Windows-1251

Windows-1251 is an 8-bit character encoding, designed to cover languages that use the Cyrillic script such as Russian, Bulgarian, Serbian Cyrillic and other languages. It is the most widely used encoding for the Bulgarian, Serbian and Macedonian languages. As of December 2020, 0.9% of all (and 0.6% of top-1000[1]) websites use Windows-1251.[2][3] However, it is used by 9.9% of Russian (.ru) websites,[4] where it is the second most popular choice after UTF-8. In Linux, the encoding is known as cp1251.[5] IBM uses code page 1251 (CCSID 1251 and euro sign extended CCSID 5347) for Windows-1251.[6][7][8][9][10][11][12]

Windows-1251

MIME / IANA	windows-1251
Alias(es)	cp1251 (Code page 1251)
Language(s)	English, Russian, Ukrainian, Belarusian, Bulgarian, Serbian Cyrillic, Macedonian
Created by	Microsoft
Standard	WHATWG Encoding Standard
Classification	extended ASCII, Windows-125x
Other related encoding(s)	Amiga-1251, KZ-1048, RFC 1345's "ECMA-Cyrillic"

Windows-1251 and KOI8-R (or its Ukrainian variant KOI8-U) are much more commonly used than ISO 8859-5 (which is "used by less than 0.1% of websites").[13] In contrast to Windows-1252 and ISO 8859-1, Windows-1251 is not closely related to ISO 8859-5.

Unicode is preferred to Windows-1251 or other Cyrillic encodings in modern applications, especially on the Internet, making UTF-8 the dominant encoding for web pages. (For further discussion of Unicode's complete coverage and how single-byte character encodings, such as Windows-1251 and KOI8-R, cannot provide this, see Cyrillic script in Unicode.)

Character set

The following table shows Windows-1251. Each character is shown with its Unicode equivalent and its decimal code.

Windows-1251[14]

	_0	_1	_2	_3	_4	_5	_6	_7	_8	_9	_A	_B	_C	_D	_E	_F
0_ 0	NUL 0000	SOH 0001	STX 0002	ETX 0003	EOT 0004	ENQ 0005	ACK 0006	BEL 0007	BS 0008	HT 0009	LF 000A	VT 000B	FF 000C	CR 000D	SO 000E	SI 000F
1_ 16	DLE 0010	DC1 0011	DC2 0012	DC3 0013	DC4 0014	NAK 0015	SYN 0016	ETB 0017	CAN 0018	EM 0019	SUB 001A	ESC 001B	FS 001C	GS 001D	RS 001E	US 001F
2_ 32	SP 0020	! 0021	" 0022	# 0023	$ 0024	% 0025	& 0026	' 0027	( 0028	) 0029	* 002A	+ 002B	, 002C	- 002D	. 002E	/ 002F
3_ 48	0 0030	1 0031	2 0032	3 0033	4 0034	5 0035	6 0036	7 0037	8 0038	9 0039	: 003A	; 003B	< 003C	= 003D	> 003E	? 003F
4_ 64	@ 0040	A 0041	B 0042	C 0043	D 0044	E 0045	F 0046	G 0047	H 0048	I 0049	J 004A	K 004B	L 004C	M 004D	N 004E	O 004F
5_ 80	P 0050	Q 0051	R 0052	S 0053	T 0054	U 0055	V 0056	W 0057	X 0058	Y 0059	Z 005A	[ 005B	\ 005C	] 005D	^ 005E	_ 005F
6_ 96	` 0060	a 0061	b 0062	c 0063	d 0064	e 0065	f 0066	g 0067	h 0068	i 0069	j 006A	k 006B	l 006C	m 006D	n 006E	o 006F
7_ 112	p 0070	q 0071	r 0072	s 0073	t 0074	u 0075	v 0076	w 0077	x 0078	y 0079	z 007A	{ 007B	| 007C	} 007D	~ 007E	DEL 007F
8_ 128	Ђ 0402	Ѓ 0403	‚ 201A	ѓ 0453	„ 201E	… 2026	† 2020	‡ 2021	€ 20AC	‰ 2030	Љ 0409	‹ 2039	Њ 040A	Ќ 040C	Ћ 040B	Џ 040F
9_ 144	ђ 0452	‘ 2018	’ 2019	“ 201C	” 201D	• 2022	– 2013	— 2014		™ 2122	љ 0459	› 203A	њ 045A	ќ 045C	ћ 045B	џ 045F
A_ 160	NBSP 00A0	Ў 040E	ў 045E	Ј 0408	¤ 00A4	Ґ 0490	¦ 00A6	§ 00A7	Ё 0401	© 00A9	Є 0404	« 00AB	¬ 00AC	SHY 00AD	® 00AE	Ї 0407
B_ 176	° 00B0	± 00B1	І 0406	і 0456	ґ 0491	µ 00B5	¶ 00B6	· 00B7	ё 0451	№ 2116	є 0454	» 00BB	ј 0458	Ѕ 0405	ѕ 0455	ї 0457
C_ 192	А 0410	Б 0411	В 0412	Г 0413	Д 0414	Е 0415	Ж 0416	З 0417	И 0418	Й 0419	К 041A	Л 041B	М 041C	Н 041D	О 041E	П 041F
D_ 208	Р 0420	С 0421	Т 0422	У 0423	Ф 0424	Х 0425	Ц 0426	Ч 0427	Ш 0428	Щ 0429	Ъ 042A	Ы 042B	Ь 042C	Э 042D	Ю 042E	Я 042F
E_ 224	а 0430	б 0431	в 0432	г 0433	д 0434	е 0435	ж 0436	з 0437	и 0438	й 0439	к 043A	л 043B	м 043C	н 043D	о 043E	п 043F
F_ 240	р 0440	с 0441	т 0442	у 0443	ф 0444	х 0445	ц 0446	ч 0447	ш 0448	щ 0449	ъ 044A	ы 044B	ь 044C	э 044D	ю 044E	я 044F

