List of indigenous languages of South America

This article lists the indigenous languages of South America. Extinct languages are marked by dagger signs (†).

Demographics by country

Demographics of indigenous languages of South America by country as of 2012, as reported by Crevels (2012):[1]

LanguageAlternate namesFamilyBranchPopulationSpeaker numberDegree of endangermentCountryOther countries
MapudungunMapucheAraucanian113,6808,413seriously endangered ArgentinaChile
AymaraAymaran4,104?endangered ArgentinaChile, Bolivia, Peru
Gününa YajichGününa Küne, PampaChonan1,585–extinct (1960–1970) Argentina
Selk'namOnaChonan696–extinct (1970s) ArgentinaChile †
TehuelcheAonek’enk, P’e:nk’enkChonan10,5903moribund Argentina
TeushenTehueshChonan––extinct (early 1900s) Argentina
MocovíMoqoyt La’qa:tqaGuaicuruan15,8372,780endangered Argentina
PilagáPitelaGa LaqtakGuaicuruan4,4653,494potentially endangered Argentina
TobaNamqomGuaicuruan69,45230,410endangered ArgentinaParaguay
VilelaLule-Vilelan502moribund Argentina
ChoroteYofuáha, YowúwaMatacoan2,6131,692endangered ArgentinaParaguay
NivacléNivaklé, Chulupí, AshluslayMatacoan553224seriously endangered ArgentinaParaguay
WichíMataco, ’Weenhayek in BoliviaMatacoan40,03628,631potentially endangered ArgentinaBolivia
Santiagueño QuechuaQuechuan–60,000 – 80,000endangered Argentina
Ava GuaraníGuaraní in Bolivia, Guaraní Occidental in ParaguayTupíanTupí-Guaranían21,8075,139endangered ArgentinaBolivia
Guaraní CorrentinoGuaraní GoyanoTupíanTupí-Guaranían–100,000 – 1,000,000potentially endangered Argentina
MbyáTupíanTupí-Guaranían8,2233,908endangered ArgentinaParaguay, Brazil
TapietéÑandevá in ParaguayTupíanTupí-Guaranían524178seriously endangered ArgentinaBolivia, Paraguay
KunzaAtacameño, Likan Antai, Ulipe, LipeIsolate3,044–extinct ArgentinaChile †
YahganYámanaIsolate––extinct (late 1900s) ArgentinaChile
QuechuaQuechuan2,125,0001,540,833potentially endangered BoliviaPeru, Ecuador, Colombia, Chile, Argentina
AymaraAymaran1,470,0001,008,825potentially endangered BoliviaPeru, Chile, Argentina
ChipayaUru-Chipayan2,1341,800endangered Bolivia
UchumataquUruUru-Chipayan230–extinct (2004) Bolivia
ChholoUru-Chipayan?1?extinct Bolivia
PuquinaPuquinan––extinct BoliviaPeru †
KallawayaMixed–?seriously endangered Bolivia
MachineriArawakan3013seriously endangered BoliviaBrazil
BaureArawakan88667seriously endangered Bolivia
Moxo (Mojeño), TrinitarioArawakan30,0003,140endangered Bolivia
Moxo (Mojeño), IgnacianoArawakan2,0001,080seriously endangered Bolivia
PaunacaArawakan?5moribund Bolivia
MoréIteneChapacuran6444seriously endangered Bolivia
ChácoboPano-TacananTacanan516380endangered Bolivia
PacahuaraPano-TacananTacanan466moribund Bolivia
YaminahuaPano-TacananTacanan9351seriously endangered BoliviaPeru, Brazil
Ese EjjaPano-TacananTacanan732518endangered BoliviaPeru
AraonaPano-TacananTacanan158111seriously endangered Bolivia
CavineñaPano-TacananTacanan1,683601endangered Bolivia
TacanaPano-TacananTacanan7,3451,153 / 50–500seriously endangered Bolivia
MaropaReyesanoPano-TacananTacanan4,91953 / 12moribund Bolivia
YukiTupíanTupí-Guaranían208140seriously endangered Bolivia
SirionóTupíanTupí-Guaranían268187endangered Bolivia
GuarayoTupíanTupí-Guaranían11,9538,433potentially endangered Bolivia
GuaraníChiriguanoTupíanTupí-Guaranían125,15943,633potentially endangered BoliviaArgentina
TapietéTupíanTupí-Guaranían4129seriously endangered BoliviaArgentina, Paraguay
'WeenhayekMataco, Wichí in ArgentinaMatacoan1,7971,929endangered BoliviaArgentina
AyoreoZamucoan1,3981,398endangered BoliviaParaguay
CanichanaIsolate4044 / 0?extinct Bolivia
MovimaIsolate12,2301,173seriously endangered Bolivia
CayubabaIsolate66423 / <3moribund Bolivia
ItonamaIsolate2,791389 / < 2moribund Bolivia
MoseténMosetenan1,588948endangered Bolivia
Tsimane'ChimaneMosetenan8,6156,351potentially endangered Bolivia
LekoIsolate4,186132 / 20moribund Bolivia
YurakaréIsolate2,8291,809endangered Bolivia
BesïroChiquitanoMacro-GêChiquitano195,6244,615seriously endangered BoliviaBrazil
Banawá YafíBanawáArawan100 (2006)100seriously endangered Brazil
DeniArawan875 (2006)875endangered Brazil
JamamadíYamamadí, KanamantíArawan884 (2006)800endangered Brazil
JarawaraJarauaraArawan180 (2006)180endangered Brazil
KulinaCulina, Madihá, Madiha, MadijaArawan3,500 (2006)3,000endangered BrazilPeru
PaumariPalmariArawan892 (2006)290 (2000)seriously endangered Brazil
ZuruahãSorowaha, SuruwahaArawan136 (2007)136seriously endangered Brazil
ApurinãPopingaré, Kangitê, Kaxiriri, CachararyArawakan3,256 (2006)2,000endangered Brazil
AsháninkaKampa, AxíninkaArawakan869 (2004)813endangered BrazilPeru
BaniwaBaniwa do Içana, Baniva, Baniua, Walimanai, WakuenaiArawakan5,811 (2005)5,811potentially endangered BrazilColombia, Venezuela
BaréArawakan10,275 (2005)2moribund BrazilVenezuela
Enawê-NawêSalumãArawakan445 (2006)445endangered Brazil
KaixanaCaixanaArawakan505 (2006)1moribund Brazil
KinikinauGuanáArawakan250 (2005)11 (2007)moribund Brazil
KuripakoCurripaco, Curipaco, CoripacoArawakan1,332 (2005)1,332endangered BrazilColombia, Venezuela
MachineriManchineri, YineArawakan937 (2004)937endangered BrazilBolivia
MehinakoMehinaku, MeinakuArawakan227 (2006)200seriously endangered Brazil
PalikurPaliku’ene, Aukwayene, AukuyeneArawakan1,330 (2006)1,300endangered BrazilFrench Guiana
ParecíParesí, Arití, HalitíArawakan2,005 (2008)1,000endangered Brazil
TarianaTarianoArawakan1,914 (2002)100seriously endangered BrazilColombia
TerênaTerena, TerenoArawakan19,96119,000potentially endangered Brazil
WapixanaWapishana, Wapisiana, Uapixana, VapidianaArawakan7,000 (2008)4,000?endangered BrazilGuyana
WarekenaWerekena, UarequenaArawakan806 (206)20seriously endangered BrazilVenezuela
WauráWaujá, UaráArawakan321 (2008)321endangered Brazil
YawalapitíIaualapitíArawakan222 (2006)10?moribund Brazil
BakairíBacairí, KurâCariban950 (1999)950endangered Brazil
GalibíGalibí do Oiapoque, Kari’na, KaliñaCariban66only eldersseriously endangered BrazilVenezuela, French Guiana, Suriname, Guyana
HixkaryanaHyxkaryanaCariban631 (2006)600endangered Brazil
IkpengTxicão, TxikãoCariban342 (2006)342endangered Brazil
IngarikóAkawayo, KaponCariban1,170 (2007)1,170endangered BrazilGuyana, Venezuela
KalapaloCalapaluCariban506 (2006)506endangered Brazil
Katxuyana-XikuyanaKaxuyana-Xikuyana, Kaxuyana, CaxuianaCariban230 (2006)150seriously endangered Brazil
KuikuroCuicuroCariban509 (2006)600endangered Brazil
MakuxíMacuxi, Macushi, PemonCariban23,433 (2006)15,000potentially endangered BrazilVenezuela
MatipúCariban103 (2006)10moribund Brazil
NahukwáNahukuá, NafuquáCariban124 (2006)124seriously endangered Brazil
NaruvotoCariban78 (2003)?seriously endangered Brazil
PatamonaKapon, AkawayoCariban87 (2006)?seriously endangered BrazilGuyana, Venezuela
TaurepangTaulipang, Pemon, ArekunaCariban582 (2002)500seriously endangered BrazilGuyana, Venezuela
TiriyóTrio, Tarëno, Tirió, Tirio, Tarona, Yawi, PianokotoCariban1,156 (2006)1,156endangered BrazilSuriname
Waimirí-AtroaríKinã, KinjaCariban1,120 (2005)1,120endangered Brazil
WaiwaiWai Wai, TunayanaWaiwai, KatuenaCariban2,914 (2005)2,914potentially endangered BrazilGuyana
WayanaWaiana, Uaiana, AparaíCariban288 (2006)288endangered BrazilSuriname, French Guiana
YekuanaYe’kuana, Yekwana, Yecuana, Makiritare, Maquiritare, Maiongong, So’toCariban430 (2000)430endangered BrazilVenezuela
KuyubimKujubí, Cojubím, Kaw Ta YoChapacuran55 (2006)2 (2001)moribund Brazil
MiguelenhoUomoChapacuran501moribund Brazil
MoréChapacuran30 (2002)12 (2002)seriously endangered BrazilBolivia
Oro WinOro TowatiChapacuran56 (2006)5moribund Brazil
ToráChapacuran312 (2006)–extinct Brazil
Wari'Pakaa Nova, Pacaás NovosChapacuran2,721 (2006)2,721potentially endangered Brazil
KadiweuKadiweo, Caduveo, Cadiuéu, Ejiwajigi, Mbaya-GuaicuruGuaicuruan1,629 (2006)1,600endangered Brazil
KanamaríCanamarí, Tüküná, TâkânaHarakmbut-Katukinan1,654 (2006)most?endangered Brazil
KatawixíCatawixi, Catauixi, CatawishiHarakmbut-Katukinan10? (1986)10?seriously endangered Brazil
Katukina do BiáPedá Djapá, TükünáHarakmbut-Katukinan450 (2007)1 (1976)possibly extinct Brazil
Tsohom DjapáTucanoHarakmbut-Katukinan100 (1985)30?seriously endangered Brazil
BororoEastern Bororo, Boe, Boe WadáruMacro-GêBororo1,390(2006)1,390endangered Brazil
UmutinaOmotina, BarbadosMacro-GêBororo445 (2009)–extinct Brazil
ChiquitanoLinguará, AnenhoMacro-GêChiquitano737 (2006)50seriously endangered BrazilBolivia
GuatóMacro-GêGuató370 (2006)5moribund Brazil
ApinajéApinayé, Apinaié, Timbira OcidentaisMacro-GêGêan1,525 (2006)1,500endangered Brazil
CanelaKanela, Kanela Ramkokamekrá, Kanela ApanyekraMacro-GêGêan2,502 (2006)2,502endangered Brazil
