Hispanidad
Hispanidad (Spanish: [is.pa.niˈðað], "Hispanicity") is a term alluding to the group of people, countries, and communities that share the Spanish language and Hispanic culture. The term can have various, different implications and meanings depending on country of origin, socio-political views, and cultural background.
Early use
The term has been used in the early modern period and is in the Tractado de orthographía y accentos en las tres lenguas principales by Alejo Venegas, printed in 1531, to mean "style of linguistic expression". It was used, with a similar meaning, in the 1803 edition of the Dictionary of the Spanish Royal Academy as a synonym of Hispanismo (Hispanism), which, in turn, was defined as "the peculiar speech of the Spanish language".[1]
Revival
In the early 20th century, the term was revived, with several new meanings. Its reintroduction is attributed to Unamuno in 1909, who used the term again on 11 March 1910, in an article, La Argentinidad, published in a newspaper in Argentina, La Nación. He compared the term to other similar expressions: argentinidad, americanidad, españolidad and italianidad.[1][2]
Unamuno linked the concept to the multiplicity of peoples speaking the Spanish language, which encompassed in turn his idea of La Raza, gave it an egalitarian substrate and questioned the very status of motherland for Spain; he claimed the need of approaching Hispanic American republics in terms of sisterhood (opposing "primacies" and "maternities").[3]
Further development of the concept had to wait for the 1920s, when a group of intellectuals was influenced by the ideas of ultranationalist French thinker Charles Maurras and rescued the term.[4] As a precedent, the Spanish writer José María Salaverría, who lived in Argentina between 1910 and 1913, would have implicitly the idea of an Hispanic community, comparable to Hispanidad, but the leading status of Spain in the community is however a moot point in his work.[5] The term was used by Spanish priest Zacarías de Vizcarra, who was living in Buenos Aires.[6] He proposed in 1926 that the expression Fiesta de la Raza should be changed to Fiesta de la Hispanidad.[7]
During the reign of King Alfonso XIII of Spain, the Virgin of Guadaloupe was proclaimed "Queen of the Hispanidad" in Spain.[8] In the later years of the decade, vanguard writer Ernesto Giménez Caballero began to elaborate a neo-imperialist narrative of the Hispanidad in La Gaceta Literaria.[9] The doctrine of Hispanidad would also become a core tenet of the reactionary thought in Spain in the coming years.
During the Second Spanish Republic, Spanish monarchist author Ramiro de Maeztu, who had been the ambassador to Argentina between 1928 and 1930,[11] considered the concept of Hispanidad, motivated by the interests aroused on him by Argentine-related topics,[12] and the meetings between him and the attendants to the courses of Catholic culture as nationalist, Catholic and anti-liberal.[13] Maeztu explained his doctrine of Hispanidad in his work Defensa de la Hispanidad (1934); he thought it was a spiritual world that united Spain and its former colonies by the Spanish language and Catholicism.[14] He attributed the concept to Vizcarra, instead of Unamuno.[15] In the Hispanidad of Maeztu, the Christian and humanist features that would identify Hispanic peoples would replace rationalism, liberalism and democracy, which he called alien to the Hispanic ethos.[16] His work "relentlessly" linked Catholicism and Hispanidad and was highly influential with Argentine nationalists[17] and the Spanish far right, including Francoism.[18] Although declaredly antiracist because of its Catholic origin, the sense of racial egalitarianism in the Maeztu's idea of the Hispanidad was restricted to the scope of heavenly salvation.[19]
Spanish Primate Isidro Gomá y Tomás issued in Argentina, on 12 October 1934, a Maeztu-inspired manifesto, Apology of the Hispanidad:
"America is the work of Spain. This work by Spain is essentially of Catholic nature. Hence, there is a relation of equality between Hispanidad and Catholicism, and it is madness any attempt of Hispanidad disowing that relation".
