Han Taiwanese

Han Taiwanese[3][4][5][6] or Taiwanese Han[7][8] (Chinese: 臺灣漢人[9][10]) are a Taiwanese ethnic group, most of whom are of full or partial Han descent.[11][12][13][14] According to the Executive Yuan Taiwan, they comprise 95[2] to 97[15] percent of the Taiwanese population, which also includes Austronesians and other non-Han people.[16] Major waves of Han immigration occurred since the 17th century to the end of Chinese Civil War in 1949, with the exception of the Japanese colonial period (1895-1945).[16] Han Taiwanese mainly speak three Chinese languages: Mandarin, Hokkien and Hakka.[17][18]

Han Taiwanese
Taiwanese Han
臺灣漢人
Total population
c. 23.5 million[1][2]
Languages
Taiwanese Mandarin, Taiwanese Hokkien and Taiwanese Hakka
Religion
Han folk religions, Taoism, Shintoism, Mahayana Buddhism, Christianity, Non-religious
Related ethnic groups
Han
Bai • Hui
Austronesian Taiwanese

Definition

There is no simple uniform definition of Han Taiwanese,[19][20] which are estimated to comprise 95 to 98 percent of the Taiwanese population.[2][15][11] To determine if a Taiwanese is Han, common criteria include immigration background (from continental East Asia), using a Han language as the mother tongue, and observance of traditional Han festivals.[19][21][22] Sometimes a negative definition is employed, where Han people are those who are not certain non-Han people.[20]

Taiwanese Han people can be classified according to the times of migration or places of origin. They include the Taiwanese Minnan and Hakka people that arrived in Taiwan before World War II and the post-World War II Han immigrants. From the view that Taiwan is one of the former, along with the Austronesians,[23] are sometimes called benshengren (Chinese: 本省人; lit. 'people of this province'), while the latter,[nb 1] along with the contemporaneous non-Han immigrants, are called waishengren (Chinese: 外省人; lit. 'people from other provinces').[25] These two terms and distinctions are now less important due to intermarriages between different sub-populations of Taiwan and the rise of the Taiwanese identity.[23][26] In addition, there are Han Taiwanese that do not fall into the above categories, including the Puxian-speaking Han people in Wuqiu Township, Kinmen County, the Mindong-speaking in Matzu, and various recent Han immigrants from mainland China (forming part of the so-called "New Immigrants" (Chinese: 新住民).

Immigration history and demographics

Architecture
Traditional Minnan (Hokkien) architecture styled Lukang Longshan Temple.
Lin Family Mansion and Garden, a traditional Han residence built in 1847. The ancestor of the Lin family came from Chang-chow, Hok-kien, Ching Empire in 1778.
Taipei North Gate, a Minnan citadel gate built in 1884 during the Ching rule, now a national heritage of Taiwan

There were two major waves of Han immigration: from the Ching (Qing) Empire in the 18th and 19th centuries and from what was then the Republic of China's continental territory, which is now ruled by the People's Republic of China, after World War II in the final years of the Chinese Civil War (1945-1949).

Before the Japanese Empire rule

Taiwan's southwest was home to a Chinese population numbering close to 1,500 before 1623 when the Dutch first came.[27]

During Dutch Formosa rule 1624 to 1662 The Dutch began to encourage large-scale Han immigration to the island for labour, mainly from the south of Hokkien.

From 1683 to around 1760, the Qing government limited immigration to Taiwan. Such restriction was relaxed following the 1760s and by 1811 there were more than two million Chinese immigrants on Taiwan.

Demographics of Taiwan in 17th-20th centuries[28][29][30][31][32]
YearPopulation
1684120,000[28]
1764666,210[28]
1782912,920[28]
18111,944,737[28]
18402,500,000[28]
19022,686,356[29]
19264,168,000[30][nb 2]
19446,269,949[31]
19569,367,661[32]

The 1926 census counted 3,116,400 and 586,300 Han people originating from the Hok-kien and Kwang-tung provinces of Ching Empire or Ming Empire (roughly now Fujian and Guangdong of China, respectively).