Gavião PerkatêjêGavião, Parkatêjê, Gavião do Pará, Gavião do Mãe MariaMacro-GêGêan476 (2006)476endangered Brazil
Gavião PukobiêPykopjê, Gavião do Maranhão, TimbiraMacro-GêGêan494 (2006)494endangered Brazil
KaingangCaingangue, KanhgágMacro-GêGêan28,000 (2006)18,500potentially endangered Brazil
KrahôCraô, Kraô, Mehim, TimbiraMacro-GêGêan2,184 (2006)2,184endangered Brazil
Kren-YêMacro-GêGêan30 (1999)1 (1981)extinct Brazil
KrikatíKrinkatí, Krikatí-Timbira, TimbiraMacro-GêGêan682 (2005)682endangered Brazil
MebêngokrêKayapó, Xikrin, Put KarotMacro-GêGêan7,266 (2006)7,266potentially endangered Brazil
PanaráKrenhakarore, Krenakore, Krenakarore, Kreen-Akarore, Índios GigantesMacro-GêGêan374 (2008)374endangered Brazil
KisêdjêSuyá, Suiá, MëkisêdjêMacro-GêGêan351 (2006)351endangered Brazil
TapayunaSuyá Orientais, Novos Suyá, Beiço-de-PauMacro-GêGêan58 (1995)58?seriously endangered Brazil
XakriabáXacriabá, XikriabáMacro-GêGêan7,665 (2006)0?possibly extinct Brazil
XavanteA’uwe, AwenMacro-GêGêan13,303 (2007)13,303potentially endangered Brazil
XerenteAkwê, Akwen, AcuenMacro-GêGêan2,569 (2006)2,569potentially endangered Brazil
XoklengShokleng, Xokrén, Laklanô, Bugres, Botocudos, Aweikoma, Kaingang de Santa Catarina, Aweikoma-KaingangMacro-GêGêan887 (2004)100seriously endangered Brazil
ArikapúAricapúMacro-GêJabutí30 (2006)1moribund Brazil
DjeoromitxíJeoromitxí, JabutíMacro-GêJabutí165 (2006)30 (2008)seriously endangered Brazil
YatêIatê, Fulniô, CarnijóMacro-GêYatê2,930 (1999)1,000endangered Brazil
JavaéKarajáMacro-GêKarajá1,208 (2006)800?endangered Brazil
KarajáCarajá, InyMacro-GêKarajá2,532 (2006)2,250endangered Brazil
XambioáKarajá do Norte, Ixybiowa, Iraru MahãduMacro-GêKarajá269 (2006)10moribund Brazil
KrenakCrenaque, Crenac, Krenac, Nakrehé, Krenak-Nakrehé, Borun; Botocudos; AimorésMacro-GêKrenakan204 (2006)10moribund Brazil
MaxakalíMaxacalí, Monacó, Kumanuxú, TikmuúnMacro-GêMaxakalí1,271 (2006)1,271endangered Brazil
PataxóPataxó do Norte, Pataxó do Sur, Hã Hã HãeMacro-GêMaxakalí2,219 (2005)–extinct (late 1900s) Brazil
OfayéOfaié, Opayé, Ofayé-XavanteMacro-GêOfayé61 (2006)12seriously endangered Brazil
RikbaktsáErikbaktsá, Erigpaktsá, Orelhas de Pau, CanoeirosMacro-GêRikbaktsá1,117 (2006)900endangered Brazil
MuraMuran9,299 (2006)–extinct Brazil
PirahãMura-PirahãMuran389 (2006)389endangered Brazil
DâwKamãNadahup120120seriously endangered Brazil
HupHupdá, Hupdé, Hupdá MakúNadahup1,5001,500endangered BrazilColombia
KuyabiKuyawiNadahup2020seriously endangered Brazil
NadëbNadöbö, Anodöb, Makunadöbö, Guariba, Guariba Tapuyo, Kabori, XiriwaiNadahup350350endangered Brazil
YuhupNadahup617617endangered BrazilColombia
LatundêNorthern Nambikwara (Nambikwara do Norte)Nambikwaran1919seriously endangered Brazil
LakondêNorthern Nambikwara (Nambikwara do Norte)Nambikwaran71seriously endangered Brazil
MamaindêNorthern Nambikwara (Nambikwara do Norte)Nambikwaran250250endangered Brazil
NegarotêNorthern Nambikwara (Nambikwara do Norte)Nambikwaran8080seriously endangered Brazil
TawandêNorthern Nambikwara (Nambikwara do Norte)Nambikwaranfew1moribund Brazil
Southern NambikwaraNambikwara do SulNambikwaran721721seriously endangered Brazil
SabanêNambikwaran1403moribund Brazil
Arara ShawãdawaArara do Acre, ShawanauáPanotacananPanoan332 (2004)9 (2000)moribund Brazil
Katukina-KanamariKatukina [Tüküná, Pi:Dyapa], Kanamarí [Tüküna Kanamarí, Canamari], Tsohom-Dyapa [Tsunhum-Djapá, Tyonhwak Dyapa], Katukina do Acre, Katukina PanoPanotacananPanoan2,239 (2008)2,239potentially endangered Brazil
KaxararíCaxarari, KaxaririPanotacananPanoan322 (2009)300?seriously endangered Brazil
KaxinawáCaxinauá, Cashinahuá, Cashinahua, Hantxa Kuin, Huni KuinPanotacananPanoan4,500 (2004)4,500potentially endangered BrazilPeru
KoruboPanotacananPanoan26 (2007)26seriously endangered Brazil
Kulina do AcreKulina Pano, CulinaPanotacananPanoan125 (2006)only eldersseriously endangered Brazil
MaruboPanotacananPanoan1,252 (2006)1,252endangered Brazil
MatísPanotacananPanoan322 (2008)322endangered Brazil
MatsésPanotacananPanoan1,592 (2006)1,500endangered BrazilPeru
MayaQuixitoPanotacananPanoan400400endangered BrazilPeru?
NukiniNuquini, NukuíniPanotacananPanoan600 (2003)–extinct Brazil
PoyanawaPoianáuaPanotacananPanoan403 (1999)2moribund Brazil
ShanenawáKatukina, ShanenawáPanotacananPanoan361 (2006)300endangered Brazil
YaminawaJaminawa, IauminawaPanotacananPanoan855 (2006)600endangered BrazilBolivia, Peru
YawanawáYauanauá, IauanauáPanotacananPanoan519 (2006)519endangered Brazil
ArapasoArapaçoTucanoan5690?possibly extinct Brazil
BaráWaimajã, WaípinõmakãTucanoan21 (2005)21seriously endangered BrazilColombia
BarasanaBarasano, Pãnerã, Hanera, PanenoáTucanoan34 (2005)34seriously endangered BrazilColombia
DesanoDesana, Dessano, Wira, UmúkomasáTucanoan2,204 (2005)700endangered BrazilColombia
KarapanãCarapanã, Muteamasa, UkopinõpõnaTucanoan63 (2005)63seriously endangered BrazilColombia
KotiriaWanano, Wanana, Guanano, UananoTucanoan735 (2005)650endangered BrazilColombia
KubeoCubeo, Cobewa, Kubéwa, PamíwaTucanoan381 (2005)150–200seriously endangered BrazilColombia
MakunaMacuna, Yeba-MasãTucanoan32 (2005)32seriously endangered BrazilColombia
Mirity-TapuyaMiriti-Tapuia, Buia-TapuyaTucanoan75 (2005)0?possibly extinct Brazil
PiratapuyaPiratapuia, PiraTapuia, Piratapuyo, WaíkanaTucanoan1,433 (2005)700seriously endangered BrazilColombia
SirianoSiria-MasãTucanoan71 (2005)71?seriously endangered BrazilColombia
TukanoTucano, Ye’pãmasa, DaseaTucanoan6,241 (2005)7,000potentially endangered BrazilColombia
TuyukaTuyuca, Tuiuca, Dokapuara, UtapinõmakãphõnáTucanoan825 (2005)800?endangered BrazilColombia
YurutíJuritíTucanoan?0?possibly extinct BrazilColombia
KaritianaTupíanArikem320 (2005)320endangered Brazil
AwetíAuetiTupíanAwetí160 (2008)160seriously endangered Brazil
AruáTupíanMonde3612seriously endangered Brazil
Cinta LargaTupíanMonde645645endangered Brazil
GaviãoGavião de Rondônia, Ikõlej, Ikõleey, IkõroTupíanMonde523 (2004)523endangered Brazil
ZoróPageynTupíanMonde599 (2008)599endangered Brazil
PaiterSuruí-Paiter, Suruí de RondôniaTupíanMonde1,007 (2006)1,007endangered Brazil
SalamãiSanamãika, MondéTupíanMonde?2moribund Brazil
KuruayaKuruaia, CuruaiaTupíanMundurukú129 (2006)3moribund Brazil
MundurukúMundurucúTupíanMundurukú10,065 (2002)8,000endangered Brazil
PuruboráTupíanPuruborá62 (2006)2moribund Brazil
KaroArara, Arara Karo, Arara de Rondônia, Arara Tupi, Ntogapíd, Itoga-púk, Ramarama, Uruku, Urumi, YtangáTupíanRamaraman208 (2006)200seriously endangered Brazil
Sateré-MawéSataré-Maué, Sateré, MawéTupíanSateré-Mawé9,156 (2008)6,219endangered Brazil
AjurúWayurú, WayoróTupíanTuparían94 (2006)8seriously endangered Brazil
AkuntsúAkunt’su, AkunsuTupíanTuparían5 (2009)5moribund Brazil
MakurapMacurapTupíanTuparían381 (2006)50seriously endangered Brazil
SakurabiatMekens, Mekém, SakirabiatTupíanTuparían84 (2006)22 (2008)seriously endangered Brazil
TuparíTupíanTuparían433 (2006)150 (2005)seriously endangered Brazil
AmanayéAmanaié, ArarandeuaraTupíanTupí-Guaranían192 (2001)0?possibly extinct Brazil
AnambéTupíanTupí-Guaranían132 (2000)6 (2000)moribund Brazil
ApiakáApiacáTupíanTupí-Guaranían1,000 (2009)1 (2008)moribund Brazil
ArawetéArauetéTupíanTupí-Guaranían339 (2006)339endangered Brazil
Akwawavarieties: Asuriní do Tocantins, Parakanã, Suruí do TocantinsTupíanTupí-Guaranían1,5481,548endangered Brazil
Asuriní do TocantinsTupíanTupí-Guaranían384 (2006)384endangered Brazil
ParakanãApiterewaTupíanTupí-Guaranían900 (2004)900endangered Brazil
Suruí do TocantinsTupíanTupí-Guaranían264 (2006)264endangered Brazil
Asuriní do XinguAwaetéTupíanTupí-Guaranían125 (2006)125seriously endangered Brazil
Avá-CanoeiroCanoeiro, Carijó, Índios Negros, Cara PretaTupíanTupí-Guaranían1616?seriously endangered Brazil
DiahoiJiahui, Jahói, Djahui, Diahkoi, DiarroiTupíanTupí-Guaranían881moribund Brazil
GuajáAwá, AváTupíanTupí-Guaranían283 (2005)283endangered Brazil
GuajajaraTenetehára, Ze’egeteTupíanTupí-Guaranían19,471(2006)14,000potentially endangered Brazil
JumaYumaTupíanTupí-Guaranían55moribund Brazil
Ka'aporUrubu-Kaapor, KaaportéTupíanTupí-Guaranían991 (2006)991endangered Brazil
KayabíKaiabí, CaiabíTupíanTupí-Guaranían1,619 (2006)1,000endangered Brazil
KaiowaKaiova, Paï-TavyterãTupíanTupí-Guaranían20,000 (2003)most?endangered BrazilParaguay
KamaiuráCamaiuráTupíanTupí-Guaranían492 (2006)400 (2008)endangered Brazil
Karipuna dialect (part of the Kagwahiva languages)TupíanTupí-Guaranían14 (2004)10moribund Brazil
KokamaKocama, CocamaTupíanTupí-Guaranían9,000(2003)5 (1993)moribund BrazilPeru, Colombia
MbyáTupíanTupí-Guaranían6,000 (2003)6,000potentially endangered BrazilArgentina, Paraguay