"América es la obra de España. Esta obra de España lo es esencialmente de catolicismo. Luego hay relación de igualdad entre hispanidad y catolicismo, y es locura todo intento de hispanización que lo repudie."[21]— Isidro Gomá, fragment of «Apología de la Hispanidad» (Buenos Aires, 1934), collected in Acción Española (1 November 1934).
According to Stephen G. H. Roberts, Gomá linked the ideas of Maeztu and the ideology that was developed by the dictatorship of Franco.[22]
According to the philosopher and writer Julián Marías, the Spanish American territories were not only colonies but also extensions of Spain that mixed with the native American peoples, with whom Europeans intermarried, creating a multicultural society.[23]
Francoist Spain
That narrative was heavily featured in Nationalist propaganda during the Spanish Civil War,[24] being used as war tool.[25] Spanish philosopher and Francoist propagandist Manuel García Morente would make Francisco Franco the saviour of the legacy of the Hispanidad from an "invisible army" that was sent by the Communist International of Moscow.[26] García Morente would synthetize the essence of Hispanidad in the archaistic ideal of "Christian knight", half-monk and half-soldier;[27] that figure was used in the pages of student books during the beginning of the Francoist dictatorship.[28]
After the Spanish Civil War, the Our Lady of the Pillar became a symbol of Hispanidad in Spain and was linked to the National Catholicism of the Franco´s regime to the ideas of patriotism and "Hispanic essences".[29]
Franco created the Council of the Hispanidad on 2 November 1940.[30] It was thought at first to be a sort of supranational institution,[31] and it ended up being a council of 74 members, charged with the task of coordinating the relations with Latin America.[32] The Hispanidad became the source of an expansive nationalism (first imperialist and then cultural).[33] Besides its character both as national identity element and as stalwart of Catholicism, Francoism used the Hispanidad in international relations.[34]
The Council of the Hispanidad would become the Institute of Hispanic Culture in 1946 and change from a more Falangist profile to a more Catholic one.[35] That happened within a framework of a general change in the doctrine of the Hispanidad between 1945 and 1947, with Alberto Martín-Artajo at the helm of the Spanish Ministry of Foreign Affairs. The message then became more defensive and less aggressive, with fewer mentions of "empire" and "race" (biological).[36] Afterwards, later in the Francoist dictatorship, the regime, then less constrained by the international community, recovered more aggressive rhetorics, but it failed to reach the full extent of when Ramón Serrano Suñer was Minister of Foreign Affairs.[37]
In 1958, the Day of the Race was renamed to Day of the Hispanidad in Spain.[38]
Mexico
Already in the 1930s, conservative Mexican writer Alfonso Junco had become an active propagandist of the Hispanidad.[39] One of the key parts of the ideology of "Panista" Mexican politician Efraín González Luna, who strongly supported miscegenation, was the Hispanidad, which he conceived in terms of a united community of sovereign states that defended their own values from foreign threats like communism.[40] Other opponents of post-revolutionary Mexico, who spread the doctrine of the Hispanidad were Miguel Palomar y Vizcarra, Jesús Guisa y Azevedo, Salvador Abascal, and Salvador Borrego.[41] The National Synarchist Union saw in the Hispanidad a key component of the vitality of the Mexican nation.[42]
Spanish exiles
The idea of Hispanidad was also featured with new meanings in authors of the Spanish Republic in exile, such as Fernando de los Ríos, Joaquín Xirau, Eduardo Nicol and Américo Castro.[43] Salvador de Madariaga, also exiled, defended the Hispanidad as a positive factor towards cultural ontogeny; he believed its miscegenation was much better than the Anglo-Saxon example.[44]
Argentina
In Argentina, one of the few countries with good relations with Francoist Spain after the end of World War II, President Juan Domingo Perón defended the concept of Hispanidad by highlighting the Hispanic roots of Argentina. However, Peronism began to detach itself from the idea from 1950 to 1954 period to replace it with Latinidad (Latinity).[45]
Other countries
In Colombia, Eduardo Carranza used the idea of Hispanidad in his work.[46] In Chile, Jaime Eyzaguirre would do the same.[47] Currently in Ecuador, the writer Francisco Núñez del Arco has developed the idea in his works.[48]
References
- "Hispanidad". Filosofía en Español. Buenos Aires. Retrieved 2015-12-15.
