Namayan

Namayan (Baybayin: Pre-Kudlit: ᜈᜋᜌ or ᜐᜉ (Sapa), Post-Kudlit: ᜈᜋᜌᜈ᜔), also called Sapa,[6] Maysapan or Nasapan,[7] and sometimes Lamayan,[8] was one of three independent[2]^(p193) polities[9][10] that dominated the banks of the Pasig River in the Philippines during the 16th century,[3] just prior to the Spanish colonization of the Philippines.

Namayan ᜈᜋᜌᜈ᜔ (Baybayin)
1175–1571
Santa Ana (highlighted in blue) and Pasay (highlighted in green) on a detail of the 1819 map "Plano de la ciudad de Manila, capital de las Yslas Filipinas", prepared by Francisco Xavier de Herrera lo Grabó for the Manila Land Survey Year of 1819. According to Fray. Felix Huerta, the district of Santa Ana was raised on the former capital site of the pre-Hispanic polity called Sapa or Namayan.[1]
Status	Barangay state[2] under the house[1] of Lakan Tagkan[2]^(p193) Personal union with Tondo through the traditional lineage of Kalangitan and Bagtas[3] (Legendary antiquity)[3]
Capital	Sapa (now Santa Ana, Manila)
Common languages	Old Tagalog (official), Old Malay
Government	Feudalism under Barangay state[4] led by the house[1] of Lakan Tagkan[2]
History
• Established	1175
• Conquest by Spain	1571
Currency	Piloncitos and gold rings[5]
Preceded by Succeeded by Prehistory of the Philippines Barangay state Viceroyalty of New Spain Spanish East Indies
Today part of	Philippines

Archeological findings in Santa Ana, Namayan's former seat of power, have produced the oldest evidence of continuous habitation among the three polities, pre-dating artifacts found within the historical sites of Maynila and Tondo.[11][6][Notes 1]

Formed by a confederation of barangays,[1] local tradition says that it achieved its peak in 1175.[12]

Sources

Historians studying Namayan have the advantage of being able to draw both from written sources and from artifacts uncovered in controlled archeological digs.[9][11]

The most prominent primary written sources regarding precolonial Namayan is "Estado Geográfico, Topográfico, Estadístico, Histórico-Religioso de la Santa y Apostólica Província de San Gregorio Magno", published in 1865 by Franciscan scholar Fr. Felix de Huerta. His description of Namayan included important details such as the extent of Namayan's territories, and the lineage of its rulers.[1]

Controlled archaeological excavations conducted by the National Museum of the Philippines in the 1960s, meantime, produced artifacts from a pre-Hispanic grave site within the Santa Ana Church complex,[6][11] providing important information about maritime trade around Southeast Asia and China from 12th to 15th century AD, as well as the elaborate mortuary practices of Namayan's inhabitants.[11]

Capital sites

Three present-day locations are identified as the political centres of Namayan. Two of these are within today's Santa Ana, Manila, and the other is now a barangay of the Mandaluyong City across the river from the other sites.

Sapa

The site most associated with the kingdom is the town proper of Santa Ana, which grew around the Our Lady of the Abandoned Parish. This site did not become the centre of the settlement until 1578, when Franciscan missionaries chose to build the parish church of Santa Ana de Sapa some distance away from the original town. Local referred to the site as "Maysapan", or more simply, "Sapa."

Sapa is the Tagalog and Kapampangan word for a small creek. Nearby bodies of water matching the description include what would eventually be called Estero de Tripa de Gallina, and a smaller creek in the vicinity of what are now Del Pan, Havana, and Tejeron streets. However, old Santa Ana was known for being "criss-crossed by brooks and creeks", and any number of these creeks could have been obscured by eventual urbanization.

Christianised into Santa Ana de Sapa, the name eventually encompassed the district of the City of Manila now known as Santa Ana.[12] Fr. de Huerta notes that "this town takes its name from the titular saint and the addition of Sapa for its having been established in a site immediately upon an estuary or rivulet proceeding from the Pasig River, which the natives call Sapa and the name of the town itself."[1]

Lamayan

Instead of the Nasapan site, local traditions say that an area called Lamayan (Tagalog and Kapampangan for "the place where a wake was held"), on the banks of the Pasig itself. It was the site of the ancient capital from which Lakan Tagkan and Buwan once ruled. It is still recognisable today because the modern street still bears its name.[8]

Namayan, Mandaluyong

A third location, Barangay Namayan in the City of Mandaluyong bears the name of the kingdom, and was clearly part of its ancient territory, located as it is on the banks of the Pasig just opposite of Lamayan.

