Jebero language
Jebero (Chebero, Xebero, Xihuila) is a moribund Amazonian language spoken by the Jebero people of Jeberos, Peru. It is spoken by only a small number of older adults and belongs to the Cahuapanan family together with Chayahuita.
Jebero | |
---|---|
Shiwilu | |
Native to | Peru |
Region | Jeberos |
Ethnicity | 2,500 (2000) |
Native speakers | 30 (2011)[1] |
Cahuapanan
| |
Language codes | |
ISO 639-3 | jeb |
Glottolog | jebe1250 |
ELP | Shiwilu [2] |
Phonology
Vowels
Front | Central | Back | |
---|---|---|---|
Close | i | u | |
Mid | ɘ | ||
Open | a |
- /i/ varies between close front unrounded [i], near-close front unrounded [i̞] and close-mid front unrounded [e].[3]
- /u/ varies between near-close near-front rounded [ʊ] and close-mid back weakly rounded [o̜], with the latter realization being the most usual.[3]
- /ɘ/ varies between mid near-front unrounded [ɛ̽] and close-mid central unrounded [ɘ].[3]
- /a/ varies between open central unrounded [ä] and near-open retracted front [æ̠].[3] The vowel chart in Valenzuela & Gussenhoven (2013) puts /a/ in the near-open central position [ɐ].
Consonants
Labial | Alveolar | Palatal | Velar | Glottal | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Nasal | m | n | ɲ | |||
Stop | p | t | tʃ | k | ʔ | |
Fricative | s | ʃ | (h) | |||
Trill | plain | r | ||||
glottalized | ˀr | |||||
Approximant | central | w | ð | j | ||
lateral | l | ʎ |
- /m, p/ are bilabial, whereas /w/ is labialized velar.
- /tʃ/ is an affricate, rather than a plosive.[4] It has nevertheless been placed in the table in that manner to save space.
- /n, t, ð, l/ are laminal denti-alveolar [n̪, t̪, ð̪, l̪].[5]
- In the syllable coda, /n/ is realized with a wider contact, maximally dentoalveolo-velar [n̪͡ŋ].[5]
- After /u, a/, the denti-alveolar contact is often not made, which makes /n/ sound more like a velar nasal [ŋ].[5]
- /ð/ may sometimes sound as if it were a lateral consonant, but it is never realized as lateral.[3]
- /ɲ, ʎ/ are dentoalveolo-palatal [ɲ̪, ʎ̪].[5]
- /h/ occurs only in the affirmative interjection [ahã].[4]
- /r/ is realized as a flap [ɾ] in the syllable onset and as a trill [r] in the syllable coda.[5]
- /ˀr/ is a glottalized flap [ˀɾ]. Intervocalically, it is realized as a sequence [ɾʔ].[5]
References
- "Jebero". Ethnologue. Retrieved 2018-07-23.
- Endangered Languages Project data for Shiwilu.
- Valenzuela & Gussenhoven (2013), p. 101.
- Valenzuela & Gussenhoven (2013), p. 98.
- Valenzuela & Gussenhoven (2013), p. 100.
Bibliography
- Valenzuela, Pilar M.; Gussenhoven, Carlos (2013), "Shiwilu (Jebero)" (PDF), Journal of the International Phonetic Association, 43 (1): 97–106, doi:10.1017/S0025100312000370
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