- Unamuno, Miguel de (1997). Víctor Oiumette (ed.). De patriotismo espiritual. Artículos en "La Nación" de Buenos Aires (1901–1914). Salamanca: University of Salamanca. p. 24. ISBN 847481880X.
- Rabaté, Jean-Claude (2005). Ana Chaguaceda Toledano (ed.). "Miguel de Unamuno frente a las conmemoraciones del 12 de octubre". Miguel de Unamuno. Estudios Sobre Su Obra. Salamanca: University of Salamanca. II: 247. ISBN 8478006834.
- Colom González 2013, p. 9.
- González-Allende 2009, pp. 65–67.
- Ramón Solans 2014, p. 364 «Zacarías de Vizcaya» [sic]
- González Cuevas 2003, p. 244; Marcilhacy 2014, p. 75.
- Pastor 2010, p. 259.
- Friedman 2011, pp. 38–39.
- Núñez Seixas 2013, p. 870.
- Martínez de Velasco Farinós 1981, p. 180.
- González Calleja 2007, p. 612.
- Perfecto 2012, p. 65.
- González Cuevas 2003, p. 244.
- González Calleja 2007, p. 619.
- Saborido 2007, pp. 425–426.
- Rodríguez Jiménez 1994, p. 45.
- Álvarez Chillida 2014, pp. 111–112.
- Martini 2015, p. 58.
- Roberts 2004, p. 62; Colom González 2006, p. 64.
- Roberts 2004, p. 62.
- 1962-, González Fernández, Enrique (2012). Pensar España con Julián Marías. Ediciones Rialp. ISBN 978-8432141669.CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link)
- Pasamar 2010, p. 197.
- Pardo Sanz 1992, p. 211.
- Nicolás Marín 1998, pp. 39–40.
- Colom González 2006, p. 66.
- Núñez Seixas 2006, p. 205.
- Cenarro 1997, pp. 92, 97 y 98.
- Payne 1987, p. 360; Barbeito 1989, p. 117 .
- Barbeito 1989, p. 118.
- Payne 1987, p. 360.
- Marcilhacy 2014, p. 101.
- Calle Velasco 2004, p. 170.
- Fernández de Miguel 2012, p. 360.
- Sepúlveda Muñoz 2005, p. 174.
- Sepúlveda Muñoz 2005, pp. 174–175.
- Marcilhacy 2014, p. 100.
- Urías Horcasitas 2010b, p. 615.
- Gómez Peralta 2010, p. 172.
- Urías Horcasitas 2010a, p. 196.
- Ard 2003, p. 44.
- Sánchez Cuervo 2014, pp. 17, 25 y 30.
- Rojas Mix 1997, p. 187.
- Rein 1991.
- Carranza 2006, pp. 6–7.
- Campos Harriet 1983, p. 49.
- https://1library.co/document/ky6m78gq-historia-del-realismo-criollo-por-francisco-nunez-del-arco-proano.html.
Sources
- Álvarez Chillida, Gonzalo (2014). In: Stéphane Michonneau and Xosé M. Núñez-Seixas (Eds.). "Epígono de la Hispanidad. La españolidad de la colonia de Guinea durante el primer franquismo". Imaginarios y Representaciones de España Durante el Franquismo. Casa de Velázquez: 103–126. ISBN 978-84-15636-65-6. ISSN 1132-7340.
- Ard, Michael J. (2003). An Eternal Struggle: How the National Action Party Transformed Mexican Politics. Westport & Londres: Praeger. ISBN 0-275-97831-1.