Territory

Namayan's territory has been described bordering Manila Bay, the Pasig River, and Laguna de Bay.[8][12] A more precise description of Namayan's administrative area is given by Fr. de Huerta, who, noting that Namayan was a confederation of several barangays, identified these component communities as they were named during the mid 19th century.[1] Namayan citizens called by the Army of Datu Makitan [Bai-Sai] shortened in Visayan dialect means [Bai ang ilahang sala atong ihatag sa ilaha] "Inilad" equivalent to deceived.

Map of today's Metro Manila, showing the modern boundaries of cities and municipalities which were once said to be under the rule of Namayan.

Most are now districts or barangays within the modern City of Manila:

• Maysapan (the royal seat; now the district of Santa Ana)
• Meycatmon (which literally means "a place with Catmon (Dillenia indica) trees")[13]
• Calatondangan (Kalatundungan)
• Dongos (Dungos)
• Dibag
• Pinacauasan
• Yamagtogon
• Malate
• Dilao (Paco)
• Pandacan
• Quiapo
• Sampaloc
• San Miguel

Four settlements are now separate cities in and around Metro Manila:

• San Juan del Monte (now San Juan City)
• San Felipe Neri (now Mandaluyong City)
• San Pedro de Macati (now Makati City)
• Taytay, Rizal

Administrative and political records of Spanish Manila indicate that these settlements mentioned as territories of the Kingdom of Sapa were recorded in 1578 as parts and visitas (satellite settlements) of Sta. Ana de Sapa.[8]

Pre-Colonial History of the Philippines
Barangay government
Ruling class (Maginoo, Tumao): Apo, Datu, Lakan, Panglima, Rajah, Sultan, Thimuay
Middle class: Timawa, Maharlika
Serfs, commoners and slaves (Alipin): Aliping namamahay, Alipin sa gigilid, Bulisik, Bulislis, Horohan, Uripon
States in Luzon
Caboloan
Cainta
Ma-i
Rajahnate of Maynila
Namayan
Tondo
States in the Visayas
Kedatuan of Madja-as
Kedatuan of Dapitan
Rajahnate of Cebu
States in Mindanao
Rajahnate of Butuan
Sultanate of Sulu
Sultanate of Maguindanao
Sultanates of Lanao
Key figures
Jayadewa Dayang Kalangitan Ache Dimasangcay Adel Gugu Sarikula Lakandula Laut Buisan Lontok Magat Salamat Regimo de Raja Salalila Sasaban Sulayman III Kamal ud-Din Katuna Tarik Sulayman Tupas Kabungsuwan Kudarat Humabon Lapu-Lapu Alimuddin I Muedzul Lail Tan Kiram
The book of Maragtas
Religion in pre-colonial Philippines
History of the Philippines
Portal: Philippines

A number of these settlements' names are no longer used today, but Philippine National Artist for Literature Nick Joaquin, in his book "Manila My Manila: A History for the Young", says that the kingdom's territories included what are now Santa Ana, Quiapo, San Miguel, Sampaloc, Santa Mesa, Paco, Pandacan in Manila; Mandaluyong, San Juan, Makati, Pasay, Pateros, Taguig, Taytay, and Parañaque.[4]

Economic activities

Huerta describes the original settlement in Sta Ana as a fishing village that had other industries including carpentry, masonry, piña (pineapple cloth) embroidery, tinapá, cigars, bricks, sugar and bread.[1]

This contrasts sharply with the economic activities of the contemporaneous polities of Tondo and Maynila, which monopolized the influx of goods coming from China, and monopolized the re-sale of the same Chinese goods to other ports in the archipelago, respectively.[2]

Gold as currency

A collection of Piloncitos.