ÑandevaAva-Guaraní or Chiripá in ParaguayTupíanTupí-Guaranían13,000 (2008)13,000potentially endangered BrazilParaguay
NheengatuYeral, Língua Geral, Língua Geral AmazônicaTupíanTupí-Guaranían3,000 (1977)endangered BrazilVenezuela
OmaguaKambeba, Kambewa, CambebaTupíanTupí-Guaranían347few?moribund BrazilPeru
ParintintinKagwahiwaTupíanTupí-Guaranían284 (2006)10moribund Brazil
TapirapéTapi’irapeTupíanTupí-Guaranían564 (2006)564endangered Brazil
TembéTimbé, Tenetehára, TuriwaraTupíanTupí-Guaranían1,425 (2006)60seriously endangered Brazil
TenharimKagwahiwaTupíanTupí-Guaranían699 (2006)350seriously endangered Brazil
TupinambaCoastal TupiTupíanTupí-Guaranían2,590 (2006)–extinct Brazil
Uru-Eu-Wau-WauAmondawa, Jupaú, KawahíbTupíanTupí-Guaranían183 (2006)183seriously endangered Brazil
WajãpiWayãpy, Waiãpi, Guaiapi, Wayampi, OyampiTupíanTupí-Guaranían905 (2008)905endangered BrazilFrench Guiana
XetáHetáTupíanTupí-Guaranían86 (2006)8moribund Brazil
Zo'éPoturu, Jo’éTupíanTupí-Guaranían177 (2003)177seriously endangered Brazil
XipayaXipaia, ShipayaTupíanTupí-Guaranían595 (2002)2 (2003)moribund Brazil
YudjáYuruna, Juruna, JurûnaTupíanYuruna362 (2006)300?seriously endangered Brazil
WitotoHuitoto, UitotoWitotoanWitotoan proper42?possibly extinct (in Brazil) BrazilPeru, Colombia
MiranhaMirãnha, MirañaWitotoanBoran836 (2006)–extinct BrazilColombia
SánumaSanïma, Sánïma, SánemaYanomaman462 (2006)462endangered BrazilVenezuela
YanamNinam, XirianáYanomaman466 (2006)466seriously endangered BrazilVenezuela
YanomamYanomaeYanomaman4,000 (2006)4,000potentially endangered BrazilVenezuela
YanomamiYanomamï, Yanomamõ, Yanomama, YanoamaYanomaman6,000 (2006)6,000potentially endangered BrazilVenezuela
ChamacocoIshirZamucoan1,572 (2002)1,572endangered BrazilParaguay
AikanãAikaná, Masaká, Kasupá, Huarí, Mondé, TubarãoIsolate200150seriously endangered Brazil
AtikumAticum, WamoéIsolate5,852 (1999)–extinct (1960s) Brazil
IranxeIrantxe, ManokiIsolate276 (2006)10seriously endangered Brazil
MykyMenky, MunkuIsolate80 (2000)80?seriously endangered Brazil
KanoêCanoé, KapixanáIsolate95 (2002)3moribund Brazil
KwazáKoaiá, Coaiá, QuaiaIsolate40 (2008)25seriously endangered Brazil
TicunaTikuna, Tukuna, MagüaIsolate35,000 (2008)35,000potentially endangered BrazilColombia, Peru
TrumaiIsolate147 (2006)51 (2007)seriously endangered Brazil
TuxáIsolate3,9272 (1961)extinct (1960s) Brazil
Arara do AripuanãArara do Beiradão, Arara do Rio BrancoUnclassified209 (2005)–extinct Brazil
Isolados do MassacoUnclassified100?100?seriously endangered Brazil
Isolados do TanarúUnclassified11moribund Brazil
JukudeMacu, MakoUnclassified?–possibly extinct (2000–2002) Brazil
KambiwáCambiuáUnclassified2,8202 (1961)extinct Brazil
KantaruréUnclassified493 (2006)–extinct Brazil
KapinawáCapinauáUnclassified3,294–extinct Brazil
KaririCariri, Kipea, Kiriri, Dzubukuá; TumbalaláUnclassified? 1,469 (2006)–extinct Brazil
KiririKatembri, Kariri, Kariri de MirandelaUnclassified1,6121 (1960s)extinct Brazil
PankararuPancararu, PankararéUnclassified6,515–extinct Brazil
PotiguaraPotyguaraUnclassified11,424–extinct Brazil
TapebaTapebano, Perna-de-PauUnclassified5,741 (2006)–extinct Brazil
Tingui-BotóUnclassified302–extinct Brazil
TremembéUnclassified2,049 (2006)–extinct Brazil
TrukáUnclassified4,169 (2006)–extinct Brazil
WassúUnclassified1,560 (2003)–extinct Brazil
XokóChocóUnclassified364 (2006)–extinct Brazil
Kariri-XocóUnclassified1,763 (2000)–extinct Brazil
Xukuru-KaririUnclassified2,652 (2006)–extinct Brazil
XukuruUnclassified9,064 (2006)–extinct (early 1960s) Brazil
HuillicheChesungunAraucanian2,000 (1982)few eldersmoribund Chile
MapudungunMapucheAraucanian604,349250,000endangered ChileArgentina
AymaraAymaran48,50124,000endangered ChileBolivia, Peru, Argentina
Selk'namOnaChonan––extinct ChileArgentina †
QuechuaQuechuan6,1751,000 ?endangered ChileArgentina, Bolivia, Peru, Ecuador, Colombia
KunzaAtacameño, Likan Antai, Ulipe, LipeIsolate21,015–extinct (1960) ChileArgentina †, Bolivia †
YahganYámana, Háusi KútəIsolate1685 / 701moribund ChileArgentina †
KawésqarQawasqar, AlacalufIsolate2622 / 10120moribund Chile
AchaguaArawakan283 (2001)283seriously endangered ColombiaVenezuela †
BanivaBaniva del GuainíaArawakan?few?seriously endangered ColombiaVenezuela, Brazil
CabiyaríKabiyari, Kawiyarí, Kawiri, Cauyari, CabuyariArawakan311 (2001)311seriously endangered Colombia
CurripacoCurripaco-Baniva, Kurripako, Baniva del IsanaArawakan7,827 (2001)7,000?potentially endangered ColombiaVenezuela, Brazil
WayuunaikiGuajiro, GoajiroArawakan149,827 (2001)149,827potentially endangered ColombiaVenezuela
PiapocoPiapoko, TsáçeArawakan4,926 (2001)4,926potentially endangered ColombiaVenezuela
TarianaTarianoArawakan445 (2001)0?possibly extinct ColombiaBrazil
Yucuna-MatapíYukunaArawakan770 (221)770endangered ColombiaBrazil?
Awa PitAwapit, Awá, Awa-Cuaiquer, Cuaiquer, KwaikerBarbacoan15,364 (2001)< 15,364endangered ColombiaEcuador
GuambianoCoconuco, GuanacaBarbacoan23,462 (2001)23,462endangered Colombia
TotoróBarbacoan4,130 (2001)4moribund Colombia
CarijonaKarijona, TsaháCariban307 (2001)< 10moribund Colombia
Opón-CarareCariban?–extinct Colombia
YukoYukpa, Yucpa, JapreríaCariban3,651 (2001)3,651potentially endangered ColombiaVenezuela
ArhuacoIka, Ijka, BíntukuaChibchan14,799 (2001)14,799potentially endangered Colombia
BaríMotilónChibchan3,617 (2001)3,617potentially endangered ColombiaVenezuela
ChimilaEtte TaaraChibchan900 (2001)900endangered Colombia
CunaKuna, TuleChibchan1,231 (2001)1,231endangered ColombiaPA
DamanaSanka, Malayo, Arsario, WiwaChibchan1,922 (2001)1,922endangered Colombia
KoguiKawgian, Kággaba, KogiChibchan9,911 (2001)9,911potentially endangered Colombia
Uwa-TuneboUw Kuwa, U’waChibchan7,231 (2001)7,231potentially endangered ColombiaVenezuela †
EmberáPede Epenã, Epérã Pedée, Pede, Chamí, Catío, Katío, SambúChocoan88,747 (2001)88,747?potentially endangered ColombiaEcuador, PA
WaunanaWaunán, Waunméu, Waumeo, Chocó, NoanamaChocoan8,1778,177potentially endangered ColombiaPA
ZenúChocoan34,566–extinct Colombia
CuibaCuiva, KuivaGuahiboan2,445 (2001)2,445endangered ColombiaVenezuela
SikuaniHiwi, Jive, Guahibo, Vichadeño, Amorúa, TigreroGuahiboan23,006 (2001)23,006potentially endangered ColombiaVenezuela
GuayaberoMitua, JiwGuahiboan1,118 (2001)1,118endangered Colombia
HitnuJitnu, Macaguane-HitnuGuahiboan441 (2001)441?endangered Colombia
PepojiviPlayero, Guahibo PlayeroGuahiboan< 200 (1982)< 200seriously endangered ColombiaVenezuela
HupHupda, HupdëNadahup235235seriously endangered ColombiaBrazil
KakuaCakuaNadahup220220seriously endangered Colombia
NukakNadahup390390endangered Colombia
YuhupYuhuo MakúNadahup200200seriously endangered ColombiaBrazil
YaguaYawaPeba-Yaguan297 (2001)297endangered ColombiaPeru
IngaInganoQuechuan19,079 (2001)8,000endangered Colombia
PiaroaSáliba-Piaroan773 (2001)773endangered ColombiaVenezuela
SálibaSálivaSáliba-Piaroan1,929 (2001)< 1,929endangered ColombiaVenezuela
BaráWaimaja, Waimasa, Waymasa, Waimaha, Barasano del NorteTucanoan109 (2001)109seriously endangered ColombiaBrazil
BarasanaBarasano, Barasano del Sur, Pãnerã, Banera YaeTucanoan1,890 (1997)1,890endangered ColombiaBrazil
CarapanaKarapanaTucanoan464 (2001)464endangered ColombiaBrazil
CubeoKubeoTucanoan6,647 (2001)6,647potentially endangered ColombiaBrazil
DesanoTucanoan2,457 (2001)2,457endangered ColombiaBrazil
KoreguajeCoreguaje, Ko’reuajuTucanoan2,212 (2001)2,212endangered Colombia
MacaguajeMakaguajeTucanoan50 (2001)0?possibly extinct Colombia
MacunaMakunaTucanoan1,009 (2001)1,009endangered ColombiaBrazil
PiratapuyoPiratapuyaTucanoan630 (2001)630endangered ColombiaBrazil
PisamiraPápiwaTucanoan61 (2001)25seriously endangered ColombiaBrazil
SionaSionaSecoyaTucanoan734 (2001)500 (2003)endangered ColombiaEcuador, Peru
SirianoTucanoan749 (2001)749endangered ColombiaBrazil
TaiwanoTaibano, EduriaTucanoan22 (2001)22moribund Colombia
Tanimuca-LetuamaOpaina, Ufaina, RetuarãTucanoan1,952 (2001)< 1,952endangered Colombia
TatuyoTucanoan331 (2001)331endangered Colombia
TucanoTucanoan6,996 (2001)6,996potentially endangered ColombiaBrazil
TuyucaTucanoan642 (2001)642endangered ColombiaBrazil
WananoGuanano, KotiriaTucanoan1,395 (2001)1,395endangered ColombiaBrazil
YaunaTucanoan103 (2001)103?seriously endangered Colombia
YurutíTucanoan687 (2001)687endangered ColombiaBrazil
CocamaKokama, Cocama, CocamillaTupíanTupí-Guaranían792 (2001)few semi-speakersmoribund ColombiaPeru, Brazil
NonuyaWitotoanWitotoan proper228 (2001)2moribund Colombia
OcainaWitotoanWitotoan proper137137seriously endangered ColombiaPeru
WitotoWitoto, Witoto Murui, Witoto Mïnïca, Witoto MuinaneWitotoanWitotoan proper7,3437,343potentially endangered ColombiaPeru, Brazil †?
