Magat Salamat
Datu Magat Salamat was a Filipino historical figure best known for co-organizing the Tondo Conspiracy of 1587. He was one of at least four sons of Lakandula,[1][Notes 1][3] and thus held the title of Datu under his cousin and co-conspirator Agustin de Legazpi, who had been proclaimed paramount ruler (ruler over other datus) of the indianized kingdom of Tondo after the death of Lakandula, although the position soon became little more than a courtesy title.[2]
Magat Salamat | |
|---|---|
| Datu of Tondo | |
| Reign | c. 1580s |
| Died | c. 1589 |
| Father | Bunao Lakan Dula[1] |
| Occupation | Datu in charge of a barangay (a term which at the time meant a "following" or "loyalty group"), recognizing Agustin de Legazpi as lakan (paramount ruler)[2] |
Lineage
For a long time, not much was known about Magat Salamat outside of his participation in the Tondo Conspiracy. As a result, early Filipino historians such as Gregorio Zaide could only definitively say that he was born of noble heritage - presumably somewhere in or near Tondo.[4]
Luciano P.R. Santiago's paper, "The Houses Of Lakandula, Matanda And Soliman (1571-1898)", published by the Philippine Quarterly of Culture & Society Journal in 1990, established that Magat Salamat was of at least five children (at least four of whom were male) of Lakandula.[1]
Early life
From a very young age, Magat Salamat had already witnessed and experienced the abuses of the Spanish invaders firsthand. As a boy, he was there the moment Miguel López de Legazpi arrived in Manila in 1571. His father, Rajah Soliman (although recent research would list Lakandula as his biological father) led the resistance against the Spaniards, which would end unsuccessfully due to the superior firepower of the foreign invaders, concluding with Soliman being killed along with his troops in battle.[4] The Spanish were then able to enter Soliman's village, where they burned and pillaged the neighborhood, including Salamat's own home. Eventually, Salamat also became a chief just like his father before him, specifically the chief of Tondo.
Motives for conflict
As the Spaniards continued to strengthen their grip on the Philippines, they introduced new elements meant to subjugate the Filipino people, such as Catholicism. For Salamat, the idea of adopting this new religion was completely reprehensible, and he refused to do so.[5] These events would become so commonplace throughout Magat Salamat's life that it would eventually manifest in the form of an intense hatred for the Spaniards, and this hatred would lead to Magat Salamat forming a secret society in Tondo, in the hopes of overthrowing the Spanish regime.[6]
"These people (Spaniards) came to our country as friends. But they are not behaving like friends."
The Tondo Conspiracy
Involvement
Salamat chose to involve himself in the Tondo Conspiracy because, being the chief or Datu of Tondo, wished to recapture it from the Spanish, in turn also recovering his heritage and birthright. Their aim was to restore the freedom they once had prior to the arrival of the Spanish, but they also sought to restore the leadership and power they had as well.[7]
Alongside Salamat were others who shared his ambition, such as the chief of Bulacan, Felipe Salonga, chief of Polo, and Pedro Balinguit, chief of Pandacan, and he was also joined by other chiefs of Tondo, namely Juan Banal and Pitonggatan. Being a family affair as Tondo was his birthright, Salamat was also joined by a few relatives: Agustin de Legazpi, nephew of Lakandula, Salamat's father, and Geronimo Basi, brother of Agustin. Their final ally came in the form of Dionisio Fernandez, a Japanese Christian who reached out to one of his contacts known as Juan Gayo, a Japanese sea captain, in an attempt to secure both manpower and supplies. Gayo would recruit Japanese warriors to assist in the fight against the Spaniards, and in exchange for their assistance, Salamat and the others promised the Japanese half of the tribute to be collected from the Philippines. The Japanese would also attempt to secure aid from areas such as Borneo, Laguna, and Batangas, but it is unknown as to whether or not they were successful. Finally, Martin Pangan, gobernadorcillo of Tondo at the time, also pledged to support the cause, and with their band assembled, a plan came into fruition.[8]
"Betrayal" and death
Some days prior to the plot's execution, Magat Salamat accidentally revealed the plot to Antonio Surabao, a native of Cuyo who was posing as a supporter of their plot. After he had learned of it, Surabao brought what he had heard to his master, Pedro Sarmiento, the Spanish encomendero of Calamianes, who then scampered to Manila on 26 October 1588 and reported it to the Governor-General at the time, Santiago de Vera. It was then after the revelation of the plot that de Vera had all those involved in the plot arrested, with several of them including Magat Salamat being hanged and executed while others were either fined heavily or exiled to Mexico.[8]
Similar events in Philippine history
Revolutions beyond Magat Salamat
After the death of Magat Salamat at the gallows, another form of revolution transpired after about 290 years, which was later known in Philippine history as the Katipunan, or the Kataastaasang Kagalang-galangang Katipunan ng mga Anak ng Bayan (KKK). On 7 July 1892 in Azcarraga, Manila (now known as Recto Avenue), Andres Bonifacio and a few members of the La Liga Filipina organized and formed the revolutionary society whose goal is to achieve freedom from Spain and sovereignty in the Philippines, a revolution with a scale beyond the city of Manila.