Regions of origin of Taiwanese Han people based on the 1926 census by the government of the Japanese Empire[30]
Province Fujian Guangdong Others
County (州/府) Chin-chew Chang-chow Ting-chou Lung-yan Fu-chou Hinghwa Yung-chun Teo-chew Chia-ying Hui-chou
District An-hsi Tung-an San-yi
Language (dialect) Minnan (Quanzhou) Minnan (Zhangzhou, including eastern Zhao'an) / Hakka (western Zhaoan) Hakka (Yongding, Changting) Minnan (urban Longyan city) / Hakka (rural Yongding) Mindong (Foochow) Hinghwa Minnan (Chin-chew) Minnan (Teo-chew)/Hakka (Raoping, Dapu) Hakka (Sixian, Wuhua) Hakka (Hailu) various languages
Inhabitants (thousands) 441.6 553.1 686.7 1,319.5 42.5 16 27.2 9.3 20.5 134.8 296.9 154.6 48.9

After the Second World War
Further information: Chinese Nationalist Party retreat to Taiwan

Around 800,000 people, the vast majority being Han, immigrated to Taiwan after the end of the Second World War, when Republic of China took over Taiwan, with the biggest wave taking place around the founding of the People's Republic of China in 1949.

Since the mid-1990s, there has been a small amount of Chinese Han immigration into Taiwan. These mainly consist of two categories: brides of businessmen who work in China; and women who have married rural Taiwanese, mostly through a marriage broker.

Around 20% or 34,000 of the Vietnamese people in Taiwan are Hoa people, people of Chinese origin that are mostly Han.[33]

Interactions among Han immigrants

Conflicts
Iong-sek Ten (鄭用錫), a Minnan Taiwanese and author of On Reconciliation (Source of Photo: 台灣文化誌 by Kanori Ino).

There were violent ethnic conflicts (termed "分類械鬥" in government documents of the Qing Dynasty), which played a major role in determining the distribution of different groups of Han peoples in Taiwan. Most conflicts were between people of Chang-chow and Chin-chew origins which includes acts where Quanzhounese fought against Hakka peasants from the southwestern hills of Fujian (Tingzhou and western Zhangzhou) throughout the period. ("漳泉械鬥", Chang-Chin conflicts)[34] and between people of Hokkien and Hakkas origins ("閩粵械鬥" [Min-Yue conflicts]) where Hoklo people united to fight against the Hakkas who largely came from Guangdong and a minority from Fujian, is called ("閩客械鬥" [Min-Hakka conflicts]).

Trying to be a mediator, Ten Iong-sek (鄭用錫, 10 June 1788 – 21 March 1858), the first Taiwanese to achieve the highest degree, jinshi or “Doctor” (Mandarin: 進士), in the imperial examination of the Qing Dynasty, wrote an article On Reconciliation (勸和論).[35] Similar literary works on conflicts between different ethnic subgroups include Hái-Im Poems (海音詩) by Lâu Ka-Bôo (劉家謀, 1814-1853) and To the Min and Yue people (諭閩粵民人) by Nâ Tíng-Guân (藍鼎元, 19 September 1680 - 1 August 1733).[26]

Cultural assimilation

In some regions. where the majority of the population spoked another language, the minority group sometimes adopted the more dominant language and lost their original language. They are called "minnanized" Hakka people (福佬客).[36]

Han people with different surnames

There were also conflicts between people with different surnames, such as those between different clans in Yilan. While Han people in some other places were prohibited from marrying others with the same surname, Han people in Yilan were discouraged from marrying others with a different surname.[26]

Republic of China

Unlike pre-World War II, when Han immigrants were predominantly of Hok-kien and Hakka origins, post-World War II Han people came from all over mainland China. Their different languages, habits, ideologies and relationships with the Republic of China government sometimes led to conflicts between these two groups.[37]

Interactions with non-Han inhabitants

In Taiwan, the Han people came into contact with the Austronesians, Dutch, Spanish and Japanese.

Han people and Austronesians

The Amis term for Han people is payrag.