BoraWitotoanBoran701 (2001)<500seriously endangered ColombiaPeru
MirañaWitotoanBoran715 (2001)<100seriously endangered ColombiaBrazil
MuinaneBora MuinaneWitotoanBoran54750–100?seriously endangered Colombia
A'ingaeCofán, KofánIsolate1,143 (2000)379 (2008)endangered ColombiaEcuador
AndokeAndoqueIsolate597 (2001)597endangered Colombia
KamsáCamsá, KamëntsaIsolate4,773 (2001)4,773potentially endangered Colombia
Nasa YuwePaézIsolate138,501 (2001)60,000endangered Colombia
TicunaTikunaIsolate7,102 (2001)7,102potentially endangered ColombiaPeru, Brazil
TiniguaIsolate1?1 (2008)moribund Colombia
CarabayoYuriUnclassified217 (2001)217seriously endangered Colombia
WãnsöhötPuinaveUnclassified6,604 (2001)6,604potentially endangered ColombiaVenezuela
AwapitBarbacoan3,2832,100endangered EcuadorColombia
Cha'palaaCha’palaachi, Chachi, CayapaBarbacoan5,4655,871endangered Ecuador
TsafiquiTsafiki, Tsáchila, Tsachela, ColoradoBarbacoan1,4841,872endangered Ecuador
Epera PededeÊpera, Epena Pedee, Siapedie, Emberá, Emberá del Sur, Emberá ChamiChocoan6552seriously endangered EcuadorColombia
Achuar-ShiwiaraAchiar ChichamJivaroan2,4042,943endangered EcuadorPeru
Shiwiar ChichamJivaroan612579endangered Ecuador
ShuarChichamJivaroan52,69742,261potentially endangered Ecuador
QuichuaCañar, Azuay, Cotopaxo, Tungurahua, Chimborazo, Imbabura, Loza, Napo, Pastaza, and Salasaca dialectsQuechuan408,395451,783potentially endangered EcuadorArgentina, Chile, Bolivia, Peru, Colombia
SecoyaSiona-Secoya, Pai CocaTucanoan24085seriously endangered EcuadorColombia, Peru
Pai CocaSiona, KokakañúTucanoan304260seriously endangered Ecuador
TetetéTucanoan?2 (1969)possibly extinct Ecuador
ZáparoKayapiZaparoan346176seriously endangered Ecuador
A'ingaeCofánIsolate1,044638endangered EcuadorColombia
HuaoWao, Waorani, Waotededo, Wao Tiriro, Auca, SabelaIsolate1,5341,616endangered Ecuador
LokonoArawakArawakan15,500 (2000)1,500seriously endangered GuyanaSuriname, French Guiana, Venezuela
WapishanaArawakan6,900 (2000)< 6,900endangered GuyanaBrazil
MawayanaArawakan?few rememberersextinct GuyanaSuriname, Brazil †
AkawayoKaponCariban5,000 (2000)< 5,000endangered GuyanaVenezuela, Brazil
ArekunaPemonCariban400–500400–500endangered GuyanaVenezuela, Brazil
Kari'naCaribCariban3,000 (2000)few hundredseriously endangered GuyanaFrench Guiana, Suriname, Venezuela, Brazil
MakushiPemonCariban7,750 (2000)< 7,750endangered GuyanaVenezuela, Brazil
PatamonaKaponCariban5,000 (2000)< 5,000endangered GuyanaVenezuela, Brazil
WaiwaiCariban240240seriously endangered GuyanaBrazil
WaraoIsolate5,000 (2000)fewseriously endangered GuyanaVenezuela, Brazil
TarumaSaluma, Saloema, CharumaUnclassified?fewmoribund GuyanaSuriname †, Brazil †
LokonoArawakArawakan2,000500-700endangered SurinameFrench Guiana, Guyana, Venezuela
MawayanaArawakan60-80< 5moribund Suriname
AkuriyoCariban40-503moribund Suriname
Kari'naCaribCariban3,0001,200seriously endangered SurinameGuyana, French Guiana, Venezuela, Brazil
SikïiyanaCariban60-70< 12moribund Suriname
TrioCariban1,3001,300endangered SurinameBrazil
TunayanaKatuenaCariban80-9010moribund Suriname
WayanaCariban450450endangered SurinameFrench Guiana, Brazil
ArawakLokonoArawakan1,500375seriously endangered French GuianaSuriname, Guyana, Venezuela
PalikurArawakan1,500< 1500endangered French GuianaBrazil
AparaíCariban?fewseriously endangered French GuianaBrazil
GalibiKari’na, Kali’naCariban4,0002,400endangered French GuianaSuriname, Guyana, Venezuela, Brazil
WayanaCariban1,0001,000endangered French GuianaSuriname, Brazil
EmérillonTekoTupíanTupí-Guaranían400400endangered French Guiana
WayãpiWajãpi, WayampiTupíanTupí-Guaranían750750endangered French GuianaBrazil
AngaitéEnlhet-Enenlhet3,7301,030endangered Paraguay
EnlhetEnlhet Norte, Enslet, Enthlit, Enlhet-Lengua, LenguaEnlhet-Enenlhet7,3166,439endangered Paraguay
EnxetEnxet SurEnlhet-Enenlhet5,9303,842endangered Paraguay
GuanáKashikaEnlhet-Enenlhet25829seriously endangered Paraguay
SanapanáSa’apan, KasnapanEnlhet-Enenlhet2,327984endangered Paraguay
Toba-Enenlhetincluding Toba-MaskoyEnlhet-Enenlhet1,5091,253endangered Paraguay
Toba-MaskoyEnlhet-Enenlhet76412moribund Paraguay
Toba-QomQom-Lik, Emok-Lik, Takshika, Toba in ArgentinaGuaicuruan1,4991,183endangered ParaguayArgentina
MakáMacaMatacoan1,3071,042endangered Paraguay
ManjuyManjui, Chorote in Argentina; three varieties: Iyo’wuhwa, Iyojwa’ja [Yohwaha], and Montaraz [Wikinawos, Manjuy]Matacoan452365endangered ParaguayArgentina
NivacléNivaklé, Chulupí, AshluslayMatacoan12,16910,109endangered ParaguayArgentina
AchéAxé, Aché-Guayaki, GuayakíTupíanTupí-Guaranían1,242911endangered Paraguay
Ava-GuaraníChiripá, Ava-Chiripá, Chiripá-Guaraní, Avakatu-ete, Ñandeva in BrazilTupíanTupí-Guaranían13,8726,308endangered ParaguayBrazil
Guaraní-ÑandevaÑandeva, TapietéTupíanTupí-Guaranían2,0211,550endangered ParaguayArgentina, Bolivia
Guaraní OccidentalAva-Guaraní in Argentina, Guaraní (Chiriguano) in BoliviaTupíanTupí-Guaranían2,359574seriously endangered ParaguayArgentina, Bolivia
MbyáTupíanTupí-Guaranían14,62410,016endangered ParaguayArgentina, Brazil
Pãi-TavyterãKaiova, Kaiowa, AváTupíanTupí-Guaranían13,3916,364endangered ParaguayBrazil
AyoreoMoro, Pyta JovaiZamucoan2,1001,756endangered ParaguayBolivia
ChamacocoIshir, Yshyrö; 2 varieties: Ybytoso, YbytosoZamucoan Paraguay
YbytosoZamucoan1,5531,174endangered ParaguayBrazil
TamárâhoZamucoan10685endangered ParaguayBrazil
MadijaMadiha, Kulina, KurinaArawan300300endangered PeruBrazil
AshánincaAsháninkaArawakan88,703 (2007)88,703potentially endangered Peru
AshénincaAshéninka, Axininca, Ashéninca PajonalArawakan20,00020,000potentially endangered Peru
Campa CaquintePoyenisatiArawakan500500endangered Peru
ChamicuroChamekoloArawakan126 (1993)8 (2008)moribund Peru
IñapariArawakan68 (1993)4 (1998)moribund Peru
MachiguengaMatsiguenga, Matsigenka, NiagantsiArawakan8,679 (1993)5,000endangered Peru
NantiCugapacori, KugapakoriArawakan450450endangered Peru
NomatsiguengaInato, Ina’o, Inthome, IntsomeArawakan5,531 (1993)5,531potentially endangered Peru
ResígaroArawakan14 (1993)2moribund Peru
Yanesha'AmueshaArawakan10,0008,000potentially endangered Peru
YinePiro, Apurinã, Yinerï TokanïArawakan2,553 (1993)2,553potentially endangered Peru
AymaraAymaran434,372 (2007)< 434,372potentially endangered Peru
CauquiAymaran?9 (2005)moribund Peru
Jaqaruor CauquiAymaran3,000?725?endangered Peru
ShawiChayahuitaCahuapanan21,424 (2007)14,000endangered Peru
ShiwiluJebero, XeberoCahuapanan642 (1993)< 30seriously endangered Peru
HarakmbutHarakmbut Hate, Harakmbut Ate, AmarakaeriHarakmbut-Katukinan1,206 (1993)1,206endangered Peru
Cholónor SeeptsáHibitocholonan?2 (1986)possibly extinct Peru
Achuar-ShiwiarShiwiar-MainaJivaroan2,500 (2008)2,500endangered PeruEcuador
AwajúnAguajún, Ahuajún, AguarunaJivaroan55,366 (2007)55,366potentially endangered Peru
HuambisaJivaroan8,0008,000potentially endangered Peru
AmahuacaAmeuhaque, AmaguacoPano-TacananPanoan247 (1993)100?seriously endangered PeruBrazil
CapanahuaCapabaquebo, Kapanawa, CapachoPano-TacananPanoan275 (2006)100?seriously endangered Peru
Cashibo-CacataiboUniPano-TacananPanoan2,191 (1993)2,191endangered Peru
CashinahuaCaxinahua, Kaxinawa, Hantxa Kuin,Pano-TacananPanoan957 (1993)957endangered PeruBrazil
MatsésMatsés-Mayoruna, MayorunaPano-TacananPanoan2,5002,500endangered PeruBrazil
NahuaYura, Yora, YurahahuaPano-TacananPanoan450450endangered PeruBolivia
SharanahuaMarinahua, Mastanahua, ParquenahuaPano-TacananPanoan438<438endangered PeruBrazil
Shipibo-KoniboShipibo-Conibo, ShipiboPano-TacananPanoan22,517 (2007)22,517endangered Peru
WariapanoHuariapano, PanoboPano-TacananPanoan?–probably extinct (1991) Peru
YaminahuaPano-TacananPanoan400400endangered PeruBolivia, Brazil
Ese EjjaHuarayo, Guarayo, ChamaPano-TacananTacanan782 (1993)782endangered PeruBolivia
YaguaYawa, IahuaPeba-Yaguan5,0004,000endangered PeruColombia
QuechuaQuechuan3,262,137 (2007)< 3,262,137potentially endangered PeruEcuador, Bolivia, Chile, Argentina
OrejónMaihuna, Coto, Payagua, TutapiTucanoan300100seriously endangered Peru
SecoyaSiona-SecoyaTucanoan329 (1993)329endangered PeruEcuador
Cocama-CocamillaXibitoana, Huallaga, PampadequeTupíanTupí-Guaranían10,7051,000seriously endangered PeruColombia, Brazil
OmaguaTupíanTupí-Guaranían630 (1976)2 (2010)moribund PeruBrazil
HuitotoWitotoWitotoanWitotoan proper3,0001,000endangered PeruColombia, Brazil †?