  Letter   Number   Punctuation   Symbol   Other   Undefined

Kazakh variant

An altered version of Windows-1251 was standardised in Kazakhstan as Kazakh standard STRK1048, and is known by the label KZ-1048. It differs in the rows shown below:

KZ-1048 (STRK1048-2002)[15]

	_0	_1	_2	_3	_4	_5	_6	_7	_8	_9	_A	_B	_C	_D	_E	_F
8_ 128	Ђ 0402	Ѓ 0403	‚ 201A	ѓ 0453	„ 201E	… 2026	† 2020	‡ 2021	€ 20AC	‰ 2030	Љ 0409	‹ 2039	Њ 040A	Қ 049A	Һ 04BA	Џ 040F
9_ 144	ђ 0452	‘ 2018	’ 2019	“ 201C	” 201D	• 2022	– 2013	— 2014		™ 2122	љ 0459	› 203A	њ 045A	қ 049B	һ 04BB	џ 045F
A_ 160	NBSP 00A0	Ұ 04B0	ұ 04B1	Ә 04D8	¤ 00A4	Ө 04E8	¦ 00A6	§ 00A7	Ё 0401	© 00A9	Ғ 0492	« 00AB	¬ 00AC	SHY 00AD	® 00AE	Ү 04AE
B_ 176	° 00B0	± 00B1	І 0406	і 0456	ө 04E9	µ 00B5	¶ 00B6	· 00B7	ё 0451	№ 2116	ғ 0493	» 00BB	ә 04D9	Ң 04A2	ң 04A3	ү 04AF

Amiga variant

Amiga-1251

MIME / IANA	Amiga-1251
Alias(es)	Ami1251
Language(s)	English, Russian
Classification	extended ASCII
Based on	Windows-1251, ISO-8859-1, ISO-8859-15

Russian Amiga OS systems used a version of code page 1251 which matches Windows-1251 for the Russian subset of the Cyrillic letters, but otherwise mostly follows ISO-8859-1. This version is known as Amiga-1251,[16] under which name it is registered with the IANA.[17]

Amiga-1251[16]