According to the historian Melissa J. Brown, within the Taiwanese Minnan (Hoklo) community itself, differences in culture indicate the degree to which mixture with Austronesians took place, with most pure Hoklo Han in Northern Taiwan having almost no Austronesian admixture, which is limited to Hoklo Han in Southern Taiwan.[38] Plains aborigines who were mixed and assimilated into the Hoklo Han population at different stages were differentiated between "short-route" and "long-route".[39] The ethnic identity of assimilated Plains aboriginals in the immediate vicinity of Tainan was still known since a Taiwanese girl from an old elite Hoklo family was warned by her mother to stay away from them.[40] The insulting name "fan" was used against plains aborigines by the Taiwanese, and the Hoklo Taiwanese speech was forced upon Aborigines like the Pazeh people.[41] Hoklo Taiwanese has replaced Pazeh and driven it to near extinction.[42] Aboriginal status has been requested by plains aboriginals.[43]

Biological traits and relationships with other Taiwanese/Asian people

Genetic relationships

Part of the maximum-likelihood tree of 75 Asian populations:[44]

 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 

Japanese/Ryukyuan

 
 

Korean

 
 
 

Han (Beijing)

 
 
 

Han (Shanghai)

 
 
 

Hoklo Han Taiwanese

 
 
 

Hakka Han Taiwanese

 
 
 

Han Singaporean (Minnan/Hokkien speaker)

 
 
 

Han (Guangdong)

 
 
 

Hmong/Yao

 
 

Alcohol metabolism

In Taiwan, the prevalence of alcohol dependence among the Han is 10 times lower than that of Austronesians, which is related to genetic, physical, psychological, social, environmental, and cultural factors.[45] An association study by researchers at the Academia Sinica found that genes in alcohol metabolism pathway, especially ADH1B and ALDH2, conferred the major genetic risk for alcohol dependence in Taiwanese Han men.[46]

Languages
See also: Taiwanese languages, Taiwanese Mandarin, Taiwanese Minnan, and Taiwanese Hakka
Most commonly used languages in Taiwan, showing the difference in percentage between the most commonly and the second most commonly used language at home for each township/district. cmn: Taiwanese Mandarin; nan: Taiwanese Hokkien; hak: Taiwanese Hakka; map: Taiwanese Austronesian languages.

The languages used by Han Taiwanese include Mandarin (entire country), Hokkien (Taiwan proper and Kinmen), Hakka (Taiwan proper), Mindong (Matzu), Puxian (Wuqiu Island, Kinmen), and other Han languages spoken by some post-World War II immigrants or immigrants from mainland China since the 1990s. The writing systems used include Han characters, Han phonetic notations such as Mandarin Phonetic Symbols for Mandarin and Taiwanese Phonetic Symbols for Minnan and Hakka, and the Latin alphabet for various romanization systems, including Tongyong Pinyin, Wade–Giles, Gwoyeu Romatzyh and Mandarin Phonetic Symbols II for Mandarin, POJ and Taiwanese Minnan Romanization System for Minnan, and Hakka Romanization System for Hakka.

Significant numbers of Puxian Min, Fuzhounese, and Teochew speakers came to Taiwan proper, but they were eventually assimilated into the Hokkien (Minnan) speaking population.

Linguistic Diversity

The Taiwanese linguist Uijin Ang divided Taiwan (excluding Kinmen and Matsu) into 7 linguistic regions, including one Austronesian, five Han and one mixed.[18]

Han linguistic regions of Taiwan according to Ang (2013)[18]
RegionLanguages includedAdministrative regions included
Hakkamajor: Hakka (Sixian, Hailu, Dapu); minor: Minnan (Chang-chow)Taoyuan, Hsinchu County, Miaoli County, Taichung, Nantou County, Kaohsiung, Pingtung County
North MinMinnan (Chin-chew, Chang-chow)New Taipei, Taipei, Ilan County, Keelung, Taoyuan
Middle Minmajor: Minnan (Chin-chew (coastal), Chang-chow(inland); minor: Hakka (Zhaoan, Hailu), TsouHsinchu County (coastal), Miaoli County (coastal), Taichung, Changhua County, Yunlin County, Nantou
South Minmajor: Minnan (mixed, Chin-chew, Chang-chow); minor: Hakka (Sixian, Hailu)Chiayi County, Chiayi City, Tainan, Kaohsiung, Pingtung County
PenghuMinnan (Chin-chew, Chang-chow, mixed)Penghu