OcainaWitotoanWitotoan proper15050seriously endangered PeruColombia
BoraWitotoanBoran3,0002,000endangered PeruColombia, Brazil
Andoa-ShimigaeZaparoan?2 (2008)moribund PeruEcuador
ArabelaChiripunoZaparoan50050 (2001)seriously endangered Peru
CahuaranoCahuaranaZaparoan?5 (1975)extinct Peru
IquitoAmacacore, Quiturran, Puca-UmaZaparoan50025–50seriously endangered Peru
CandoshiCandoshi-ShapraIsolate1,586 (1993)1,586endangered Peru
MunichiMunicheIsolate?8 (2008)moribund Peru
TicunaIsolate8,0008,000potentially endangered PeruBrazil, Colombia
UrarinaKacha Ere, Shimacu, Itucale, CimarrónIsolate2,000 (2003)2,000potentially endangered Peru
VacacochaAushiriIsolate?2? (2008)moribund Peru
AguanoUnclassified (Arawakan)?40 families (1959)extinct Peru
CulleCulliUnclassified––extinct (1950s) Peru
MashcoMashco-PiroUnclassified200–600200–600endangered PeruBrazil
TaushiroPincheUnclassified201 (2008)moribund Peru
AchaguaArawakan––extinct VenezuelaColombia
AñuParaujanoArawakan11,205 (2001)20seriously endangered Venezuela
BanivaBaníwa, Banibo, Baniva-Yavitero, Baniva del GuainíaArawakan2,408 (2001)608endangered VenezuelaColombia, Brazil
BaréArawakan2,815 (2001)239 / fewmoribund VenezuelaBrazil
KurripakoCurripaco, Wakuénai, Baniva-Kurripako, Baniwa del IsanaArawakan4,925 (2001)3,743potentially endangered VenezuelaColombia, Brazil
LokonoArhwak, AruacoArawakan428 (2001)130seriously endangered VenezuelaFrench Guiana, Suriname, Guyana
MandahuacaMandawakaArawakan?–possibly extinct VenezuelaBrazil
PiapokoPiapoco, TsáçeArawakan1,939 (2001)1,745potentially endangered VenezuelaColombia
WarekenaGuarequenaArawakan513 (2001)160seriously endangered VenezuelaBrazil
WayuunaikiGuajiro, WayuuArawakan293,777 (2001)293,777potentially endangered VenezuelaColombia
YaviteroBaniva-Yavitero, BaniboArawakan?1 (2000)possibly extinct Venezuela
AkawayoKaponCariban245 (2001)180endangered VenezuelaGuyana, Brazil
ChaimaCariban4,084 (2001)63seriously endangered Venezuela
E'ñepaPanare, MapoyoCariban4,269 (2001)4,184potentially endangered Venezuela
KariñaKariñá, Kari’na, GalibiCariban16,686 (2001)< 5,000endangered VenezuelaFrench Guiana, Suriname, Guyana
KumanagotoCariban553 (2001)49seriously endangered Venezuela
MakushiMacushi, MakuxiCariban83 (2001)not knownendangered VenezuelaGuyana, Brazil
MapoyoMapoio, WánaiCariban365 (2001)12moribund Venezuela
PatamonaKapónCariban200200?endangered VenezuelaGuyana, Brazil
PemonArekuna, Taurepan(g), KamarakotoCariban27,157 (2001)23,083potentially endangered VenezuelaGuyana, Brazil
PémonoCariban?1possibly extinct Venezuela
PiritugotoCariban236 (2001)50seriously endangered Venezuela
YawaranaYavarana, YabaranaCariban292 (2001)151seriously endangered Venezuela
Ye'kuanaYe’kwana, De’kwana, Maquiritare, MaiongongCariban6,523 (2001)6,200endangered VenezuelaBrazil
YukpaYucpa, JapreríaCariban7,522 (2001)< 7,522potentially endangered VenezuelaColombia
BaríMotilónChibchan1,520 (1992)1,520endangered VenezuelaColombia
TuneboUwa-TuneboChibchan??possibly extinct VenezuelaColombia
KuivaCuiva, CuibaGuahiboan454 (2001)440endangered VenezuelaColombia
HiwiJivi, Guahibo, SikuaniGuahiboan14,750 (2001)12,000potentially endangered VenezuelaColombia
PepojiviPlayero, Guahibo PlayeroGuahiboan200200seriously endangered VenezuelaColombia
MakoWirú, WiröSáliba-Piaroan1,130 (2001)mostendangered Venezuela
PiaroaWothüha, Wotjüja, Wu’tjujaSáliba-Piaroan14,494 (2001)13,000endangered VenezuelaColombia
SálibaSálivaSáliba-Piaroan265 (2001)36seriously endangered VenezuelaColombia
YeralGeral, Nheengatu, ÑengatúTupíanTupí-Guaranían1,294 (2001)650endangered VenezuelaBrazil
NinamYanamYanomaman??seriously endangered VenezuelaBrazil
SanïmaSanema, SanumaYanomaman3,035 (2001)3,035potentially endangered VenezuelaBrazil
YanomaeYanomam, Yanomamë, YanomamaYanomaman??potentially endangered VenezuelaBrazil
YanomamïYanoamï, YanoamaeYanomaman12,234 (2001)12,234potentially endangered VenezuelaBrazil
HodïHoti, Jodi, HoIsolate767 (2001)767endangered Venezuela
PuméYaruroIsolate8,2227,400endangered Venezuela
SapéKariana, Kaliana, CalianaIsolate20 (2008)few eldersmoribund Venezuela
UruakArutani, AwakeIsolate29 (2001)29seriously endangered VenezuelaBrazil?
WaraoIsolate36,028 (2001)32,400potentially endangered VenezuelaGuyana
PuinaveWãnsöhötUnclassified1,307 (2001)550endangered VenezuelaColombia

Languages by classification

Jolkesky (2016)
See also: Classification of indigenous languages of the Americas § Jolkesky (2016)

Jolkesky (2016) lists 43 language families and 66 language isolates (and/or unclassified languages) in South America – a total of 109 independent families and isolates.[2]:783–806

Andoke-Urekena
Arawa
Barbakoa
Bora-Muinane
Chacha-Cholon-Hibito
Chapakura-Wañam
Charrua
  • Chana: Chana
  • Guenoa: Guenoa †
  • Minuan: Minuan †
Chibcha
Choko
Chon
Duho
Guahibo
Harakmbet-Katukina
Jaqi
Jirajara †
Jivaro
Karib
Kawapana
Kechua
  • Kechua I
    • Kechua Pacaraos
    • Kechua I, Central
      • Wallaga
        • Kechua Ambo-Pasco
        • Kechua Cajatambo
        • Kechua Wallaga
        • Kechua Wamalies
        • Kechua Junin
        • Kechua Tusi Pasco
      • Wankay
        • Kechua Waylla Wanka
        • Kechua Jauja-Wanka
      • Waylay
        • Kechua Conchucos, Southern
        • Kechua Conchucos, Northern
        • Kechua Corongo
        • Kechua Waylas
        • Kechua Siwas
      • Yauyos
        • Kechua Yauyos
  • Kechua II
    • Kechua Chincha †
    • Kechua Cusco, Classical †
    • Kechua IIa
      • Kechua Cajamarca-Lambayeque
        • Kechua Cajamarca
        • Kechua Lambayeque
      • Kechua Laraos-Lincha
        • Kechua Laraos
        • Kechua Lincha
    • Kechua IIb
      • Kechua Chachapoyas
      • Kechua San Martin
      • Kichua, Equatorial: Inga; Kichua Chimborazo; Kichua Imbabura; Kichua Kañar-Loja; Kichua Napo; Kichua Pastaza; Kichua Pichincha; Kichua Salasaca; Kichua Tena
    • Kechua IIc
      • Kechua Ayacucho
      • Kechua Cusco-Boliviano
        • Kechua Apolo
        • Kechua Arequipa
        • Kechua Boliviano
        • Kechua Cusco, Modern
        • Kechua Puno
      • Kechua Santiagueño
Lengua-Maskoy
Macro-Arawak
Macro-Mataguayo-Guaykuru
Macro-Jê
Mapudungun
  • Mapudungun, Nuclear
  • Mapudungun, Southern: Williche
  • Mapudungun, Northern
    • Pikunche: Pikunche †
    • Chango: Chango †
Moseten-Tsimane
Mura-Matanawi
Nambikwara
  • Sabane: Sabane
  • Nambikwara, Northern
  • Nambikwara, Southern
    • Alantesu: Alantesu; Hahãintesu; Waikisu; Wasusu
    • Halotesu: Halotesu; Kithãulhu; Wakalitesu; Sawentesu
    • Manduka: Hukuntesu; Niyahlosu; Siwaisu
    • Sarare: Sarare
Otomako-Taparita †
Pano-Takana
Peba-Yagua
Puinave-Nadahup
Puri †
Tallan †
Timote-Kuika
Tinigua-Pamigua
Tukano
Tupi
Uru-Chipaya
Warpe †
Witoto-Okaina
Yanomami
Zamuko
Zaparo
Isolates

Campbell (2012)
See also: Classification of indigenous languages of the Americas § Campbell (2012)

Lyle Campbell (2012) proposed the following list of 53 uncontroversial indigenous language families and 55 isolates of South America – a total of 108 independent families and isolates.[3]

Aikaná (Aikanã, Huarí, Warí, Masaká, Tubarão, Kasupá, Mundé, Corumbiara)
  • (dialect: Masaká [Massaca, Massaka, Masáca])
Andaquí †
Andoque (Andoke, Cho’oje, Patsiaehé)
Arawakan (Arahuacan, Maipurean, Maipuran)
  • Northern Arawakan (Upper Amazon, Maritime, and Eastern branches)
    • Upper Amazon branch
      • Western Nawiki sub-branch
        • Wainumá group
          • Wainumá † (Waima, Wainumi, Waiwana, Waipa, Yanuma)
          • Mariaté †
          • Anauyá †
        • Piapoco group
          • Achagua (Ajagua, Xagua)
          • Piapoco
          • Amarizana †
        • Cabiyarí (Caviyarí, Kaviyarí, Cabiuarí, Cauyarí, Cuyare)
        • Warekena group
          • Guarequena (Warekena, Guarenquena, Arequena)
          • Mandahuaca (Mandawaka, Mandauaca, Maldavaca, Ihini, Arihini, Maldavaca, Cunipusana, Yavita, Mitua)
        • Río Negro group †
          • Jumana †
          • Pasé †
          • Kawishana † (Cawishana, Kaiwishana, Kayuwishana)
        • Yucuna (Jukuna) (dialects or languages)
          • Yucuna (Chucuna, Matapí) [Jukuna]
          • Garú † (Guarú)
      • Eastern Nawiki sub-branch
        • Tariana (Tariano, Tarîna, Taliáseri)
        • Karu (dialects or languages)
        • Ipeka-Kurripako (dialects or language)
        • Karútana-Baniwa (Baniva) dialect group
        • Katapolítani-Moriwene-Mapanai (dialects or language)
        • Resígaro
      • Central Upper Amazon sub-branch
        • Baré group
          • Marawá †
          • Baré (Bare, Ihini, Barawana, Barauna, Barauana, Arihini, Maldavaca, Cunipusana, Yavita, Mitua), Guinao † (Guinaú) (Aikhenvald [1999a: 71] mentions Guinau with Bare.)
        • Yavitero group
          • Yavitero † (Yavitano)
          • Baniva †
          • Maipure † Aikhenvald [1999a: 71] gives Yavitero and Baniwa of Yavita as alternative names for a single language.)