The Namayans, like Tondo, used Piloncitos, small gold ingots some of the size of a corn kernel—and weighing from 0.09 to 2.65 grams. Large Piloncitos weighing 2.65 grams approximate the weight of one mass. Piloncitos have been excavated from Mandaluyong, Bataan and the banks of the Pasig River.[5]

Other than Piloncitos, the Namayans also used Gold rings, or gold ring-like ingots, very similar to the first coins invented in the Kingdom of Lydia in the present day Turkey. Barter rings were circulated in the Philippines up to the 16th century.[14]

Rulers

Fray Huerta also recorded the genealogy of Namayan's ruling family, tracing it to a Lakan Tagkan (also known as Lacantagcan, or Lakan Takhan in some oral histories), and his wife Buan. Under the heading "Santa Ana", he records:

"In origin of the natives of this town comes from a ruler ("regulo") called Lacantagcan, and his wife named Bouan, lords ("señores") of the Namayan territories [...] The first Christian name found in the genealogical tree of this great ("gran") family is a certain Martin in this form. Martin, son of Calamayin: Calamayin, son of Laboy, Laboy, son of Palaba, and Palaba, firstborn son of the ruler ("regulo") Lacantagcan and his wife Bouan."[1]

Historian William Henry Scott notes that "Rajah Kalamayin" was the name of the ruler of Namayan at the point of colonial contact in the early 1570s,[2] and Huerta here records that his son was baptized "Martin" upon conversion to Roman Catholicism. Huerta only traces the genealogical tree of Lacan Tagcan back through Martin, and thus only mentions the eldest of Tagcan and Bouan's sons, Palaba. The other four sons of Tagcan are not named, and no daughters are mentioned.

Huerta does go on, however, to mention that Tagcan had another male son, named Pasay, whose mother was a Bornean slave:

"The said Lacantagcan, in addition to five children of his legitimate wife Bouan, had a bastard ("bastardo") with a slave of Bornean lineage ("esclava de casta bornea"), called Pasay, who was the origin of the town known by the same name, for having fixed there his residence as land owner, supported by his father."[1]

While Huerta thus definitively establishes that the rulers of Namayan and the settlement called Pasay were related, the precise nature of their relationship during the 1500s is unclear: Scott records that during that period, Pasay's rulers interacted with the Spanish themselves instead of "Rajah Kalamayin" speaking on their behalf.[2]

Some local oral traditions cite Tagkan's child Pasay as a daughter, bestowing her with the title "Dayang-dayang" ("princess").[12] However, the descriptor "bastardo" (bastard), used by Huerta, is masculine in form.[1]

Historian Grace Odal-Devora notes that Kapampangan oral histories also mention a "Sultana Kalangitan", described as "the Lady of the Pasig" who ruled the Kingdom of Namayan. She is said to have been the grandmother of "Prinsipe Balagtas" (or Bagtas), and the legend says that the Kapampangan people are descended from him. Odal notes that this demonstrates the interconnections of the Tagalog ruling elites.[3]

Documented rulers of Namayan

The rulers of Namayan from the period of colonial contact (the 1570s) back to three prior generations, were documented by Franciscan Historian Fray Felix Huerta in the work Estado geográfico, topográfico, estadístico, histórico- religioso de la santa y apostólica Provincia de San Gregorio Magno ("Geographical, topographical, statistical, historical and religious state of the holy and apostolic province of St. Gregory the Great"), a record of the histories of Franciscan missions which is now a primary resource for local histories of Philippine municipalities.[2]

Title	Name	Notes	Documented Period of Rule	Primary Sources
Lakan[1]	Tagkan[1]	Named "Lacantagcan" by Huerta and described as the ruler to whom the "original residents" of Namayan trace their origin[1]	exact years not documented; three generations prior to Calamayin	Huerta
(title not documented by Huerta[1])	Palaba	Noted by Huerta[1] as the "Principal Son" of Lakan Tagkan.	exact years not documented; two generations prior to Calamayin[1]	Huerta
(title not documented by Huerta[1])	Laboy	Noted by Franciscan genealogical records to be the son of Lakan Palaba, and the father of Lakan Kalamayin.[1]	exact years not documented; one generation prior to Calamayin[1]	Huerta
Rajah[2]	Kalamayin	Named only "Calamayin" (without title) by Huerta,[1] referred to by Scott (1984) as Rajah Kalamayin.[2] Described by Scott (1984)[2] as the paramount ruler of Namayan at the time of colonial contact.	immediately prior to and after Spanish colonial contact (ca. 1571–1575)[2]	Huerta
(no title documented by Huerta[1])	Martin*	*Huerta[1] does not mention if Kalamayin's son, baptized "Martin", held a government position during the early Spanish colonial period	early Spanish colonial period	Huerta