	_0	_1	_2	_3	_4	_5	_6	_7	_8	_9	_A	_B	_C	_D	_E	_F
0_ 0	NUL 0000	SOH 0001	STX 0002	ETX 0003	EOT 0004	ENQ 0005	ACK 0006	BEL 0007	BS 0008	HT 0009	LF 000A	VT 000B	FF 000C	CR 000D	SO 000E	SI 000F
1_ 16	DLE 0010	DC1 0011	DC2 0012	DC3 0013	DC4 0014	NAK 0015	SYN 0016	ETB 0017	CAN 0018	EM 0019	SUB 001A	ESC 001B	FS 001C	GS 001D	RS 001E	US 001F
2_ 32	SP 0020	! 0021	" 0022	# 0023	$ 0024	% 0025	& 0026	' 0027	( 0028	) 0029	* 002A	+ 002B	, 002C	- 002D	. 002E	/ 002F
3_ 48	0 0030	1 0031	2 0032	3 0033	4 0034	5 0035	6 0036	7 0037	8 0038	9 0039	: 003A	; 003B	< 003C	= 003D	> 003E	? 003F
4_ 64	@ 0040	A 0041	B 0042	C 0043	D 0044	E 0045	F 0046	G 0047	H 0048	I 0049	J 004A	K 004B	L 004C	M 004D	N 004E	O 004F
5_ 80	P 0050	Q 0051	R 0052	S 0053	T 0054	U 0055	V 0056	W 0057	X 0058	Y 0059	Z 005A	[ 005B	\ 005C	] 005D	^ 005E	_ 005F
6_ 96	` 0060	a 0061	b 0062	c 0063	d 0064	e 0065	f 0066	g 0067	h 0068	i 0069	j 006A	k 006B	l 006C	m 006D	n 006E	o 006F
7_ 112	p 0070	q 0071	r 0072	s 0073	t 0074	u 0075	v 0076	w 0077	x 0078	y 0079	z 007A	{ 007B	| 007C	} 007D	~ 007E	DEL 007F
8_ 128	XXX 0080	XXX 0081	BPH 0082	NBH 0083	IND 0084	NEL 0085	SSA 0086	ESA 0087	HTS 0088	HTJ 0089	VTS 008A	PLD 008B	PLU 008C	RI 008D	SS2 008E	SS3 008F
9_ 144	DCS 0090	PU1 0091	PU2 0092	STS 0093	CCH 0094	MW 0095	SPA 0096	EPA 0097	SOS 0098	XXX 0099	SCI 009A	CSI 009B	ST 009C	OSC 009D	PM 009E	APC 009F
A_ 160	NBSP 00A0	¡ 00A1	¢ 00A2	£ 00A3	€[lower-alpha 1] 20AC	¥ 00A5	¦ 00A6	§ 00A7	Ё 0401	© 00A9	№[lower-alpha 2] 2116	« 00AB	¬ 00AC	SHY 00AD	® 00AE	¯ 00AF
B_ 176	° 00B0	± 00B1	² 00B2	³ 00B3	´ 00B4	µ 00B5	¶ 00B6	· 00B7	ё 0451	¹ 00B9	º 00BA	» 00BB	¼ 00BC	½ 00BD	¾ 00BE	¿ 00BF
C_ 192	А 0410	Б 0411	В 0412	Г 0413	Д 0414	Е 0415	Ж 0416	З 0417	И 0418	Й 0419	К 041A	Л 041B	М 041C	Н 041D	О 041E	П 041F
D_ 208	Р 0420	С 0421	Т 0422	У 0423	Ф 0424	Х 0425	Ц 0426	Ч 0427	Ш 0428	Щ 0429	Ъ 042A	Ы 042B	Ь 042C	Э 042D	Ю 042E	Я 042F
E_ 224	а 0430	б 0431	в 0432	г 0433	д 0434	е 0435	ж 0436	з 0437	и 0438	й 0439	к 043A	л 043B	м 043C	н 043D	о 043E	п 043F
F_ 240	р 0440	с 0441	т 0442	у 0443	ф 0444	х 0445	ц 0446	ч 0447	ш 0448	щ 0449	ъ 044A	ы 044B	ь 044C	э 044D	ю 044E	я 044F

  Different from Windows-1251 to match ISO-8859-1

  Different from both Windows-1251 and ISO-8859-1

Footnotes

1. Matching ISO-8859-15; at a different location than in Windows-1251.
2. Present in Windows-1251, but in a different location; absent from ISO-8859-1/15.

References

1. "Usage Survey of Character Encodings broken down by Ranking". w3techs.com. Retrieved 2021-01-25.
2. "Historical trends in the usage of character encodings, January 2021". Retrieved 2021-01-25.
3. "Frequently Asked Questions".
4. "Distribution of Character Encodings among websites that use .ru". w3techs.com. Retrieved 2021-01-25.
5. "cp1251(7) - Linux manual page". man7.org. Retrieved 2018-07-01.
6. "Code page 1251 information document". Archived from the original on 2016-03-03.
7. "CCSID 1251 information document". Archived from the original on 2014-11-29.
8. "CCSID 5347 information document". Archived from the original on 2014-11-29.
9. Code Page CPGID 01251 (pdf) (PDF), IBM
10. Code Page CPGID 01251 (txt), IBM
11. International Components for Unicode (ICU), ibm-1251_P100-1995.ucm, 2002-12-03
12. International Components for Unicode (ICU), ibm-5347_P100-1998.ucm, 2002-12-03
13. "Usage Statistics of Character Encodings for Websites". w3techs.com. Archived from the original on 2011-02-20.
14. Steele, Shawn (1998). CP1251 to Unicode table. Unicode Consortium. CP1251.TXT.
15. Whistler, Ken (2007). KZ-1048 to Unicode. Unicode Consortium. KZ1048.TXT.
16. Malyshev, Michael (2003). "Amiga-1251 to Unicode table". Registration of new charset [Amiga-1251]. IANA.
17. "Character Sets". IANA.

Further reading

• Kornai, Andras; Birnbaum, David J.; da Cruz, Frank; Davis, Bur; Fowler, George; Paine, Richard B.; Paperno, Slava; Simonsen, Keld J.; Thobe, Glenn E.; Vulis, Dimitri; van Wingen, Johan W. (1993-03-13). "CYRILLIC ENCODING FAQ Version 1.3". Retrieved 2020-06-24.

External links

• Windows 1251 reference chart
• IANA Charset Name Registration
• Unicode mappings of windows 1251 with "best fit"
• Universal Cyrillic decoder, an online program that may help recovering unreadable Cyrillic texts with broken Windows-1251 or other character encodings.