Fathers of Confederation

The Fathers of Confederation are the 36 people who attended at least one of the Charlottetown Conference of 1864 (23 attendees), the Quebec Conference of 1864 (33 attendees), and the London Conference of 1866 (16 attendees), preceding Canadian Confederation. Only ten people attended all three conferences.

Of the 36 Fathers, 11 were Freemasons, notably Macdonald, but including Bernard, Campbell, Carter, Chandler, Galt, Gray, Haviland, Henry, Pope, and Tilley.[1]

Table of participation

The following table lists the participants in the Charlottetown, Quebec, and London Conferences and their attendance at each stage.[2][3]

Participant[3]	Portrait	Province (Current)	Charlottetown	Quebec City	London
Sir Adams George Archibald		Nova Scotia
George Brown		Ontario
Sir Alexander Campbell		Ontario
Sir Frederick Carter		Newfoundland and Labrador
Sir George-Étienne Cartier		Quebec
Edward Barron Chandler		New Brunswick
Jean-Charles Chapais		Quebec
James Cockburn		Ontario
George Coles		Prince Edward Island
Robert B. Dickey		Nova Scotia
Charles Fisher		New Brunswick
Sir Alexander Tilloch Galt		Quebec
John Hamilton Gray		Prince Edward Island
John Hamilton Gray		New Brunswick
Thomas Heath Haviland		Prince Edward Island
William Alexander Henry		Nova Scotia
Sir William Pearce Howland		Ontario
John Mercer Johnson		New Brunswick
Sir Hector-Louis Langevin		Quebec
Andrew Archibald Macdonald		Prince Edward Island
Sir John A. Macdonald		Ontario
Jonathan McCully		Nova Scotia
William McDougall		Ontario
Thomas D'Arcy McGee		Quebec
Peter Mitchell		New Brunswick
Sir Oliver Mowat		Ontario
Edward Palmer		Prince Edward Island
William Henry Pope		Prince Edward Island
John William Ritchie		Nova Scotia
Sir Ambrose Shea		Newfoundland and Labrador
William H. Steeves		New Brunswick
Sir Étienne-Paschal Taché		Quebec
Sir Samuel Leonard Tilley		New Brunswick
Sir Charles Tupper		Nova Scotia
Edward Whelan		Prince Edward Island
Robert Duncan Wilmot		New Brunswick

Group photographs

Delegates from the Legislatures of Canada, gathering on the steps of Prince Edward Island's Government House for the Charlottetown Conference – Photo by George P. Roberts on September 11, 1864.
Delegates of the Legislatures of Canada gathering at the Quebec Conference – Photo by Jules I. Livernois on October 27, 1864.

Other possible claimants to title

Four other individuals have been labelled as Fathers of Confederation. Hewitt Bernard, who was the recording secretary at the Charlottetown Conference, is considered by some to be a Father of Confederation.[4] The leaders most responsible for bringing three specific provinces into Confederation after 1867 are also referred to as Fathers of Confederation.[2]

The provisional government established by Louis Riel ultimately negotiated the terms under which Manitoba entered the Canadian Confederation in 1870.[5]
The leadership of Amor De Cosmos was instrumental both in bringing democracy to British Columbia and in bringing the province into Confederation in 1871.[6]
The province of Newfoundland entered the Canadian Confederation in 1949 under the leadership of Joey Smallwood, who was then referred to as the "only living Father of Confederation".[7]

References

Michael Jenkyns (July 2017). "Canada's Sesquicentennial - Freemasonry and Confederation". Grand Lodge A.F. & A.M. of Canada in the Province of Ontario. Archived from the original on 5 December 2018. Retrieved 5 December 2018.
"Fathers of Confederation". CanadianHistory. 2008. Archived from the original on 2010-08-21. Retrieved 2010-06-21.
Bélanger, Claude (2001). "Studies on the Canadian Constitution and Canadian Federalism". Department of History, Marianopolis College. Archived from the original on 2010-06-11. Retrieved 2010-06-21.
Harrison, Robert A (2003). The conventional man. Canadian Legal History by University of Toronto Press. p. 627. ISBN 0-8020-8842-2. Archived from the original on 2018-03-28. Retrieved 2011-09-02.
The Heritage Centre. "Louis Riel The Provisional Government". Archived from the original on 10 August 2007. Retrieved 23 September 2007.
Frances, Stanford (2002). Canada's Confederation. S&S Learning Materials. p. 44. ISBN 1-55035-708-5. Archived from the original on 2018-03-28. Retrieved 2011-09-02.
Argyle, Ray (2012). Joey Smallwood, Schemer and Dreamer. Dundurn Press. ISBN 9781459703698.

External links

Fathers of Confederation - Library and Archives Canada

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[1] Michael Jenkyns (July 2017). "Canada's Sesquicentennial - Freemasonry and Confederation". Grand Lodge A.F. & A.M. of Canada in the Province of Ontario. Archived from the original on 5 December 2018. Retrieved 5 December 2018.

[CanadianHistory-2] "Fathers of Confederation". CanadianHistory. 2008. Archived from the original on 2010-08-21. Retrieved 2010-06-21.

[belanger-3] Bélanger, Claude (2001). "Studies on the Canadian Constitution and Canadian Federalism". Department of History, Marianopolis College. Archived from the original on 2010-06-11. Retrieved 2010-06-21.

[4] Harrison, Robert A (2003). The conventional man. Canadian Legal History by University of Toronto Press. p. 627. ISBN 0-8020-8842-2. Archived from the original on 2018-03-28. Retrieved 2011-09-02.

[5] The Heritage Centre. "Louis Riel The Provisional Government". Archived from the original on 10 August 2007. Retrieved 23 September 2007.

[6] Frances, Stanford (2002). Canada's Confederation. S&S Learning Materials. p. 44. ISBN 1-55035-708-5. Archived from the original on 2018-03-28. Retrieved 2011-09-02.

[7] Argyle, Ray (2012). Joey Smallwood, Schemer and Dreamer. Dundurn Press. ISBN 9781459703698.