Legendary rulers of Namayan

Aside from the records of Huerta, a number of names of rulers are associated with Namayan by folk/oral traditions, as recounted in documents such as the will of Fernando Malang (1589) and documented by academics such as Grace Odal-Devora[3] and writers such as Nick Joaquin.[4]

Title	Name	Notes	Period of Rule	Primary Sources
Gat	Lontok	In Batangueño Folk Tradition as cited by Odal-Devora,[3] husband of Kalangitan, serving as "rulers of Pasig" together.[3]^(p51)	Legendary antiquity[3]	Batangueño folk tradition (cited by Odal-Devora, 2000[3])
Dayang or Sultana[3][Notes 2]	Kalangitan[3]	Legendary "Lady of the Pasig"[3] in Batangueño Folk Tradition and "Ruler of Sapa" in Kapampangan Folk Tradition (as documented by Odal-Devora[3]). Either the mother in law (Batangueño Tradition) or grandmother (Kapampangan Tradition) of the ruler known as "Prinsipe Balagtas"[3]	Legendary antiquity[3]	Batangueño and Kapampangan folk traditions (cited by Odal-Devora, 2000[3])
"Princess" or "Lady" (term used in oral tradition, as documented by Odal-Devora[3])	Sasaban	In oral Tradition recounted by Nick Joaquin and Leonardo Vivencio, a "lady of Namayan" who went to the Majapahit court to marry Emperor Soledan, eventually giving birth to Balagtas, who then returned to Namayan/Pasig in 1300.[3]^(p51)	prior to 1300 (according to oral tradition cited by Joaquin and Vicencio)[3]	Batangueño folk tradition (cited by Odal-Devora, 2000[3]), and oral tradition cited by Joaquin and Vicencio[3]
Prince[3] (term used in oral tradition, as documented by Odal-Devora[3])	Bagtas or Balagtas	In Batangueño Folk Tradition as cited by Odal-Devora,[3] the King of Balayan and Taal who married Panginoan, daughter of Kalangitan and Lontok who were rulers of Pasig.^(p51) In Kapampangan[3] Folk Tradition as cited by Odal-Devora,[3] the "grandson of Kalangitan" and a "Prince of Madjapahit" who married the "Princess Panginoan of Pampanga"^(pp47,51) Either the son in law (Batangueño Tradition) or grandson (Kapampangan Tradition) of Kalangitan[3] In oral tradition recounted by Nick Joaquin and Leonardo Vivencio, the Son of Emperor Soledan of Majapahit who married Sasaban of Sapa/Namayan. Married Princess Panginoan of Pasig at about the year 1300 in order to consolidate his family line and rule of Namayan[3]^(pp47,51)	ca. 1300 A.D. according to oral tradition cited by Joaquin and Vicencio[3]	Batangueño and Kapampangan folk traditions cited by Odal-Devora, and oral tradition cited by Joaquin and Vicencio[3]
"Princess" or "Lady" (term used in oral tradition, as documented by Odal-Devora[3])	Panginoan	In Batangueño Folk Tradition as cited by Odal-Devora,[3] the daughter of Kalangitan and Lontok who were rulers of Pasig, who eventually married Balagtas, King of Balayan and Taal.^(p51) In Kapampangan[3] Folk Tradition as cited by Odal-Devora,[3] who eventually married Bagtas, the "grandson of Kalangitan."^(pp47,51) In oral tradition recounted by Nick Joaquin and Leonardo Vivencio, "Princess Panginoan of Pasig" who was married by Balagtas, the Son of Emperor Soledan of Majapahit in 1300 AD in an effort consolidate rule of Namayan[3]^(pp47,51)	ca. 1300 A.D. according to oral tradition cited by Joaquin and Vicencio[3]	Batangueño and Kapampangan folk traditions cited by Odal-Devora, and oral tradition cited by Joaquin and Vicencio[3]

