Sodium selenite

Sodium selenite
Identifiers
CAS Number	10102-18-8 ; 26970-82-1 (pentahydrate) ;
3D model (JSmol)	Interactive image;
ChEBI	CHEBI:48843 ;
ChEMBL	ChEMBL112302 ;
ChemSpider	23308 ;
ECHA InfoCard	100.030.230
EC Number	233-267-9;
KEGG	D10530 ;
PubChem CID	24934;
RTECS number	VS7350000;
UNII	HIW548RQ3W ; 0WV4L961ZV (pentahydrate) ;
UN number	2630
CompTox Dashboard (EPA)	DTXSID0032077 ;
	InChI InChI=1S/2Na.H2O3Se/c;;1-4(2)3/h;;(H2,1,2,3)/q2+1;/p-2 Key: BVTBRVFYZUCAKH-UHFFFAOYSA-L ; InChI=1/2Na.H2O3Se/c;;1-4(2)3/h;;(H2,1,2,3)/q2+1;/p-2 Key: BVTBRVFYZUCAKH-NUQVWONBAC;
	SMILES [Na+].[Na+].[O-][Se]([O-])=O;
Properties
Chemical formula	Na2O3Se
Molar mass	172.948 g·mol−1
Appearance	colourless solid
Density	3.1 g/cm3
Melting point	decomposes at 710 °C
Solubility in water	85 g/100 mL (20 °C)
Solubility	insoluble in ethanol
Structure
Crystal structure	tetragonal
Pharmacology
ATC code	A12CE02 (WHO)
Hazards
Safety data sheet	ICSC 0698
EU classification (DSD) (outdated)	Very toxic (T+); Dangerous for the environment (N)
R-phrases (outdated)	R23, R28, R31, R43, R51/53
S-phrases (outdated)	(S1/2), S28, S36/37, S45, S61
NFPA 704 (fire diamond)	0 3 0
Related compounds
Related compounds	Sodium sulfite ; Sodium selenate ; Sodium selenide
	Except where otherwise noted, data are given for materials in their standard state (at 25 °C [77 °F], 100 kPa).
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	Infobox references

Sodium selenite is the inorganic compound with the formula Na₂SeO₃. This salt is a colourless solid. The pentahydrate Na₂SeO₃(H₂O)₅ is the most common water-soluble selenium compound.

Synthesis and fundamental reactions

Sodium selenite usually is prepared by the reaction of selenium dioxide with sodium hydroxide:[1]

SeO₂ + 2 NaOH → Na₂SeO₃ + H₂O

The hydrate converts to the anhydrous salt upon heating to 40 °C.

Akin to the related salt sodium sulfite, Na₂SeO₃ features a pyramidal dianion SeO₃²⁻.[2] Oxidation of this anion gives sodium selenate, Na₂SeO₄.

Applications

Together with the related barium and zinc selenites, sodium selenite is mainly used in the manufacture of colorless glass. The pink color imparted by these selenites cancels out the green color imparted by iron impurities.[3]

Because selenium is an essential element, sodium selenite is an ingredient in dietary supplements such as multi-vitamin/mineral products, but supplements that provide only selenium use L-selenomethionine or a selenium-enriched yeast.

The US Food and Drug Administration approved a selenium supplement to animal diets; the most common form is sodium selenite for pet foods. According to one article, "not much was known about which selenium compounds to approve for use in animal feeds when the decisions were made back in the 1970s .. At the time the regulatory action was taken, only the inorganic selenium salts (sodium selenite and sodium selenate) were available at a cost permitting their use in animal feed.” [4]

Sodium selenite has been proposed as an effective suicide agent.[5]

Safety

Selenium is toxic in high concentrations. As sodium selenite, the chronic toxic dose for human beings was described as about 2.4 to 3 milligrams of selenium per day.[6] In 2000, the U.S. Institute of Medicine set the adult Tolerable upper intake levels (UL) for selenium from all sources - food, drinking water and dietary supplements - at 400 μg/day.[7] The European Food Safety Authority reviewed the same safety question and set its UL at 300 μg/day.[8]

