Second EDSA Revolution

The Second EDSA Revolution, also known as People Power Revolution II, EDSA 2001, and EDSA II (pronounced as EDSA Two or EDSA Dos), was a political protest from January 17–20, 2001 that peacefully overthrew the government of Joseph Estrada, the thirteenth President of the Philippines.[2] Estrada resigned and was succeeded by his Vice President, Gloria Macapagal Arroyo, who was sworn into office by then-Chief Justice Hilario Davide Jr. at around noon on January 20, 2001, several hours before Estrada fled Malacañang Palace. EDSA is an acronym derived from Epifanio de los Santos Avenue, the major thoroughfare connecting five cities in Metro Manila, namely Pasay, Makati, Mandaluyong, Quezon City, and Caloocan, with the revolution's epicenter at the EDSA Shrine church at the northern tip of Ortigas Center, a business district.

Second EDSA Revolution EDSA II
Date	January 17–20, 2001 (3 days)
Location	Philippines, primarily Epifanio de los Santos Avenue, Metro Manila
Caused by	Breakdown in negotiations during the impeachment trial of President Joseph Estrada that began in December 2000
Goals	Removal of Joseph Estrada as President
Methods	Protests
Resulted in	Estrada and his family leaves Malacañang Palace Resignation and ouster of President Joseph Estrada Gloria Macapagal Arroyo becomes President
Parties to the civil conflict
Opposition Military defectors:[1] Armed Forces of the Philippines Philippine National Police Others: Anti-Estrada civilian protesters Religious groups:[1] Archdiocese of Manila CBCP Militant groups:[1] Estrada Resign Movement SANLAKAS Akbayan Citizens Action Party Bagong Alyansang Makabayan Kongreso ng Mamayang Pilipino II Individual groups: Makati Business Club[1] Government Government parties: Pwersa ng Masang Pilipino Lapian ng Masang Pilipino Others: Pro-Estrada civilian supporters Religious groups: Iglesia ni Cristo Military loyalists: Presidential Security Group
Lead figures
Gloria Arroyo (Vice President) Others: Angelo Reyes Panfilo Lacson Corazon Aquino Fidel Ramos Jaime Cardinal Sin Joseph Estrada (President) Others: Loi Estrada Jinggoy Estrada Imelda Marcos Juan Ponce Enrile Miriam D. Santiago Eraño Manalo
Number
100,000[2] to 250,000[3] protesters

EDSA Shrine

Advocates described EDSA II as "popular", but critics view the uprising as a conspiracy among political and business elites, military top brass and Catholic Cardinal Jaime Sin.[4] International reaction to the revolt was mixed, with some foreign nations including the United States immediately recognising the legitimacy of Arroyo's presidency, and foreign commentators describing it as "a defeat for due process of law", "mob rule", and a "de facto coup".[5]

The only means of legitimizing the event was the last-minute Supreme Court ruling that "the welfare of the people is the supreme law."[6] But by then, the Armed Forces of the Philippines had already withdrawn support for the president, which some analysts called unconstitutional, and most foreign political analysts agreeing with this assessment. William Overholt, a Hong Kong-based political economist said that "It is either being called mob rule or mob rule as a cover for a well-planned coup, ... but either way, it's not democracy."[5] Opinion was divided during EDSA II about whether Gloria Macapagal-Arroyo as the incumbent Vice President should be President if Joseph Estrada was ousted; many groups who participated in EDSA II expressly stated that they did not want Arroyo for president either, and some of them would later participate in EDSA III. The prevailing Constitution of the Philippines calls for the Vice President of the Philippines, Arroyo at the time, to act as interim president only when the sitting President dies, resigns, or becomes incapacitated, none of which occurred during EDSA II.

Deposed president: Joseph Estrada

Estrada's vice president and incoming president: Gloria Macapagal-Arroyo

On October 4, 2000, Ilocos Sur Governor Luis "Chavit" Singson, a longtime friend of President Joseph Estrada, went public with accusations that Estrada, his family and friends received millions of pesos from operations of the illegal numbers game, jueteng.[7]

The exposé immediately ignited reactions of rage. The next day, Senate Minority Leader Teofisto Guingona, Jr. delivered a fiery privilege speech accusing Estrada of receiving P220 million in jueteng money from Governor Singson from November 1998 to August 2000, as well as taking P70 million-worth of excise tax money from cigarettes intended for Ilocos Sur. The privilege speech was referred by Senate President Franklin Drilon, to the Blue Ribbon Committee and the Committee on Justice for joint investigation. Another committee in the House of Representatives decided to investigate the exposé, while other House members spearheaded a move to impeach the president.[7]