- Arenal, Celestino del (2011). Política exterior de España y relaciones con América Latina: iberoamericanidad, europeización y atlantismo en la política exterior española. Madrid & Tres Cantos: Fundación Carolina y Siglo XXI de España Editores. ISBN 978-84-323-1486-5.
- Barbeito Díez, Mercedes (1989). "El Consejo de la Hispanidad". Espacio, tiempo y forma. Serie V, Historia contemporánea. Madrid: Universidad Nacional de Educación a Distancia. 2: 113–140. ISSN 1130-0124.
- Calle Velasco, María Dolores de la (2004). In: Mariano Esteban de Vega, Francisco de Luis Martín y Antonio Morales Moya (Eds.). "Hispanoamericanismo. De la fraternidad cultural a la defensa de la Hispanidad". Jirones de Hispanidad. España, Cuba, Puerto Rico y Filipinas, en la Perspectiva de Dos Cambios de Siglo. Salamanca: Ediciones Universidad de Salamanca: 151–172. ISBN 84-7800-609-5.
- Campos Harriet, Fernando (1983). "Cristianismo e Hispanidad en la obra de Jaime Eyzaguirre". Boletín de la Academia Chilena de la Historia. Academia Chilena de la Historia. 50: 49–58. ISSN 0716-5439.
- Capuano, Claudio Francisco; Carli, Alberto J. (2012). "Antonio Vallejo Nagera (1889–1960) y la eugenesia en la España Franquista. Cuando la ciencia fue el argumento para la apropiación de la descendencia". Revista de Bioética y Derecho. Barcelona: University of Barcelona (26): 3–12. doi:10.4321/s1886-58872012000300002. ISSN 1886-5887.
- Carranza, Jerónimo (2006). "La Hispanidad en Colombia: Eduardo Carranza y el Instituto de Cultura Hispánica". Boletín Cultural y Bibliográfico. Bogotá: Banco de la República. 43 (73): 2–15. ISSN 0006-6184.
- Cenarro, Ángela (1997). "La Reina de la Hispanidad: Fascismo y Nacionalcatolicismo en Zaragoza. 1939–1945" (PDF). Revista de historia Jerónimo Zurita. Institución Fernando el Católico. 72: 91–102. ISSN 0044-5517.
- Colom González, Francisco (2006). In: Francisco Colom y Ángel Rivero (Eds.). "El hispanismo reaccionario. Catolicismo y nacionalismo en la tradición antiliberal española". El Altar y el Trono. Ensayos Sobre el Catolicismo Político Latinoamericano. Rubí & Bogotá: Anthropos Editorial and Universidad Nacional de Colombia. ISBN 84-7658-801-1.
- Colom González, Francisco (2013). "Political Catholicism and the Secular State: a Spanish Predicament". Recode Working Paper Series. European Science Foundation – Research Networking Programme. 20. ISSN 2242-3559.
- Fernández de Miguel, Daniel (2012). El enemigo yanqui: Las raices conservadoras del antiamericanismo español. Zaragoza: Genueve Ediciones. ISBN 978-84-940186-3-3.
- Friedman, Michael (2011). "Reconquering 'Sepharad': Hispanism and proto-Fascism in Giménez Caballero's Sephardist Crusade". Journal of Spanish Cultural Studies. Abingdon: Routledge. 12 (1): 35–60. doi:10.1080/14636204.2011.556876. ISSN 1463-6204. S2CID 146484297.
- Gómez Peralta, Héctor (2010). "El humanismo político de Efraín González Luna" (PDF). Estudios Políticos (20). ISSN 0185-1616.
- González-Allende, Iker (2009). "From the self to the nation, willpower in José María Salaverría". Romance Notes. University of North Carolina. 49 (1): 61–69. doi:10.1353/rmc.2009.0033. ISSN 0035-7995. S2CID 171027918.