Influence of Non-Han Languages

Ever since the arrival of Han immigrants in Taiwan, their languages have undergone changes through interactions with other Han or non-Han languages. For example, one unit of land area used in Taiwanese Minnan is Kah (甲; 0.9699 acre), which comes from the Dutch word for "field", akker (akker > 阿甲 > 甲).[47]

Loanwords in Taiwanese Hakka[48]
Source languagesHan charactersRomanizationMeaning
Austronesian languages馬不老ma pu laodrunk
Dutch石文sak vunsoap
Minnan (Hokkien)米粉炒bi hun tshafried rice vermicelli
Japanese幫浦phong phupump
Mandarin再見tsai kiangoodbye
Yehliu (野柳, Iá-Liú in Minnan), a scenic area in northern Taiwan. Its name came from the Castilian name given by the Spaniards, Punto Diablos, which means 'Cape Devils'.
Takau/Takao is the old name of Kaohsiung.
Loanwords for place names in Taiwanese Han languages[47]
Source languagesPlaceHan charactersNotes
DutchFort Zeelandia熱蘭遮城
DutchCape Hoek富貴角Dutch: hoek ('cape')
CastilianCape San Diego三貂角Castilian: Santiago; Dutch: St. Jago
CastilianYehliu野柳[Punto] Diablos (Castilian) > 野柳 (Hokkien)
AtayalWulai烏來
BasayJinshan金山Kimpauri/Kimauri > 金包里 (Minnan) > 金山 (Japanese)
JapaneseKaohsiung高雄Takau (Makatto) > 打狗 (Hokkien) > 高雄/たかお/Taka-O (Japanese)
JapaneseSongshan松山松山/まつやま/Matsu-Yama (Japanese)
JapaneseGuansi關西鹹菜 (Ham-Coi) 甕 (Hakka) > 鹹菜/かんさい/Kan-Sai (Japanese) > 關西/かんさい/Kan-Sai (Japanese)

Culture

Cuisine
Some typical foods of Han Taiwanese[49][50]
SubgroupFood
Hoklo滷肉飯 (minced pork rice), 割包 (Gua-bao), 蚵仔煎 (oyster omelet), 豬血糕 (rice blood cake)
Hakka[51]客家小炒 (fried pork, dried tofu and squid), 薑絲大腸 (Large intestine with ginger slices), 粄條 (flat rice noodles)
post-World War II immigrants牛肉麵 (Beef noodle soup), 燒餅 (clay oven rolls), 油條 (deep fried stick), 臭豆腐 (stinky tofu)

Religions
See also: Religion in Taiwan

The most popular religions of Han Taiwanese are Taoism and Buddhism.[52] With 11,796 temples (78.4% Taoist; 19.6% Buddhist), Taiwan is the country with the highest density of temples in the world.[53]

Han surnames in Taiwan
The ten most common Han surnames in Taiwan in 2014[54][nb 3]
Han SurnameWade–GilesPinyinPopulationPercentage
陳Ch῾enChen2,605,19111.14%
林LinLin1,942,7878.31%
黃HuangHuang1,413,2706.04%
張ChangZhang1,234,1805.28%
李LiLi1,200,8625.13%
王WangWang961,7444.11%
吳WuWu944,9494.04%
劉LiuLiu738,9763.16%
蔡Ts῾aiCai681,0122.91%
楊YangYang621,8322.66%

In traditional Han society, children inherit the surname of the father. Population analyses of Han Taiwanese based on the short tandem repeat sequences on the Y chromosome, which is specific to males, shows high haplotype diversity in most surname groups. Except for rare ones, the origins of Han surnames in Taiwan are pretty heterogeneous.[10]

Han surnames used by Austronesian Taiwanese
See also: Naming customs of Taiwanese aborigines

The naming customs of the Austronesian people in Taiwan have been greatly endangered by the dominant Han culture under the rule of Ching and Republic of China or Japanese culture during the Japanization period. Austronesians were often forced to have surnames in Han characters that, depending on the policies then, may or may not be related to their original surnames.