More calls for resignation came from Manila Cardinal Archbishop Jaime Sin, the Catholic Bishops Conference of the Philippines, former Presidents Corazon Aquino and Fidel Ramos, and Vice President Gloria Macapagal-Arroyo (who had resigned her cabinet position of Secretary of the Department of Social Welfare and Development). Cardinal Sin stated in a statement, "In the light of the scandals that besmirched the image of presidency, in the last two years, we stand by our conviction that he has lost the moral authority to govern."[8] More resignations came from Estrada's cabinet and economic advisers, and other members of congress defected from his ruling party.[7]

On November 13, 2000, the House of Representatives led by Speaker Manuel Villar transmitted the Articles of Impeachment, signed by 115 representatives, to the Senate. This caused shakeups in the leadership of both houses of congress.[7] The impeachment trial was formally opened on November 20, with twenty-one senators taking their oaths as judges, and Supreme Court Chief Justice Hilario Davide, Jr. presiding. The trial began on December 7.[7]

The day-to-day trial was covered on live television and received the highest viewing rating, mostly by the broadcasting giant ABS-CBN at the time.[7] Among the highlights of the trial was the testimony of Clarissa Ocampo, senior vice president of Equitable PCI Bank, who testified that she was one foot away from Estrada when he signed the name "Jose Velarde" documents involving a P500 million investment agreement with their bank in February 2000.[7]

Background

Estrada was a popular actor-turned politician who ran under the slogan "Erap para sa mahirap," or "Erap for the poor" [9] (referring to Estrada's nickname “Erap”).[10]

He was accused of receiving PHP 10 million monthly as protection money from gambling lords from November 1998 to August 2000 while he was president.[11] He also allegedly received PHP 130 million in kickbacks released by then budget secretary Benjamin Diokno for tobacco farmers,[11] while his wife Loi Ejercito's foundation allegedly received P100 million "to the detriment of regular beneficiaries."[12] Estrada was also accused of misusing 52 smuggled luxury vehicles,[11] nepotism,[13] and he allegedly hid assets and bought mansions for his mistresses.[14] An impeachment trial against Estrada began in the Philippine Senate on December 7, 2000.[15] Trial proceedings ended on January 18, 2001, after the trial jury decided not to examine evidence relating to Estrada's alleged secret bank account.[16] After the breakdown of the impeachment trial, protesters assembled on EDSA, Metro Manila's main thoroughfare, "in scenes reminiscent of the 1986 uprising which ousted the former dictator Ferdinand Marcos."[16]

Timeline in EDSA 2

On January 16, 2001, the impeachment trial of President Estrada moved to the investigation of an envelope containing crucial evidence that would allegedly prove acts of political corruption by Estrada. Senators allied with Estrada moved to block the evidence. The conflict between the senator-judges and the prosecution became deeper, but then-Senate Majority Floor Leader Francisco Tatad requested that the impeachment court have a vote on opening the second envelope. The vote resulted in 10 senators in favor of examining the evidence, and 11 senators in favor of suppressing it. The list of senators who voted for the second envelope are as follows:

Voted to examine	Voted against examining
Rodolfo Biazon Renato Cayetano Franklin Drilon Juan Flavier Teofisto Guingona, Jr. Loren Legarda Ramon Magsaysay, Jr. Sergio Osmeña III Aquilino Pimentel, Jr. Raul Roco	Blas Ople Juan Ponce Enrile Nikki Coseteng Gregorio Honasan Robert Jaworski Teresa Aquino-Oreta John Henry Osmeña Ramon Revilla Miriam Defensor Santiago Vicente Sotto III Francisco Tatad

After the vote, Sen. Aquilino Pimentel, Jr. resigned as Senate President and walked out of the impeachment proceedings together with the nine opposition senators and 11 prosecutors in the Estrada impeachment trial. The 11 administration senators who voted to block the opening of the second envelope remained in the Senate session hall together with members of the defense panel. The phrase "Joe's Cohorts" quickly surfaced as a mnemonic device for remembering their names (Joe's Cohorts: Jaworski, Oreta, Enrile, Santiago, Coseteng, Osmeña, Honasan, Ople, Revilla, Tatad, Sotto).[17] In February 2001, at the initiative of Senate President Aquilino Pimentel, Jr., the second envelope was opened before the local and foreign media. It contained the document that stated that Jaime Dichavez and not Estrada owned the "Jose Velarde" account.[18][19]

Day 1: Wednesday, January 17, 2001

All 11 prosecutors in the Estrada impeachment trial resigned. Sen. Tessie Aquino-Oreta, one of three senators who voted against opening the envelope (a "NO" vote), was seen on national television; most assumed that she was dancing joyfully as the opposition walked out. This further fuelled the growing anti-Erap sentiments of the crowd gathered at EDSA Shrine, and she became the most vilified of the 11 senators. She was labelled a "prostitute" and a "concubine" of Erap for her dancing act, while Sen. Defensor-Santiago was also ridiculed by the crowd who branded her a "lunatic".