- González Calleja, Eduardo (2007). "El Hispanismo autoritario español y el movimiento nacionalista argentino: balance de medio siglo de relaciones políticas e intelectuales". Hispania. Revista Española de Historia. Madrid: Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas. Instituto de Historia. 62 (226): 599–642. doi:10.3989/hispania.2007.v67.i226.55. ISSN 0018-2141.
- González Cuevas, Pedro Carlos (2003). Maeztu: biografía de un nacionalista español. Madrid: Marcial Pons Historia. ISBN 84-95379-65-1.
- Juan-Navarro, Santiago (2006). ""Una sola fe en una sola lengua": La Hispanidad como coartada ideológica en el pensamiento reaccionario español". Hispania. Walled Lake: American Association of Teachers of Spanish and Portuguese. 89 (2): 392–399. doi:10.2307/20063321. ISSN 0018-2133. JSTOR 20063321.
- Maeztu, Ramiro de (2006). Defensa de la Hispanidad. Homo Legens. ISBN 84-934595-3-4.
- Marcilhacy, David (2014). In: Stéphane Michonneau and Xosé M. Núñez-Seixas (Eds.). "La Hispanidad bajo el franquismo. El americanismo al servicio de un proyecto nacionalista". Imaginarios y Representaciones de España Durante el Franquismo. Casa de Velázquez: 73–102. ISBN 978-84-15636-65-6. ISSN 1132-7340.
- Martínez de Velasco Farinós, Ángel (1981). "Relaciones hispano-peruanas durante la dictadura de Primo de Rivera: el centenario de Ayacucho". Quinto Centenario. Madrid: Universidad Complutense de Madrid. 2: 175–196. ISSN 0211-6111.
- Martini, Osvaldo Rodolfo (2015). "Monseñor Isidro Gomá y Tomás en Buenos Aires. Consolidación de la doctrina de la Hispanidad en el Congreso Eucarístico Internacional de 1934". La razón histórica. Revista hispanoamericana de Historia de las Ideas. Alguazas: IPS. Instituto de Política social. 29. ISSN 1989-2659.
- Nicolás Marín, María Encarna (1998). "Crisis y añoranza del Imperio durante el franquismo: la presión de la memoria". Anales de Historia Contemporánea. Murcia: Universidad de Murcia. 14: 33–45. ISSN 0212-6559.
- Núñez Seixas, Xosé Manoel (2006). Fuera el invasor!: nacionalismos y movilización bélica durante la guerra civil española (1936–1939). Madrid: Marcial Pons Historia. ISBN 84-96467-37-6.
- Núñez Seixas, Xosé M. (2013). "Notas sobre Los españoles en Rosario (1934): Una vindicación republicana de la inmigración española en la Argentina". Revista de Indias. Madrid: Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas. 73 (259): 857–874. doi:10.3989/revindias.2013.28. ISSN 0034-8341.
- Pardo Sanz, Rosa María (1992). "Hispanoamérica en la política nacionalista, 1936-1939" (PDF). Espacio, tiempo y forma. Serie V, Historia contemporánea. Madrid: Universidad Nacional de Educación a Distancia. 5: 211–238. ISSN 1130-0124.
- Pasamar, Gonzalo (2010). Apologia and Criticism. Historians and the History of Spain, 1500–2000. Hispanic Studies: Culture and Ideas. Berna: Peter Lang. ISBN 978-3-03911-920-2. ISSN 1661-4720.
- Pastor, Marialba (2010). "El marianismo en México: una mirada a su larga duración" (PDF). Cuicuilco. Ciudad de México: Escuela Nacional de Antropología e Historia. 17 (48). ISSN 0185-1659.
- Payne, Stanley G. (1987). The Franco Regime, 1936–1975. Madison: The University of Wisconsin Press. ISBN 0-299-11070-2.