After colonisation

When the parish of Sta. Ana de Sapa was founded in 1578, Franciscan missionaries chose to build their church, and eventually another settlement, some distance away from the ancient town. The result is that the present-day Santa Ana is no longer located at the original site of the capital of Namayan.[1] This has raised some questions about pre-colonial graves that have recently been excavated near the Santa Ana church.[8]

See also

• Rajahnate of Maynila
• Tondo (historical polity)
• Cainta (historical polity)
• Hinduism in the Philippines
• History of the Philippines (900–1521)
• Tagalog people
• History of Luzon

Notes

1. Tondo is mentioned in an even older document (the Laguna Copperplate Inscription), however, providing earlier evidence of a polity named "Tondo", even if the artifact was found in a different site.[http://"Postma1992" Postma, Antoon (1992). "The Laguna Copper-Plate Inscription: Text and Commentary". Philippine Studies. Ateneo de Manila University. 40 (2): 182–203.]
2. The term "Sultana" is used by Odal-Devora in her essay The River Dwellers (2000, page 47), saying "This Prince Bagtas, a grandson of Sultana Kalangitan, the Lady of Pasig, was also said to have ruled the Kingdom of Namayan or Sapa, in the present Sta Ana-Mandaluyong-San Juan- Makati Area. This would explain the Pasig-Sta Ana-Tondo-Bulacan-Pampanga-Batangas interconnections of the Tagalog ruling elites."

References

1. Huerta, Felix, de (1865). Estado Geografico, Topografico, Estadistico, Historico-Religioso de la Santa y Apostolica Provincia de San Gregorio Magno. Binondo: Imprenta de M. Sanchez y Compañia.
2. Scott, William Henry (1994). Barangay: Sixteenth Century Philippine Culture and Society. Quezon City: Ateneo de Manila University Press. ISBN 971-550-135-4.
3. Odal-Devora, Grace (2000). Alejandro, Reynaldo Gamboa; Yuson, Alfred A. (eds.). The River Dwellers. Pasig : The River of Life. Unilever Philippines. pp. 43–66.
4. Joaquin, Nick. Manila My Manila: A History for the Young. City Government of Manila. Manila: 1990.
5. Ocampo, Ambeth R. "'Piloncitos' and the 'Philippine golden age'". opinion.inquirer.net. Retrieved 2017-04-28.
6. Locsin, Leandro V. and Cecilia Y. Locsin. 1967. Oriental Ceramics Discovered in the Philippines. Vermont: Charles E. Tuttle Company. ISBN 0804804478
7. "History of the Parish of Our Lady of the Abandoned". Official Website of the Parish of Our Lady of the Abandoned. Parish of Our Lady of the Abandoned. Retrieved 2012-04-01.
8. "The Kingdom of Namayan and Maytime Fiesta in Sta. Ana of Old Manila". Traveler on Foot: A Travel Journal. May 12, 2008. Retrieved 2008-09-27.
9. "Pre-colonial Manila". Malacañang Presidential Museum and Library. Malacañang Presidential Museum and Library Araw ng Maynila Briefers. Presidential Communications Development and Strategic Planning Office. 23 June 2015. Archived from the original on 9 March 2016. Retrieved 27 April 2017.
10. Abinales, Patricio N. and Donna J. Amoroso, State and Society in the Philippines. Maryland: Rowman and Littlefield, 2005.
11. Fox, Robert B. and Avelino M. Legaspi. 1977. Excavations at Santa Ana. Manila: National Museum of the Philippines
12. "About Pasay – History: Kingdom of Namayan". pasay city government website. City Government of Pasay. Archived from the original on 2010-09-21. Retrieved 2008-02-05.
13. http://www.stuartxchange.org/Katmon.html
14. http://coin.filipinonumismatist.com/2011/06/piloncitos-treasure-of-philippine.html

Further reading

• "History of Makati: PRE-SPANISH PERIOD". Makati City Portal. City Government of Makati. Archived from the original on 2008-03-28. Retrieved 2008-02-05.
• Nick Joaquin's Almanac for Manileños
• The River Dwellers by Grace P. Odal
• Quezon, Manuel L. III (2008-05-19). "An Essential Experience". The Long View. Philippine Daily Inquirer. Archived from the original on 2013-07-01. Retrieved 2013-04-01.