        • Manao group
          • Manao †
          • Kariaí †
      • Arawakan Upper-Amazon branch languages of uncertain grouping
        • Waraikú †
        • Yabaána † (Jabaana, Yabarana)
        • Wiriná †
        • Xiriâna † (Shiriana)
    • Maritime branch (Caribbean)
      • Aruán † (Aruá, Aroã)
      • Mawayana (Mahuayana, Madipian)
      • Wapixana (Wapishana, Wapixiána, Wapisiana, Uapixana, Vapidiana) (dialects or languages) (dialects: Amariba, Atorai)
      • Ta-Maipurean sub-branch
        • Taíno † Caribbean
        • Guajiro group
          • Guajiro (Goahiro, Goajiro, Guajira, Wayuunaiki, Wayuu)
          • Paraujano (Añún) (dialects: Alile, Toa)
          • Arawak (Locono, Lokono, Aruak, Arowak)
          • Iñeri (Igneri, Island Carib) (dialects or languages)
          • Kalhíphona † (Island Carib)
          • Garífuna (Black Carib)
    • Eastern branch
      • Palikur (Palikour, Palicur, Palijur) (dialects or languages)
      • Palikur
      • Marawán-Karipurá †
  • Southern division
    • Western branch
      • Amuesha (Amuese, Amoesha, Amueixa, Amoishe, Amagues, Amage, Omage, Amajo, Lorenzo, Amuetamo, Amaje, Yanesha)
      • Chamicuro (Chamicura, Chamicolo)
    • Central branch
      • Paresí group
        • Paresí (Parecís, Paretí, Haliti)
        • Saraveca † (Sarave)
      • Waurá group
        • Waurá-Meinaku (Uara, Aura, Mahinacu)
        • Yawalapití (Jaulapiti, Yaulapiti)
        • Custenau † (Kustenau)
    • Southern Outlier branch
      • Terena (Tereno, Terêna, Etelena, Guaná, Chané, Kinikinao) (dialects: Kinikanao, Etelena [Terena], Guaná)
      • Mojo group
        • Mojo (Morocosi, Mojeño, Moxeño, Moxo) (dialects or languages)
        • Ignaciano
        • Trinitario (dialects: Loreto [Loretano], Javierano])
        • Bauré (Chiquimiti, Joaquiniano may be a dialect of Bauré)
        • Paunaca (Pauna-Paicone [Paiconeca])
      • Piro group
        • Piro (dialects: Chontaquiro, Maniteneri, Maxineri)
        • Iñapari (Inamarí) (dialects: Inapari/Inamarí, Cuchitineri [Kushitineri], Cuniba)
        • Kanamaré † (Canamaré)
        • Apuriná (Apurinã, Ipuriná, Kangite [Cangaiti], Popengare)
    • Campa branch – (Campa dialects or languages)
      • Ashéninka (Ashéninga)
      • Asháninka (Asháninga)
      • Caquinte (Kakinte)
      • Pajonal Ashéninka (Pajonal Campa)
      • Machiguenga (Matsiguenga, Matsigenka) (dialects: Caquinte [Poyenisate], Nomatsiguenga [Atiri], Machiguenga)
      • Nomatsigenga
      • Nanti
  • Other Arawakan languages too scantily known to determine to which branch of the family they belong:
    • Cumeral (Ethnologue)
    • Shebaya † (Shebayo, Shebaye) Trinidad (David Payne 1991: 366–367)
    • Lapachu (Apolista, Aguachile)
    • Morique † (Morike)
    • Ponares (Ethnologue)
    • Omejes (Ethnologue)
    • Salumã (Rodrigues 1986: 72)
    • Tomedes (Tamudes)
Arawan (Arauán, Arahuan, Arawa)
  • Paumarí (Purupurú, Pamarí, Palmarí, Curucuru) (dialects: Kurukuru, Uaiai, Paumarí [Pammari])
  • Madi (Jarawara [Jarauára, Jaruára], Jamamadi, Banawá [Banivá, Baniwá-Jafí, Kitiya, Banavá, Banauá, Jafí])
  • Zuruahá (Suruahá, Sorowahá)
  • Dení-Kulina
    • Dení (dialect: Inauini)
    • Culina (Kulína; Madihá, Madija, Corina)
  • Arawá † (Arua, Arauan)
Atacameño † (Cunza, Kunza, Atacama, Lipe Lican Antai)
  • (local varieties: Apatama, Casabindo, Churumata, Cochinoca)
Awaké (Ahuaqué, Oewacu, Arutani, Uruák)
Aymaran (Jaqi, Aru)
  • Southern Aymara
  • Central Aymara (Tupe branch) (dialects: Jaqaru and Cauqui [Kawki])
Baenan † (Baena, Baenño)
Barbacoan
  • Northern group
    • Awan (Awa)
      • Awa Pit (Cuaiquer, Coaiquer, Kwaiker, Awa)
      • Pasto-Muellama
        • Muellama † (Muellamués)
        • Pasto †
    • Coconucan (Guambiano-Totoró)
      • Guambiano (Mogües, Moguez, Moguex, Wam, Misak, Guambiano-Moguez, Namdrik)
    • Totoró (Totoro, Polindara)
    • Coconuco † (Kokonuko, Cauca, Wanaka)
  • Southern group
    • Cha’palaachi (Cayapa, Chachi, Nigua)
    • Tsafiki (Colorado, Colima, Campaz, Tsáchela, Tsachila, Tsafiqui)
Extinct
Barbacoa; Cara (Kara, Caranqui, Karanki, Imbaya); Pasto (Muellamués [Muellama]), Sindagua (Malla), and Coconuco
Betoi † (Betoy, Jirarra, Jirarru)
  • (dialects: Airico, Betoi, Ele, Jirara, Lolaca, Situfa)
Boran (Bora-Muinane)
  • Bora (Boro, Meamuyna; Miriña/Miranha)
  • Muinane (Muinane Bora, Muinani, Muename)
Bororoan
  • Eastern Bororo (Bororo proper, Boe)
  • Western Bororo
  • Umutina † (Umotina, Barbado)
  • Otuque † (Otuké, Otuqui, Louxiru) (dialects: Coraveca [Corave, Curave, Ecorabe], Curuminaca, Curumina, Curucaneca, Curucane, Tapii)
Cahuapanan (Jebero, Kawapanan, Kahuapanan; earlier called Maina, Mainan)
  • Cahuapana † (Cuncho, Chuncho, Concho, Chonzo)
  • Chayahuita (Chawi, Chayabita, Chayhuita, Balsopuertino, Paranapura, Cahuapa
  • Chayawita, Tshaahui, Tsaawí, Chayabita, Shayabit, Balsapuertino
  • Paranapura)
  • Jebero (Xebero, Chebero, Xihuila, Shiwilu)
Camsá (Sibundoy, Sebondoy, Coche, Kamsá, Kamemtxa, Kamse, Camëntsëá, Mocoa, Quillacinga)
Cañar-Puruhá †
  • Cañar † (Cañari)
  • Puruhá † (Puruguay)
Candoshi (Candoxi, Maina, Kandoshi, Shapra, Murato, Roamaina)
  • (dialects: Shapra [Chapara], Kandoshi)
Canichana † (Canesi, Kanichana, Canisiana)
Cariban
  • Venezuelan branch (Gildea 2003)
    • Pemóng-Panare macro-group
      • Pemóng group (Kapóng [Akawaio, Patamuna, Ingarikó], Makushi, Pemón [Taurepang, Kamarakóto, Arekuna])
      • Panare
    • Mapoyo-Tamanaku macro-group
      • Mapoyo/Yawarana (Mapoyo, Wanai, Yawarana, Pémono)
      • Tamanaku †
    • Pekodian branch
        • Bakairí
        • Arara group: Arara (Parirí), Ikpéng (Txikão)
  • Subgroups not yet classified in possible larger subgroups in the family:
    • Kumaná † (Chaima †, Cumanagota †)
    • Makiritare (De’kwana, Ye’kwana, Maiongong)
    • Nahukwa group: Kuikúru, Kalapalo
    • Parukotoan group
      • Katxúyana (Kaxuiâna, Shikuyana, Warikyana)
      • Waiwai subgroup: Waiwai (Wabui, Tunayana), Hixkaryana
    • Taranoan group
      • Tiriyo subgroup: Akuriyo, Tiriyo, Trio
      • Karihona (Carijona)
    • Yukpa group: Yukpa, Japréria
  • Languages not yet classified within possible subgroups:
    • Apalaí
    • Kari’nja (Carib, Kalinya, Cariña, Galibi)
    • Waimirí Atroarí
    • Wayana
Cayuvava † (Cayuwaba, Cayubaba, Kayuvava)
Chapacuran (Chapakuran, Txapakuran)
  • Itene group (Central Chapacuran)
    • Wanham (Wañam, Wanyam, Huanyam)
    • Kumaná (Torá, Toraz, Cumana, Cautario) [Abitana-Kumaná]
    • Kabixí (Cabishi, Cabichí, Habishi, Parecís, Pawumwa)
    • Itene (Iteneo, Iténez, Moré)
  • Wari group (Southern Chapacuran)
    • Quitemo † (Quitemoca) [Kitemo-Nape]
    • Chapacura † (Huachi, Wachi, Tapacura, Chapakura)
    • Urupá-Jarú (Txapakura; Yaru, Jaru, Ituarupa)
    • Orowari (Pakaás-novos, Pacasnovas, Pacaha-novo, Uariwayo, Uomo, Jaru, *Oro Wari)
    • Oro Win
Charrúan †
  • Charrúa †
  • Güenoa † (Minuane)
  • Chaná †
Chibchan
  • Paya (Pech)
  • Core Chibchan
    • Votic
      • Rama (Melchora, Voto, Boto, Arama, Arrama)
      • Guatuso (Malecu)
    • Isthmic
      • Western Isthmic
        • Viceitic
          • Cabécar (Chirripó, Tucurrique, Estrella)
          • Bribri (Viceíta)
        • Teribe (Térraba, Tiribí, Tirub)
        • Boruca † (Brunca)
      • Doracic
        • Dorasque † (Chumulu, Gualaca)
        • Chánguena † (Chánguina, Chánguene)
      • Eastern Isthmic
        • Guaymíic
          • Movere (Move, Guaymí, Penonomeño, Ngawbere/Ngäbere) (dialects: Inland Bocas del Toro, Coastal Bocas del Toro, Chiriquí)
          • Bocotá (Murire, Muoi, Guaymí Sabanero, Movere Sabanero)
        • Cuna (Cueva, Paya-Pocuro, Kuna)
    • Magdalenic
      • Southern Magdalenic
        • Chibcha
          • Muisca † (Mosca, Chibcha)
          • Duit †
        • Tunebo (Uwa, Uw Cuwa; Tame, Sínsiga, Tegría, Pedraza) (dialects: Cobaría, Tegría, Agua Blanca, Barro Negro)
        • Barí (Motilón, Dobocubí, Cunaguasaya)
      • Northern Magdalenic
        • Arhuacic
          • Cogui (Cágaba, Kogi, Kogui, Coghui, Kagaba)
          • Eastern-Southern Arhuacic
          • Eastern Arhuacic
          • Damana (Guamaca, Sanká, Sanhá, Arsario, Malayo, Marocasero, Wiwa)
          • Kankuama (Atanques)
          • Ica (Bíntucua, Ika, Arhuaco, Bintuk)
          • Chimila (Chamila, Caca Weranos, San Jorge, Shimizya)
  • Unclassified:
    • Huetar †
    • Antioqueño † (two varieties: Nutabe and Catío [not to be confused with the Emberá (Chocoan) variety called Catío]).