- Perfecto, Miguel Ángel (2012). "The Spanish Radical Right and French Anti-liberal Thought in the First Third of the xx Century. From Charles Maurras to Georges Valois". Studia Historica. Historia Contemporánea. Salamanca: Ediciones Universidad de Salamanca (30): 47–94. ISSN 0213-2087.
- Ramón Solans, Francisco Javier (2014). "La Virgen del Pilar dice...": usos políticos y nacionales de un culto mariano en la España contemporánea. Zaragoza: Prensas de la Universidad de Zaragoza. ISBN 978-84-16028-43-6.
- Rein, Raanan (1990). "Delgado Gómez-Escalonilla, Lorenzo (1988). "Diplomacia franquista y política cultural hacia Iberoamérica, 1939–1953". Madrid, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas". Estudios Interdisciplinarios de América Latina y el Caribe. Tel-Aviv: University of Tel-Aviv. 1 (2). ISSN 0792-7061.
- Rein, Raanan (1991). "Hispanidad y oportunismo político: el caso peronista". Estudios Interdisciplinarios de América Latina y el Caribe. Tel-Aviv: University of Tel-Aviv. 2 (2). ISSN 0792-7061.
- Rolland, Denis; Ragon, Pierre (1992). "La géographie au service de l'hispanité: La relecture de l'histoire de l'Amérique latine dans l'Espagne des premières années du franquisme". Matériaux Pour l'Histoire de Notre Temps. 27 (1): 29–36. doi:10.3406/mat.1992.410626. ISSN 1952-4226.
- Roberts, Stephen G. H. (2004). ""Hispanidad": el desarrollo de una polémica noción en la obra de Miguel de Unamuno" (PDF). Cuadernos de la Cátedra Miguel de Unamuno. Salamanca: Ediciones Universidad de Salamanca. 39. ISSN 0210-749X.
- Rodríguez Jiménez, José Luis (1994). Reaccionarios y golpistas: la extrema derecha en España : del tardofranquismo a la consolidación de la democracia, 1967–1982. Madrid: Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas. ISBN 84-00-07442-4.
- Rojas Mix, Miguel (1997) [1991]. Los cien nombres de América: eso que descubrió Colón. San José: Editorial Universidad de Costa Rica. ISBN 84-264-1209-2.
- Saborido, Jorge (2007). "Por Dios y por la Patria: el ideario del nacionalismo católico argentino de la década de 1970" (PDF). Studia historica. Historia contemporánea. Salamanca: Ediciones Universidad de Salamanca. 25: 421–444. ISSN 0213-2087. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2016-03-04. Retrieved 2016-06-06.
- Sánchez Cuervo, Antolín (2014). "La metamorfosis de la hispanidad bajo el exilio español republicano de 1939" (PDF). Desafíos. Bogotá: Editorial Universidad del Rosario. 26 (2): 17–42. doi:10.12804/desafios26.02.2014.01. ISSN 0124-4035.
- Sepúlveda Muñoz, Isidro (2005). "El sueño de la madre patria: hispanoamericanismo y nacionalismo". Ambos Mundos. Madrid: Fundación Carolina. Centro de Estudios Hispánicos e Iberoamericanos y Marcial Pons Historia. ISBN 84-96467-04-X. ISSN 1885-3943.
- Urías Horcasitas, Beatriz (2010). "'Méjico' visto por el conservadurismo hispanófilo: el debate en torno al indigenismo (1948–1955)". Historia y Política. Madrid: Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Universidad Nacional de Educación a Distancia & Centro de Estudios Políticos y Sociales (24): 189–211. ISSN 1575-0361.
- Urías Horcasitas, Beatriz (2010b). "Una pasión antirrevolucionaria: el conservadurismo hispanófilo mexicano (1920–1960)" (PDF). Revista mexicana de sociología. Ciudad de México: Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México; Instituto de Investigaciones Sociales. 72 (4): 599–628. ISSN 0188-2503.