As he did in the EDSA I protests, Cardinal Jaime Sin called on the people to join the rally at the shrine. During the night, people began to gather in large numbers around the shrine.

Day 2: Thursday, January 18, 2001

The crowd continues to grow, bolstered by students from private schools and left-wing organizations. Activists from the group Bayan and Akbayan as well as lawyers of the Integrated Bar of the Philippines and other bar associations joined in the thousands of protesters. A similar parallel anti-Estrada rally was held in Makati, and at the shrine area, just as in 1986, stars and icons from the music industry entertained the vast crowds.

Day 3: Friday, January 19, 2001

The Philippine National Police and the Armed Forces of the Philippines withdraw their support for Estrada, joining the crowds at the EDSA Shrine.[3]

At 2:00 PM, Joseph Estrada appears on television for the first time since the beginning of the protests and maintains that he will not resign. He says he wants the impeachment trial to continue, stressing that only a guilty verdict will remove him from office.

At 6:15 PM, Estrada again appears on television, calling for a snap presidential election to be held concurrently with congressional and local elections on May 14, 2001. He adds that he will not run in this election.

Day 4: Saturday, January 20, 2001

At exactly 1:30 in the afternoon, Gloria Macapagal-Arroyo takes her oath of office in the presence of the crowd at EDSA, becoming the 14th president of the Philippines.[20] At the same time, however, a large anti-Estrada crowd had already gathered at the historic Mendiola Bridge, having left the shrine earlier in the day, only to face PNP personnel and the pro-Estrada supporters behind them, who had by now already attacked both the police and the anti-Estrada protesters and heckling them and even members of the press.

At 2:00 PM, Estrada releases a letter saying he had "strong and serious doubts about the legality and constitutionality of her proclamation as president".[21] In that same letter, however, he says he would give up his office in order to allow for national reconciliation.

Later, Estrada and his family evacuate Malacañan Palace on boat along the Pasig River. They are smiling and waving to reporters and shaking hands with the remaining Cabinet members and palace employees. He was initially placed under house arrest in San Juan, but was later transferred to his rest home in Sampaloc, a small village in Tanay, Rizal.

Aftermath

On the last day of protests on EDSA on January 20, 2001, Estrada resigned as president and his successor Gloria Macapagal-Arroyo was sworn into office by Supreme Court Chief Justice Hilario G. Davide Jr.[22][23]

On September 12, 2007, Estrada was found guilty of plunder beyond reasonable doubt by the Philippine anti-graft court and sentenced to life imprisonment.[24][25][14] He was pardoned by Macapagal-Arroyo on October 25, 2007.[26][24]

Criticism

World reaction to the administration change was mixed. Though foreign nations, including the United States, immediately expressed recognition of the legitimacy of Arroyo's presidency, foreign commentators described the revolt as "a defeat for due process of law", "mob rule", and a "de facto coup".[5]

On January 18, 2008, Joseph Estrada's Pwersa ng Masang Pilipino (PMP) caused full-page advertisement in Metro Manila newspapers, blaming EDSA 2 of having "inflicted a dent on Philippine democracy". It featured clippings questioned the constitutionality of the revolution. The published featured clippings were taken from Time, The New York Times, The Straits Times, The Los Angeles Times, The Washington Post, Asia Times Online, The Economist, and International Herald Tribune. Supreme Court justice Cecilia Muñoz Palma opined that EDSA 2 violated the 1987 Constitution.[27]

On February 2008 parts of the Catholic Church that played a vital role during EDSA II issued a sort of an apology. The sitting Catholic Bishops Conference of the Philippines (CBCP) president, Iloilo Archbishop Angel Lagdameo expressed disappointment in Mrs. Arroyo, saying that the event which has become known as EDSA II, installed a president who was reported in February 2008 by the Philippine newspaper The Daily Tribune as "... now being adjudged in surveys as the country's 'most corrupt' leader".[28]

On March 13, 2008, Joseph Estrada named Lucio Tan, Jaime Sin, Fidel Ramos, Luis Singson, and the Ayala and Lopez clans (who were both involved in water businesses) as co-conspirators of EDSA Revolution of 2001.[29]

In October 2016, Estrada claimed that it was the U.S. that ousted him from office.[30]

See also

• 1999 Shia uprising in Iraq, a similar event in Iraq
• 2013-2014 Cambodian protests, a similar event in Cambodia
• Koza riot, a similar event in Japan
• 1968 Polish political crisis, a similar event in Poland