Villages
Taipei Confucius Temple

Confucian temples formed an important part of the life of early Han immigrants. Famous temples include Taiwan Confucian Temple and Taipei Confucius Temple.[55]

Written Records/Literature
See also: Taiwanese literature

One of the earliest written records of Taiwanese Hakka is A Tragic Ballad about Hakka Sailing to Taiwan (渡台悲歌), a work written in the Raoping dialect about the life and struggle of Hakka immigrants to Taiwan under the Ching rule.[56]

Folk literature: Tales and Legends

One of the best known Han folktales in Taiwan is the Grandaunt Tiger.[57]

Architecture
House of Ten Long-sek (鄭用錫), a Minnan Taiwanese building and a national monument of Taiwan.[58]
Lin An Tai Historical House and Museum, a Minnan-style courtyard.[59]

Taiwanese architecture refers to a style of buildings constructed by the Han people, and is a branch of Chinese architecture.[60] The style is generally afforded to buildings constructed before the modernization under Japanese occupation, in the 1930s. Different groups of Han immigrants differ in their styles of architecture.[61] Being far away from the center of political power of Beijing, buildings were constructed free of construction standards. This, coupled with inferior level of expertise of artisans and craftsmen, and the Japanese colonization, the architectural style diverged from the ones on the mainland.[61] Many traditional houses have been designated national monuments by the Taiwanese government, such as the Lin Family Mansion and Garden[62] and the House of Ten Long-Sek

Handicrafts

Hakka Taiwanese have long traditions of indigo dyeing.[63][64]

The Yilan International Children's Folklore and Folkgame Festival exhibits collections of traditional Han Taiwanese toys.[65]

Arts and Music
See also: Music of Taiwan
Performing arts of Han Taiwanese
SubgroupCategoryNotable examplesNotable artists/groups
Minnan(Hoklo)布袋戲 (glove puppetry)Pili (TV series), Legend of the Sacred Stone黃俊雄 (Toshio Huang)
歌仔戲 (koa-á-hì)楊麗花 (Yang Li-hua), 明華園 (Ming Hwa Yuan)
陣頭 (Tīn-thâu)Electric-Techno Neon GodsChio-Tian Folk Drums & Arts Troupe
Music南管 Lâm-im, 北管 (Pak-kóan)
Hakka客家戲 (Hakka opera)三腳採茶戲 (three-character tea-picking drama)
post-World War II immigrants相聲 (xiangsheng)那一夜我們說相聲 (The Night We Became Hsiang-Sheng Comedians)吳兆南 (Zhao-Nan Wu)
Folk songs of Han Taiwanese[66]
SubgroupNotable examplesNotable placesNotable singers/composers
Minnan(Hoklo)丟丟銅仔 (Due Due Dong)[67]Yilan
思想起 (Su Siang Ki)[68]HengchunChen Da[68]
望春風 (Bāng Chhun-hong)Teng Yu-hsien
Hakka十八摸 (Eighteen Touches)[69]

Films
Films about Han Taiwanese
NamesSubgroupsLanguagesSettingDirector
Blue Brave: The Legend of Formosa in 1895Hakka, MinnanHakka, Minnan, Japanese, AustronesianConflicts between Han Taiwanese and Japanese during the Japanese invasion of Taiwan (1895)[70]Hung Chih-yu
A City of SadnessHakka, Minnan, post-World War II Han immigrantsMinnan, Mandarin, Japanese, Cantonese, WuEarly KMT rule of Taiwan, February 28 Incident, conflicts between different subgroups of Han Taiwanese[71]Hou Hsiao-hsien
A Brighter Summer Daypost-World War II Han immigrants, MinnanMandarin, Minnan, Cantonese, WuLife and struggles of postwar immigrants and their descendantsEdward Yang

See also

Other Taiwanese ethnic groups

Languages of Han Taiwanese

History of Han Taiwanese

Culture of Han Taiwanese

Notes
  1. They also include some Minnan and Hakka people.[24]
  2. This number was inferred from the Han population size of 3,751,600 and their proportion of ~90% in the total population.[30]
  3. Numbers including all nationals who have a Han name, including many Austronesians, who were until 1990s forbidden to possess their traditional names. See Taiwanese aborigines.

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