Similar to Datu Magat Salamat's cause of revolt against the Spaniards, Andres Bonifacio together with the Katipuneros sought to overthrow the Spanish rule in the Philippines, which brought about the Philippine Revolution spearheaded by the Katipunan. Their revolution, in contrast with the uprising of the Lakans in Manila, was to obtain absolute independence which means separation from Spanish rule, ending the oppression and attaining the Filipino identity.
Succeeding the Philippine Revolution against Spain, was the Philippine–American War, which lasted from 1898 with the Treaty of Paris, the capture of Emilio Aguinaldo in 1901, until 1902 that granted the Philippines to elect its own people in the government through the Philippine Assembly. In the duration of the American occupation in the Philippines, there were still remnants of the Katipunan that wanted a complete and absolute independence for the Philippines, a notable individual was Macario Sakay.
Macario Sakay was an early member of the Katipunan with Andres Bonifacio being its Supremo, and being a native of Tondo, Manila, similar to Datu Magat Salamat, was inclined "to liberate the Tagalog area from Spanish rule and to resist American imperialism." (Cullinane, 61) The revolutionaries under the Americans were rebranded to be recognized as brigands, criminals, instead, which goes to show how the Philippines was still struggling to achieve independence from foreign rule, that those who decide to go against the dominion of the Americans at the time were labeled as "landrones, tulisanes, and bandoleros (outlaws or brigands), regardless of their political motivations." (Cullinane, 55)
Sakay also ended up at the mercy of the Americans by 1907. Similar to Datu Magat Salamat, Macario Sakay was also betrayed by a fellow Filipino, Dr. Dominador Gomez, a nationalist from Manila. After being captured, Sakay and his associates were sentenced to be hanged for being "brigands" under the American rule. On 13 September 1907, Macario Sakay and Lucio De Vega (a close associate of Sakay) were hanged in the Bilibid prison yard, as a ruthless brigand.[9]
Legacy
Magat Salamat Elementary School
The Magat Salamat Elementary School or Paaralang Magat Salamat was erected in the city of Manila to honor the last Datu to rule Tondo. The school is located in the 1st District of Manila, along the streets of Sta. Maria, Pavia, and Perla in Tondo, Manila.
BRP Magat Salamat (PS-20)
The Philippine Navy also has the BRP Magat Salamat (PS-20) as part of its naval fleet. Originally named as the USS Gayety under the United States during 1942 and renamed to BRP Magat Salamat (Bapor ng Republika ng Pilipinas) when it was acquired by the Philippine Navy in 1976. After almost 12 years since it was first commissioned, the BRP Magat Salamat is still in part of the fleet of the Philippine Navy.
Historiography
Aside from his participation in the Tondo Conspiracy of 1587, few definite facts about Magat Salamat's life were documented in 20th Century history textbooks until historian Luciano P.R. Santiago's paper, "The Houses Of Lakandula, Matanda And Soliman (1571-1898)" was published by the Philippine Quarterly of Culture & Society Journal in 1990. The paper drew from the genealogical documents kept in the Philippines' National Archives (collectively referred to by historians as the "Lacandola Documents")[2] and from the works of earlier historians such as Cesar Adib Majul, who documented the tarsila genealogies of Sulu and Maguindanao,[1] and has since become considered a seminal work on the genealogy of the noble houses of Manila and Tondo.[2]
See also
Footnotes
- Magat Salamat is a son of Lakandula, not of Rajah Matanda.
References
- Dery, Luis Camara (2001). A History of the Inarticulate. Quezon City: New Day Publishers. ISBN 971-10-1069-0.
- Scott, William Henry (1994). Barangay: Sixteenth Century Philippine Culture and Society. Quezon City: Ateneo de Manila University Press. ISBN 971-550-135-4.
- Magat Salamat (1550–1589?), Participant in the Tondo Conspiracy Archived 29 September 2011 at the Wayback Machine, nhi.gov.ph
- Zaide, Gregorio F. (November 1930). "Magat Salamat". Philippine Magazine. Manila: Philippine Education Company. 27 (6). Retrieved 8 July 2017.
- Gregorio F. Zaide, Philippine magazine, Volume 27, Number 6, November 1930, Philippine Education Company, Manila.
- Quirino, Carlos. Who's Who in Philippine History. Manila: Tahanan Books, 1995.
- Guillermo, Artemio R. (2011). Historical Dictionary of the Philippines. Scarecrow Press. p. 260.
- Halili, M.C. (2004). Philippine History. Rex Bookstore, Inc. p. 111.
- Cullinane, Michael. (2009). Philippine Studies Vol. 57(1): “Bringing in the Brigands: The Politics of Pacification in the Colonial Philippines, 1902-1907". Ateneo de Manila University. pp. 49–76.