References

1. Baumgartner, Jody; Kada, Naoko, eds. (January 1, 2003). "Weak Institutions and Strong Movements: The Case of President Estrada's Impeachment and Removal in the Philippines". Checking Executive Power: Presidential Impeachment in Comparative Perspective (illustrated ed.). Greenwood Publishing Group. pp. 45–63. ISBN 9780275979263.
2. "Estrada: A Tarnished Legacy". The Wall Street Journal. January 22, 2001.
3. "Filipinos rally to oust the president". The Guardian. January 19, 2001.
4. Bowring, Philip. Filipino Democracy Needs Stronger Institutions. International Herald Tribune website. 2001, January 22. Retrieved January 27, 2009.
5. Mydans, Seth. 'People Power II' Doesn't Give Filipinos the Same Glow. February 5, 2001. The New York Times.
6. "SC: People's welfare is the supreme law". The Philippine Star. January 21, 2001. Retrieved February 18, 2013.
7. "Estrada vs Desierto: 146710-15 : March 2, 2001 : J. Puno : En Banc". Supreme Court of the Philippines. March 2, 2001. Retrieved February 18, 2013.
8. Amando Doronila, The Fall of Joseph Estrada, 2001, p. 83
9. "Looking back at EDSA II: The political paths of Estrada and Arroyo". Rappler. January 17, 2017. Retrieved April 27, 2018.
10. Ager, Maila (April 30, 2015). "FPJ didn't want to be associated with Erap Estrada—Angara". Philippine Daily Inquirer. Retrieved April 27, 2018.
11. "Fast Facts: Estrada Impeachment Trial". Philippine Daily Inquirer. Retrieved April 27, 2018.
12. Rufo, Aries (October 31, 2001). "Everyone's Cash Cow". Newsbreak. Retrieved April 27, 2018.
13. Danao, Efren (February 22, 2001). "Probe of Estrada to continue". The Philippine Star. Retrieved April 27, 2018.
14. Sturcke, James (September 12, 2007). "Estrada given life sentence for corruption". the Guardian. Retrieved April 27, 2018.
15. "DID YOU KNOW: Estrada impeachment trial". Philippine Daily Inquirer. Retrieved April 27, 2018.
16. Aglionby, John (January 20, 2001). "Filipinos rally to oust the president". the Guardian. Retrieved April 27, 2018.
17. Armageddon Averted: People Power 2001 (January 2001), Asian Business Strategy and Street Intelligence Ezine.
18. "Dichavez owned bank account, says Pimentel". Asia Africa Intelligence Wire. May 31, 2005.
19. "Erap Plunder Trial - BIR wants Erap to pay P2.9B tax; Estrada cries harassment". GMA News. October 16, 2008. Retrieved August 24, 2013.
20. "Estrada to stand trial for plunder". The Guardian. January 20, 2001.
21. Dirk J. Barreveld (2001). Philippine President Estada Impeached!: How the President of the World's 13th Most Populous Country Stumbles Over His Mistresses, a Chinese Conspiracy and the Garbage of His Capital. iUniverse. pp. 476. ISBN 978-0-595-18437-8.
22. Panganiban, Artemio V. (January 24, 2016). "SC: Arroyo takeover constitutional". Philippine Daily Inquirer. Retrieved April 27, 2018.
23. Diaz, Jess (January 27, 2015). "Erap resigned as president, can't run again — lawyer". The Philippine Star. Retrieved April 27, 2018.
24. Rodis, Rodel (August 28, 2013). "Estrada's plunder conviction remembered". Philippine Daily Inquirer. Retrieved April 27, 2018.
25. "Erap guilty of plunder, sentenced to reclusion perpetua". GMA News. September 12, 2007. Retrieved April 27, 2018.
26. Mogato, Manny (October 25, 2007). "Former Philippine president Estrada pardoned". Reuters. Retrieved April 27, 2018.
27. "GMA NEWS.TV, Erap's PMP questions EDSA 2 constitutionality". GMA News. January 18, 2008. Retrieved August 24, 2013.
28. Ayen Infante (February 20, 2008). "Edsa II a mistake, says CBCP head". The Daily Tribune. Philippines. Archived from the original on April 23, 2008. Retrieved June 18, 2008.
29. "GMA NEWS.TV, 7 years after ouster, Erap bares 5 conspirators". GMA News. March 12, 2008. Retrieved August 24, 2013.
30. "Manila Standard, Duterte is right, Estrada insists".

Further reading

• Greg Hutchinson; Ellen Tordesillas (2001). Hot money, warm bodies: the downfall of President Joseph Estrada. Anvil Publishing. ISBN 978-971-27-1104-6.

External links

• CNN.com - Arroyo sworn in as president of Philippines - January 21, 2001
• The Story of EDSA II: Why Erap Failed
• The New York Times - Expecting Praise, Filipinos are Criticized for Ouster
• The Success of People Power II and what it really means