of the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth after the Third Partition in 1795.
  7. Re-entered the war as an ally of France after signing the Second Treaty of San Ildefonso.
  8. Nominally the Holy Roman Empire, of which the Austrian Netherlands and the Duchy of Milan were under direct Austrian rule. Also encompassed many other Italian states, as well as other House of Habsburg states such as the Grand Duchy of Tuscany and Liechtenstein
  9. Left the war after signing the Peace of Leoben with France.
  10. Left the war after signing the Peace of Basel with France.
  11. Left the war after signing the Treaty of Paris with France.
  12. Left the war after signing the Peace of Basel with France.
  13. Abolished following the restoration of the neutral Papal States in 1799.
  14. Short lived state that replaced the Kingdom of Naples in 1799.
  15. Nominally the Holy Roman Empire, of which the Austrian Netherlands and the Duchy of Milan were under direct Austrian rule. Also encompassed many other Italian states, as well as other Habsburg states such as the Grand Duchy of Tuscany.
  16. Duchy of Warsaw as a state was in effect fully occupied by Russian and Prussian forces by May 1813, although most Poles remained loyal to Napoleon.
  17. From 1854
  18. From 1855
  19. Until 1855
  20. Until 1854
  21. The Anti-Terrorist Liberation Groups (GAL) was supported by some officials of the Spanish government, most notably José Barrionuevo.
  22. Battle of Daugavpils
  23. After 1920
  24. Volunteers
  25. From 1936 until it surrendered in 1937 to the Italian Corpo Truppe Volontarie in the Santoña Agreement.
  26. The only party under Francisco Franco from 1937 onward, a merger of the other factions on the Nationalist side.
  27. 1936–1937, then merged into FET y de las JONS

References

  1. The Crusades and the military orders: expanding the frontiers of latin christianity; Zsolt Hunyadi page 226
  2. Valerii︠a︡ Fol, Bulgaria: History Retold in Brief, (Riga, 1999), 103.
  3. Alexandru Madgearu, The Wars of the Balkan Peninsula: Their Medieval Origins, ed. Martin Gordon, (Scarecrow Press, 2008), 90.
  4. "into line with army of Gabriel Bethlen in 1620." Ágnes Várkonyi: Age of the Reforms, Magyar Könyvklub publisher, 1999. ISBN 963-547-070-3
  5. Croxton, pp. 225–226.
  6. "Belgian Corps 1832-35 in Portugal's Liberal Wars". Retrieved 17 February 2013.
  7. https://www.britannica.com/event/Siege-of-Rome-1849
  8. Brown 1976, p. 239.
  9. Brown 1976, p. 240.
  10. Robert Ryal Miller (1961). "The American Legion of Honor in Mexico". Pacific Historical Review. Berkeley, California, United States: University of California Press. 30 (3). ISSN 0030-8684. Retrieved 13 June 2012.
  11. "The activities of the officer the Kuban Cossack army N. S. Leontjev in the Italian-Ethiopic war in 1895–1896".
  12. Richard, Pankhurst. "Ethiopia's Historic Quest for Medicine, 6". The Pankhurst History Library. Archived from the original on 2011-10-03.
  13. Patman 2009, pp. 27–30
  14. "Soviet Appeasement, Collective Security, and the Italo-Ethiopian war of 1935 and 1936". libcom.org.
  15. Thomas Wilson, Edward (1974). Russia and Black Africa Before World War II. New York. p. 57-58.
  16. Haggai, Erlich (1997). Ras Alula and the scramble for Africa – a political biography: Ethiopia and Eritrea 1875–1897. African World Press.
  17. Rettig, pp. 316–317.
  18. Radvanyi, Janos (1980). "Vietnam War Diplomacy: Reflections of a Former Iron Curtain Official" (PDF). Paramaters: Journal of the US Army War College. Carlise Barracks, Pennsylvania. 10 (3): 8–15.
  19. Teretta 2013, pp. 178-179.
  20. "Cameroon - Moving toward independence | history - geography". Encyclopædia Britannica. Retrieved 30 April 2018.
  21. Olesen, Jens E. (2008). "Schwedisch-Pommern in der schwedischen Politik nach 1806". In North, Michael; Riemer, Robert. Das Ende des Alten Reiches im Ostseeraum. Wahrnehmungen und Transformationen (in German). Böhlau. pp. 289. ISBN 3-412-20108-1.
  22. Diamond, Stanley (2007). "Who Killed Biafra?". Dialectical Anthropology. 31 (1/3): 339–362. doi:10.1007/s10624-007-9014-9. JSTOR 29790795. S2CID 144828601.
  23. "Biafran Airlift: Israel's Secret Mission to Save Lives." Press, Eitan. United With Israel. www.unitedwithisrael.org Published 13 October 2013. Accessed 13 January 2017.
  24. Genocide and the Europeans, 2010, p. 71.
  25. There's A Riot Going On: Revolutionaries, Rock Stars, and the Rise and Fall of '60s Counter-Culture, 2007. Page 213.
  26. The USSR in Third World Conflicts: Soviet Arms and Diplomacy in Local Wars 1945–1980, 1986, p. 91.
  27. Hurst, Ryan (21 June 2009). "Republic of Biafra (1967–1970)".
  28. "NIGERIAN REJECTS HELP FROM GROUPS THAT AIDED BIAFRA".
  29. "ASM_35_129.pdf - Page 138" (PDF).
  30. Griffin, "French military policy in the Nigerian Civil War" (2015), p. 122. "Starting in October 1967, there were also direct Czech arms flights, by a network of pilots led by Jack Malloch, a Rhodesian in contact with Houphouët-Boigny and Mauricheau-Beupré."
  31. Malcolm MacDonald: Bringing an End to Empire, 1995, p. 416.
  32. Ethnic Politics in Kenya and Nigeria, 2001, p. 54.
  33. Africa 1960–1970: Chronicle and Analysis, 2009, p. 423.
  34. Department Of State. The Office of Electronic Information, Bureau of Public Affairs (25 October 2005). "Nigerian Civil War". 2001-2009.state.gov.
  35. "Israel, Nigeria and the Biafra Civil War, 1967–1970".
  36. Nigeria Since Independence: The First Twenty-five Years : International Relations, 1980. Page 204
  37. Sadleman, Stephen (2000). The Ties That Divide. p. 86. ISBN 9780231122290. Retrieved 8 June 2018.
  38. Stearns, Jason K. Dancing in the Glory of Monsters: The Collapse of the Congo and the Great War of Africa (2011), p. 115.
  39. Wrong, Michela. In the Footsteps of Mr. Kurtz: Living on the Brink of Disaster in Mobutu's Congo (2000), p. 266.
  40. Biafra Revisited, 2006. Page 5.
  41. Spencer C. Tucker, The Roots and Consequences of Civil Wars and Revolutions: Conflicts that Changed World History, (ISBN 9781440842948)
This article is issued from Wikipedia. The text is licensed under Creative Commons - Attribution - Sharealike. Additional terms may apply for the media files.