Chipaya-Uru (Uru-Chipaya, Uruquilla)
  • Chipaya (erroneously earlier also called “Puquina”)
  • Uru (Uru of Iru-Itu, Uchumataqu, Iru-Wit’u, Uro)
  • Chholo † (Murato)
Chiquitano (Besïro, Chiquito, Tarapecosi)
  • (dialects: Besïro [or Lomerío], Concepción, San Javier [Javierano], San Miguel, Santiago, Churapa, Sansimoniano, Tao)
Chocoan
  • Waunana (Noanamá, Huaunana, Woun Meu, Waun Meo, Waumeo, Wounmeu, Wounaan, Noanama, Noenama, Nonama, Chocama, Chanco)
  • Emberá dialect continuum (Catío, Chamí, Napipí River, Saija, Sambú)
    • Southern Emberá
    • Northern Emberá (Emperã, Eberã Bed’ea, Eperã Pedea, Atrato, Darién, Dariena, Panama Embera, Eberã, Cholo [Choco])
Cholonan † (Hibito-Cholon)
  • Cholón † (Seeptsá, Tinganeses, Cholona)
  • Híbito † (Hibito, Xibito, Xibita, Jibito, Chibito, Zibito, Ibito, Xibitoana)
Chonan (Tehuelchean, Chon family)
  • Chonan proper
    • Island Chonan
      • Ona † (Selknam, Selk’nam, Shelknam, Aona)
      • Haush † (Manekenken)
    • Continental Chonan
      • Tehuelche (Aoniken, Aonek’enk, Inaquen, Patagón)
      • Teushen † (Tehues, Patagón)
      • Patagón Costero †
  • Gününa-Küne † (Gennaken, Northern Tehuelche, Puelche, Pampa, Gününa Yajich)
Chono †
Cofán (Kofan, A’ingaé)
Culle † (Culli, Ilinga, Linga)
Esmeralda † (Esmeraldeño, Tacame)
Gamela † (Barbados, Curinsi, Acobu)
Guach’ †
Guaicuruan (Waikuruan, Waykuruan)
  • Kadiwéu (Caduveo, Mbayá, Ediu-Adig)
  • Southern Guaicuruan
    • Pilagá (Pilaca)
    • Toba (Qom, Namqom)
    • Mocoví (Mocobí)
    • Abipón †
Guajiboan (Guahiboan)
  • Guajibo (Guahibo, Guaybo, Sikuani, Sicuani, Guajibo, Goahibo, Guaigua, Guayba, Wahibo, Goahiva, Hiwi) (dialects: Guahibo [Sikuani], Amorua [Rio Tomo Guahibo], Tigrero)
  • Cuiva (Cuiba, Cuiba-Wámonae) (dialects: Chiricoa, Masiware [Masiguare], Chiripo [Wupiwi, Siripu], Yarahuuraxi-Capanapara, Mayayero, Mochuelo-Casanare-Cuiba, Tampiwi [Mariposas], Amaruwa [Amorua], Mella, Ptamo, Sicuane [Sicuari])
  • Churuya †
  • Guayabero (Cunimía, Jiw, Mítus, Mítua)
Guamo †
Guató
Harákmbut-Katukinan
  • Harákmbut (Harakmbet, Hate, Tuyoneri, “Mashco”)
    • (several dialects in two clusters: (1) Huachipaeri, Toyoeri (Tuyoneri, Tuyuneri); (2) Amaracaeri [Amarakaeri], Sapiteri, Arasaeri)
  • Katukinan (Catuquinan)
    • Katukina (Catuquina, Katukina do Jutaí) (dialect: Cutiadapa [Kutia-Dyapa])
    • Dyapá (Southern Katukinan, Tshom-Djapá [Txunhuã-Djapá], Canamarí, Kanamarí) (perhaps the same as Tucundiapa (Tucano Dyapa, Hondiapa/Hon-Dyapá)])
    • Katawixí (Catawixi, Catauixi, Catawishi, Catauichi)
Huarpean † (Warpean)
  • Huarpe † (Allentiac)
  • Millcayac †
Irantxe (Iranxe, Iranche, Iranshe, Mynky, Münkü, Menki, Manoki, Myky) (dialects
Münkü [Mynky, Menku, Menkü, Myy], Irántxe)
Itonama (Saramo, Machoto)
Jabutían (Yabutían)
  • Jabutí (Yabutí, Jabotí, Djeoromitxí, Kipiu, Quipiu)
  • Arikapú (Maxubí, Aricapú)
Jêan (Gêan, Jê family)
  • Northeastern Jê (Northern Jê)
    • Timbíra (Canela [Kanela], Krenjé, Krahó, Pykobyê)
    • Kreen-Akarore (Ipewí, Kren-Akarore, Creen-Acarore, Panará)
    • Apinajé (Apinayé)
    • Kayapó (Cayapó, Kokairmoro) (dialects: Xikrin (Xukru, Diore), Kararaó, Kayapó-Kradaú)
    • Suyá (dialects: Beiço de Pau (Tapayuna), Yaruma (Jarumá, Waiku))
  • Central Jê (Akwe branch)
    • Xavánte (Shavante, Chavante, A’uwe, A’we, Uptabi, Akuên, Akwen, Crisca, Pusciti, Tapacua)
    • Akroá † (Akroá-Mirim, Acroá, Koroá, Coroá)
    • Xerénte (Sherenté, Xerenti)
    • Xakriabá † (Chicriaba, Chakriaba, Shacriaba, Chikriaba)
  • Southern Jê
    • Kaingang (Coroado, Coroados, Caingang, Bugre) (dialects: Paraná Kaingang, Central Kaingang, Southwest Kaingang, Southeast Kaingang)
    • Xokléng (Shocleng, Aweikoma, Bugre, Botocudos)
    • Ingáin † (Tains, Tain)
    • Wayaná † (Guayaná, Guayana, Gualachí, Guanhanan)
Jirajaran †
  • Jirajara †
  • Ayomán † (Ayamán)
  • Gayón † (Coyón)
Jivaroan
  • Shuar (Jívaro, Maina, Jíbaro)
  • Aguaruna (Aguajun, Ahuajun)
  • Achuar (Achual, Achuar-Shiwiar)
  • Huambisa
Jotí (Yoana, Yuana, Yuwana, Waruwaru [Waruwádu], Chicano, Chikano, Joti, Jodi, Hotí, Hodï)
Kaliana (Sapé, Calianá, Cariana, Chirichano)
Kamakanan †
  • Kamakán † (Camacán)
    • Kamakán † (Kamakã, Camacán, Ezeshio)
    • Mongoyó † (Mangaló, Monshoko)
    • Kotoxó † (Kutaxó, Catashó, Cotoxó, Catathóy)
  • Menién † (Manyã)
  • Masakará † (Masacará)
Kapixaná (Kanoê, Capixana)
Karajá (Caraja, Xambioá, Chamboa, Ynã, Karayá)
  • Karajá-Xambioá † (Chamboa, Ynã)
  • Javaé (Javaje, Javae)
Karirían † (Karirí family)
  • Kipeá † (Karirí, Kirirí)
  • Dzubukuá † (Kiriri, Dzubucua)
  • Sabuyá † (Sapoyá)
  • Kamurú † (Camurú, Pedra Branca)
Krenakan (Botocudoan, Aimoré language complex)
  • Krenak (Botocudo, Aimoré, Nakrehé, Nakpié, Naknyanúk, Etwet, Minyãyirún, Yiporók, Pojitxá, Potén, Krekmún, Bakuén, Aranã, Batachoa, Crenaque)
  • Guêren † (Guerén, Gren, Borun, Borúm)
Kwaza (Koayá, Koaiá, Quaiá, Arara)
Leco † (Lapalapa, Leko, Rik’a, Ateniano)
Lule-Vilelan †
  • Lule †
  • Vilela( †)
Máko † (Maco, Makú, Macu)
Makúan (Makú family, Makú-Puinavean, Puinavean, Vaupés-Japura, Nadahup family, Guaviaré-Japurá family)
  • Eastern Makúan
    • Nadëb branch
      • Roçando Nadëb
      • Rio Negro Nadëb
    • Dâw-Hupda-Yuhup
      • Dâw (Kamã, Kamã Makú, Kamarada, Makú-Kamarada)
      • Hupda-Yuhup
        • Hup (Hupda, Hupdë, Hupdá Makú, Macú de Tucano, Ubdé) (dialects: Hupdë, Tuhup, Nëhup)
        • Yuhup (Makú-Yahup, Yëhup, Yahup, Yahup Makú, “Maku”)
  • Western Makúan
    • Kakua group
      • Kakua (Cacua, Bará, Macu de Cubeo, Macu de Guanano, Macu de Desano, Báda, Kákwa) (dialects: Vaupés Cacua, Macú-Paraná Cacua)
      • Nukak
    • Puinave (Wonsüht, Wãnsöhöt)
Mapudungun (Mapudungu, Araucano, Mapuche, Maputongo, Chiledugu, “Auca”)
Mascoyan (Mascoian, Maskoyan, Lengua-Mascoy, Enlhet-Enenlhet)
Matacoan (Mataco-Mataguayan, Mataguayan)
  • Chorote (Chorotí, Manjuy) (dialects: Iyo’wujwa, Yohwaha, Manjuy)
  • Nivaclé (Niwaklé, Chulupí, Ashlushlay) Paraguay
  • Maká (Macá, Enimaca, Enimaga)
  • Wichí (Mataco, Mataguayo, Weenhayek) (dialects: Nocten, Güisnay [Pilcomayo Wichí], Vejos [Vejoz, Aiyo, Hueshuo])
Matanauí † (Matanawí, Mitandua, Moutoniway)
Maxakalían
  • Maxakalí (Mashakali, Maxacari)
  • Kapoxó † (Capoxo, Caposho)
  • Monoxó † (Monoshó, Monachobm, Menacho)
  • Makoní † (Maconí)
  • Malalí †
  • Pataxó † (Pataxó-Hanhanhain, Patasho)
Mochica † (Yunga, Yunca, Chimú, Mochica, Muchic)
Mosetenan (Mosetén-Chiname)
  • Chimane (Chiman, Tsimane, Chumano, Nawazi-Moñtji)
  • Mosetén (Rache, Muchan, Tucupi, Aparono)
Movima (Mobima, Moyma, Movime)
Munichi † (Muniche, Munichino, Otanabe)
Muran
  • Mura †
  • Pirahã (Pirahá)
  • Bohurá † (Buxwaray)
  • Yahahí †
Nambikwaran (Nambicuaran, Nambiquaran, Nambikuaran)
  • Mamaindê (Northern Nambiquara, Mamande, Nakarothe) (dialects: Mamaindé, Negarotê, Tawanxte, Taxmainite, Taxwensite, Yalapmunxte [Lacondê, Latundê])
  • Southern Nambikuaran
    • Nambiquara (Nambikwara) (dialects: Manduka, Khithaulhu, Halotesu, Saxwentesu, Wakalitesu, Serra Azul, Hahaintesu, Wasusu, Alatesu, Waikisu, Galera)
    • Kithãulhú (Southern Nambiquara) (dialect complex: Kabishi, Nambiquara, etc.)
    • Sararé
  • Sabané (Sabanés)
Natú † (Peagaxinan)
Ofayé † (Opayé, Ofayé-Xavante, Opaié-Shavante, Ofaié)
Omurano † (Humurana, Numurana)
Otomacoan †
  • Otomaco †
  • Taparita †
Paezan
  • Paez (Nasa Yuwe, Paisa)
  • Paniquitá
  • (?) Panzaleo † (Latacunga, Quito)
Pankarurú † (Pancararu, Pancarurú, Brancararú, Pankarará, Pankarú, Pancaru, Pancaré, Pankaravu, Pankaroru)
Pano-Takanan
  • Panoan
    • Mayoruna branch
      • Mayo group
        • Matses
        • Korubo (Chankuëshbo as co-dialect)
        • Dëmushbo
        • Kulina
      • Matis
    • Mainline branch
      • Kasharari
    • Core Mainline branch
      • Kashibo (Kakataibo as co-dialect)
      • Nawa group
        • Chakobo; (Pakawara as co-dialect)
        • Marubo subgroup
          • Marubo
          • Katukina
        • Poyanawa subgroup
          • Poyanawa
          • Iskonawa
          • Nukini
        • Shipibo (with Konibo and Kapanawa as co-dialects)
        • Headwaters subgroup
          • Kashinawa
          • Amawaka
          • Yaminawa (dialects: Sharanawa, Yawanawa, Shanenawa [Katukina de Feijó], Shawanawa [Arara], Mastanawa, Marinawa)
  • Takanan
    • Takana group
      • Tacana (Tupamasa)
      • Reyesano (San Borjano, Maropa)
      • Araona (Carina, Cavina)
      • Cavineña
    • Chama group
      • Ese’ejja (Ese’eha, Ese Ejja, Ese Exa, Tiatinagua, Chama, Tambopata-Guarayo, Huarayo, Guacanawa, Chuncho, “Chama”)
      • Toromona † (Toromono)
Payaguá †
Puquina † (Pukina)
Purían † (Puri-Coroado)
  • Purí † (Coroado)
  • Koropó † (Coropa)
Qawasqaran (Alacalufan)
  • Qawasqar (Northern Alacaluf, Alacaluf, Kaweskar, Kawésqar, Kawaskar, Aksánas) (dialects: Kawésqar, Tawókser)
  • Alacaluf (Central Alacaluf, Hekaine)
  • Southern Alacaluf (Halakwalup, Pecheré)
Quechuan
  • Central Quechua (Huaihuash [Waywash]/Quechua I)
    • Pacaraos
    • Central Quechua
      • “Waylay” (Huailay, North)
        • Huaylas (Ancash)
        • Conchucos
    • Ap-am-ah
      • Alto Pativilca
      • Alto Marañón
      • Alto Huallaga (Huánuco)
    • “Wankay” (Huancay, South)
      • Yaru (Tarma, Junín)
      • Jauja-Huanca (Jauja, Huaycha Huanca, Huaylla Huanca [Huancayo])