References

F. Féher, "Sodium Selenite" in Handbook of Preparative Inorganic Chemistry, 2nd Ed. Edited by G. Brauer, Academic Press, 1963, NY. Vol. 1. p. 432.
Wickleder, Mathias S. (2002). "Sodium selenite, Na2SeO3". Acta Crystallographica Section E. 58 (11): i103–i104. doi:10.1107/S1600536802019384. ISSN 1600-5368.
Bernd E. Langner "Selenium and Selenium Compounds" in Ullmann's Encyclopedia of Industrial Chemistry (published on-line in 2000) Wiley-VCH, Weinheim, 2002 doi:10.1002/14356007.a23_525
Schrauzer, GN (2001). "Nutritional selenium supplements: product types, quality, and safety". Journal of the American College of Nutrition. 20 (1): 1–4. doi:10.1080/07315724.2001.10719007. PMID 11293463. S2CID 12668227.
Nitschke, Philip,. The peaceful pill ehandbook. Stewart, Fiona, 1966- (January 2021 ed.). Bellingham, WA. p. 192. ISBN 978-0-9758339-1-9. OCLC 1003529499.CS1 maint: extra punctuation (link) CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
Wilber, C. G. (1980). "Toxicology of selenium". Clinical Toxicology (Free full text (see p. 211)) |format= requires |url= (help). 17 (2): 171–230. doi:10.3109/15563658008985076. PMID 6998645.
Institute of Medicine (2000). "Selenium". Dietary Reference Intakes for Vitamin C, Vitamin E, Selenium, and Carotenoids. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. pp. 284–324. doi:10.17226/9810. ISBN 978-0-309-06935-9. PMID 25077263.
Tolerable Upper Intake Levels For Vitamins And Minerals (PDF), European Food Safety Authority, 2006

External links

Linus Pauling Institute page on selenium

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[1] F. Féher, "Sodium Selenite" in Handbook of Preparative Inorganic Chemistry, 2nd Ed. Edited by G. Brauer, Academic Press, 1963, NY. Vol. 1. p. 432.

[Wickleder2002-2] Wickleder, Mathias S. (2002). "Sodium selenite, Na2SeO3". Acta Crystallographica Section E. 58 (11): i103–i104. doi:10.1107/S1600536802019384. ISSN 1600-5368.

[3] Bernd E. Langner "Selenium and Selenium Compounds" in Ullmann's Encyclopedia of Industrial Chemistry (published on-line in 2000) Wiley-VCH, Weinheim, 2002 doi:10.1002/14356007.a23_525

[4] Schrauzer, GN (2001). "Nutritional selenium supplements: product types, quality, and safety". Journal of the American College of Nutrition. 20 (1): 1–4. doi:10.1080/07315724.2001.10719007. PMID 11293463. S2CID 12668227.

[5] Nitschke, Philip,. The peaceful pill ehandbook. Stewart, Fiona, 1966- (January 2021 ed.). Bellingham, WA. p. 192. ISBN 978-0-9758339-1-9. OCLC 1003529499.CS1 maint: extra punctuation (link) CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)

[6] Wilber, C. G. (1980). "Toxicology of selenium". Clinical Toxicology (Free full text (see p. 211)) |format= requires |url= (help). 17 (2): 171–230. doi:10.3109/15563658008985076. PMID 6998645.

[DRItext-7] Institute of Medicine (2000). "Selenium". Dietary Reference Intakes for Vitamin C, Vitamin E, Selenium, and Carotenoids. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. pp. 284–324. doi:10.17226/9810. ISBN 978-0-309-06935-9. PMID 25077263.

[8] Tolerable Upper Intake Levels For Vitamins And Minerals (PDF), European Food Safety Authority, 2006