      • Huangascar-Topará
  • Peripheral Quechua (Huampuy/Quechua II)
    • “Yungay” (Quechua IIA)
      • Central
        • Laraos
        • Lincha
        • Apurí
        • Chocos
        • Madeán
      • Northern
        • Cañaris-Incahuasi
        • Cajamarca
    • “Chinchay” (Quechua IIB-C)
      • Northern
        • Chachapoyas (Amazonas)
        • San Martín
        • Loreto
        • Ecuador
      • Southern
        • Southern Peruvian Quechua
        • Ayacucho
        • Cuzco
        • Puno
        • Northern Bolivian Quechua
        • Southern Bolivian Quechua
        • Santiago del Estero Quichua (“Cusco”)
        • Catamarca-La Rioja Quichua †
Rikbaktsá (Aripaktsá, Erikbatsa, Erikpatsa, Canoeiro)
Sabela (Huao, Wao, Auca, Huaorani, Huarani, Waorani, Auishiri)
Sáliban (Sálivan, Sáliba-Piaroan)
  • Sáliva (Sáliba)
  • Piaroa (Piaroa-Maco, Wothüha, Guagua, Quaqua)
  • Mako
Sechura-Catacaoan † (Sec)
  • Sechura †
  • Tallán † (Atalán)
    • (varieties: Colán and Catacaos)
Taruma (Taruamá)
Taushiro (Pinchi, Pinche)
Tequiraca (Tekiraka, Aushiri, Auishiri, Avishiri, Avixiri, Abiquira, Abishira, Abigira, Agouisiri, Ixignor, Vacacocha)
Tikuna-Yurí
  • Tikuna (Ticuna, Tukuna, Tucuna)
  • Yurí (Jurí, Yuri, Xurúpixuna)
Timotean † (Timote-Cuica)
  • Timote-Cuica † (Miguri, Cuica)
  • Mucuchí-Maripú † (Mocochí; Mirripú)
Tiniguan †
  • Tinigua (Timigua)
  • Pamigua † [Pamiwa]
Trumai (Trumaí, Tramalhy)
Tukanoan (Tucanoan)
  • Western Tukanoan
    • Coreguaje (Koreguaje, Caquetá, Correguaje, Ko’reuaju, Chaocha Pai)
    • Siona-Secoya
      • Macaguaje † (Makawahe, Piojé)
      • Secoya (Piohé, Siona-Secoya)
      • Siona
    • Teteté † (Eteteguaje) (possibly a dialect of Siona)
    • Orejón (Maijuna, Coto, Koto, Payoguaje, Payaguá, Payagua, Mai Ja, Oregon, Orechon, Tutapi) (dialect: Nebaji)
    • Retuarã (Letuama, Tanimuca-Retuarã)
    • Yahuna (Jaúna, Yauna)
    • Tama †
  • Eastern Tukanoan
    • Cubeo (Kubeo, Pamié, Cuveo, Cubeu, Kobeua, Kobewa, Kubwa, Kobéwa, Hehenawa, Pamiwa)
    • Miriti † (Miriti-Tapuyo, Neenoá)
    • Macuna (Makuna, Buhagana, Baigana, Wuhána, Jepa-Matsi, Yepá-Mahsá, Yehpá Majsá, Yepá Maxsã, Yebamasã, Paneroa, Wahana, Makuna-Erulia)
    • Yupuá-Duriña † (Yupua, Sokó, Uri, Duriña)
    • Kueretú † (Cueretú, Coretú, Curetú)
    • Desano-Siriano
    • Bará-Tuyuka (Barasano, Tuyuca)
    • Carapano (Karapaná, Karapano, Carapana-Tapuya, Tatuyo, Mochda, Moxdoa, Mextã)
    • Tucano (Tukano, Dasea, Daxsea) (dialects: Yohoraa [Curaua], Wasona [Uasona])
    • Wanano-Piratapuyo (Guanano, Wanâna, Uanana, Anana, Kótedia, Kótirya, Kotiria; Wanana, Waikena, Waikina, Uiquina, Waikino, Pira-Tapuya, Uaikena, Uaicana, Waikhara, Waina, Uaiana, Uainana, Urubu-Tapuya)
    • Arapaso † (Arapaço, Arapasso, Koneá)
Tupían
  • Western Tupían
    • Arikém subfamily
      • Arikém (Ariquême)
      • Kabixiána
      • Karitiána (Caritiana)
    • Mondéan subfamily
      • Paitér (Suruí, Suruí do Jiparaná, Suruí de Rondônia, Surui Paiter)
      • Cinta-larga
      • Gavião (Digüt, Ikõrõ, Gavião do Jiparaná)
      • Zoró
      • Mondé (Sanamaikã [Sanamaicá], Salamãi)
      • Aruá (Aruaxi, Aruashí)
    • Puruborá (Boruborá, Puruba, Aurã, Pumbora, Puroborá, Burubora, Kuyubi, Cujubi, Migueleno, Miguelenho)
    • Ramaráman subfamily
      • Káro (Arara, Urukú)
      • Ramaráma (Itogapúk, Ntogapíd)
      • Urumí
    • Tuparían subfamily
      • Tuparí
      • Kepkiriwát (Quepiquiriuate, Kepikiriwat, Kepkeriwát)
      • Makuráp (Macurap, Macurape)
      • Mekéns (Mekém, Sakurabiat, Sakyrabiat)
      • Akuntsú (Akunsú)
      • Waratégaya (Amiapé)
      • Wayoró (Ayurú, Wayru, Wayurú, Ayurú, Ajurú, Uaiora, Wajaru)
      • Mekens
  • Eastern Tupían
    • Awetí (Auetö, Awetö, Aueto, Aueti, Auiti, Arauite, Arauine)
    • Jurúnan subfamily
      • Jurúna (Yuruna, Yudjá, Djudjá, Jaruna)
      • Manitsawá (Maritsauá, Manitzula) (dialect: Arupai [Urupaya])
      • Xipáya (Shipaya, Shipaja, Xipaia)
      • Mawé (Maué, Sataré, Sateré, Sateré-Mawé)
    • Mundurukún subfamily
      • Kuruáya (Caravare, Curuaia, Kuruaia)
      • Mundurukú (Mundurucu, Monjoroku, Weidyenye, Paiquize, Pari, Caras-Pretas)
    • Tupí-Guaranían subfamily
      • Guaranían branch
        • Guaraní Antigo (Guaraní, old Guaraní)
        • Paraguayan Guaraní (Guaraní, Guarani paraguaio, Avañee)
        • Kaiwá (Kayowá, Kaiowá, Caiová, Caiguá, Pãi, Pãi-Tavyterã)
        • Nhandéva (Ñandeva, Chiripá)
        • Xetá (Shetá, Aré, Notobotocudo)
        • Chiriguano group (Ava, Simba, Chané, Izoceño [Isosó, Izozó], Tapiete)
        • Argentina, Bolívia, Paraguay (Dietrich 2007)
        • Guayakí (Guayaquí, Aché, Axe) Paraguay
      • Guaráyoan branch
        • Guarayo (Guarayú)
        • Sirionó
        • Yúki (Yuqui)
      • Tupi branch of Tupí-Guaranían
        • Língua Geral Amazônica (Língua Geral, Nheengatú, Tapïhïya, Tupi moderno)
        • Língua Geral Paulista (Língua Geral, Tupí)
        • Tupí (Tupi antigo)
        • Tupinambá (Língua brasílica, Tupi antigo)
      • Teneteháran branch
        • Avá (Canoeiro, Avá-Canoeiro)
        • Tapirapé
        • Parakanã (Paracanã, Apiteréwa)
        • Tocantins Asuriní (Assurini, Asuriní do Tocantins, Asuriní do Trocará, Akwáwa)
        • Suruí (Suruí do Tocantins, Aikewara, Mudjetíre)
        • Tembé (Tenetehára)
        • Guajajára (Tenetehára)
        • Turiwára (Turiuara)
      • Xingu branch
        • Araweté
        • Amanajé (Amanage, Amanayé, Amanyé, Manajo, Manaxo, Manaze, Manazo)
        • Ararandewára
        • Aurê (Aurá)
        • Anambé of Cairarí
        • Xingu Asuriní (Assurini, Asuriní do Xingu, Asuriní do Coatinema, Awaeté)
      • Kawahíb branch
        • Amondáwa (Amundáwa)
        • Uruewawáu (Uru-eu-wau-wau, Uru-eu-uau-uau)
        • Karipúna
        • Piripkúra
        • Diahói (Diahui, Jahoi, Jahui, Diarrui)
        • Parintintín (Parintintim, Kagwahív)
        • Tenharín (Tenharim)
        • Tupí-Kawahíb (Tupi do Machado, Paranawát, Pawaté, Wiraféd)
          • Apiaká (Apiacá)
          • Júma (Yuma)
          • Kayabí (Caiabi)
      • Kamayurá (Kamaiurá, Camaiurá)
      • Northern Tupí-Guaranían branch
        • Anambé of Ehrenreich
        • Guajá (Awá, Avá, Awá Guajá, Ayaya, Guaxare, Wazaizara)
        • Ka’apór (Urubú, Urubú-Ka’apór, Kaapor)
        • Takunyapé (Taconhapé)
        • Wayampí (Oyampi, Wajãpi, Waiãpi)
        • Wayampipukú
        • Emérillon (Emerenhão, Emereñon, Emerilon, Melejo, Mereo, Mereyo, Teco)
        • Zo’é (Zoé, Jo’é)
Tuxá † (Tushá, Todela)
Urarina (Simacu, Kachá, Itucale, Urariña, Oruarina)
Wamoé † (Uamué, Huamoi, Umán, Uame, Huamoé, Araticum, Atikum, Aticum)
Warao (Guarao, Warau, Warrau, Guaruno, Waraw, Araote, Faraute)
Witotoan (Huitotoan)
  • Ocaina (dialects: Dukaiya, Ibo’tsa)
  • Early Huitoto
    • Nipode (Huitoto Muinane, Nïpode, Nüpode Huitoto)
    • Minica-Murai
      • Mɨnɨca (Huitoto Meneca)
      • Murui (Huitoto Murui, Murai, Búe)
Xukurú † (Xucuru, Ichikile, Shukurú)
Yagan (Yahgan, Yaghan, Yamana, Yámana, Tequenica, Yapoo)
Yaguan (Peban, Peba-Yaguan family)
  • Yagua (Yihamwo, Nijyamïï, Nikyejaada, Yahua, Llagua, Yava, Yegua, Mishara)
  • Peba † (Nijamvo)
  • Yameo † (Llameo, Camuchivo, Masamae, Mazan, Parara)
Yanomaman (Yanomamian)
  • Ninam (Yanam, Xirianá, Shiriana Casapare, Jawaperi, Crichana, Jawari)
  • Sanumá (San–imá, Sanma, Tsanuma, Guaika, Samatari, Samatali, Xamatari) (dialects: Ninam (Shirishana, Mukajai), Northern Ninam (Shiriana, Uraricaa-Paragua), Caura, Ervato-Ventuari, Auaris; Yanoma, Cobari [Kobali, Cobariwa])
  • Yanomam (Waiká [Waicá], Yanomami, Yanomamé, Surara, Xurima, Parahuri, Yanoam)
    • (dialects: Yanamam [Patimitheri, Waika], Yanomam [Naomam, Guadema, Wadema, Warema], Yanomay [Toototobi], Nanomam [Karime], Jauari [Joari, Yoari, Aica])
  • Yanomamö (Yanomamï, Yamomame, Guaicá, Guaharibo, Guajaribo, Yanomami, Shamatri, Shaathari, Cobari Kobali, Cobariwa)
    • (dialects: Eastern Yanomami [Parima], Western Yanomami [Padamo-Orinoco])
Yaruro (Pumé, Llaruro, Yaruru, Yuapín)
Yaté (Fulnio, Furniô, Fórnio, Carnijó, Iaté, Yathé)
Yuracaré (Yuracare, Yurucar, Yuracar, Yurujure, Cuchi, Enete)
Yurumanguí † (Yurimanguí)
Zamucoan
  • Ayoreo (Ayoré, Moro, Zamuco, Pyeta, Yovai)
    • (dialect: Tsiricua, Tsiracua)
  • Chamacoco (Ishiro, Jeywo)
    • (dialects: Chamacoco Bravo [Tomaraho, Tomaraxa, Tumarahá], Ebitoso *[Ebidoso, Ishiro])
Zaparoan
  • Andoa † (Shimigae)
  • Arabela
  • Cahuarano †
  • Iquito
  • Záparo (Kayapi)
  • Gae †
  • Coronado †
  • Oa †

See also

References
  1. Crevels, Mily (2012). "Language endangerment in South America: The clock is ticking". In Grondona, Verónica; Campbell, Lyle (eds.). The Indigenous Languages of South America. The World of Linguistics. 2. Berlin: De Gruyter Mouton. pp. 167–234. ISBN 978-3-11-025513-3.
  2. Jolkesky, Marcelo Pinho de Valhery. 2016. Estudo arqueo-ecolinguístico das terras tropicais sul-americanas. Ph.D. dissertation, University of Brasília.
  3. Campbell, Lyle (2012). "Classification of the indigenous languages of South America". In Grondona, Verónica; Campbell, Lyle (eds.). The Indigenous Languages of South America. The World of Linguistics. 2. Berlin: De Gruyter Mouton. pp. 59–166. ISBN 978-3-11-025513-3.
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