Watford (UK Parliament constituency)

Watford is a constituency[n 1] represented in the House of Commons of the UK Parliament since 2019 by Conservative Party representative Dean Russell.[n 2]

Watford
Borough constituency for the House of Commons
Boundary of Watford in Hertfordshire
Location of Hertfordshire within England
County	Hertfordshire
Electorate	80,939 (December 2010)[1]
Major settlements	Garston, Watford
Current constituency
Created	1885
Member of Parliament	Dean Russell (Conservative)
Number of members	One
Created from	Hertfordshire

History

Before the Redistribution of Seats Act 1885 the area was part of the three-seat constituency of Hertfordshire. Upon this act, it took up the western division of the county; however, later seats such as South West Hertfordshire, established in 1950, have reduced its reach, as settlements in those areas, and Watford itself, have grown.

Political history

The seat has been a bellwether of the national result since February 1974, and since 1945 has only voted against the winning party twice: in 1951 and 1970. Watford saw considerable Liberal Democrat opposition in 2005, achieving second place, taking many Labour votes with the Conservative candidate close behind.[2]

Before the 2010 general election it was a three-way marginal seat in which local Tories, Labour supporters and Liberal Democrats aimed to garner support for their candidate. This election in Watford was won by Richard Harrington (Con) with 34.9% of the vote. The Liberal Democrats narrowly missed out on the seat with 32.4% of the vote and the defeat for Labour's candidate, Claire Ward, was a pronounced change with 26.7% of the vote.[3]

In 2015, the result saw a significantly increased majority for Harrington of more than 9,000 votes over Labour, whilst the Liberal Democrats fell back to third. The 2017 election saw Labour significantly cut the Conservative majority to 2,092.

Prominent frontbenchers

Dennis Herbert was Deputy Speaker from 1931 to 1943.

Major John Freeman was only a third-tier (junior) minister in the War Office as MP. His later unusually prominent positions in diplomacy led to his being appointed a member of the Privy Council and thereby being Rt Hon as of 1966.

Tristan Garel-Jones was Minister for Europe for three years of the Major ministry.

Both Herbert and Garel-Jones opted as peers in later life to use Watford as the territorial designation of their peerages.

Constituency profile

Watford has a considerable service sector economy, with several notable headquarters, and engineering, trade-craft and distribution in its economy, however is also a commuter town to the City of London. British Waterways, J D Wetherspoon, Camelot Group, Iveco, manufacturers of commercial vehicles; part of Balfour Beatty; Bathstore, the largest bathroom retailer in the UK; construction firm Taylor Woodrow; and Mothercare are the largest of these. The borough is also the UK base of many multinationals including C. H. Robinson, Total Oil, TK Maxx, Costco, Vinci and Beko appliances. International golf tournaments such as the 2006 World Golf Championship have taken place at The Grove hotel.

Workless claimants who were registered jobseekers were in November 2012 lower than the national average of 3.8%, at 3.0% of the population based on a statistical compilation by The Guardian.[4]

Boundaries and boundary changes

1885–1918: Parts of the Sessional Division of Watford and Dacorum.[5]

The constituency was established by the Redistribution of Seats Act 1885 (which followed on from the Third Reform Act) as one of four Divisions of the abolished three-member Parliamentary County of Hertfordshire, and was formally named as the Western or Watford Division of Hertfordshire. It included the towns of Watford, Rickmansworth, Hemel Hempstead, Berkhamsted and Tring.

1918–1950: The Urban Districts of Bushey, Chorleywood, Rickmansworth, and Watford, and the Rural District of Watford parishes of Aldenham, Rickmansworth Rural and Watford Rural.[6][7]

Aldenham transferred from St Albans.  Northern half of constituency, including Hemel Hempstead, Berkhamsted and Tring transferred to the new Hemel Hempstead Division.

1950–1983: Reconstituted as a Borough Constituency comprising the Municipal Borough of Watford.[8]  Remainder of the constituency formed the bulk of the new County Constituency of South West Hertfordshire.

1983–1997: The Borough of Watford, the District of Three Rivers wards of Abbots Langley and Leavesden, and the District of St Albans wards of Park Street and St Stephens.[9]

Abbots Langley and Leavesden transferred from South West Hertfordshire and Park Street and St Stephens from the abolished County Constituency of South Hertfordshire.

1997–present: The Borough of Watford, and the District of Three Rivers wards of Abbots Langley, Carpenders Park, Langleybury, Leavesden, and Oxhey Hall.[10][11]

Three wards further wards in the Three Rivers District transferred from South West Hertfordshire.  Park Street and St Stephens transferred to St Albans.

The constituency comprises the whole of the Borough of Watford, together with five wards from Three Rivers District. Two of the Three Rivers wards, Carpenders Park and Oxhey Hall, are to the south of Watford town and include mostly prosperous, elevated, commuter villages. The remaining three, Abbots Langley, Langleybury and Leavesden, are to the north of Watford, the first of which is a large village, and is mixed in character and levels of income.[12]

Members of Parliament

Election		Member[13]	Party	Notes
	1885	Frederick Halsey	Conservative
	1906	Nathaniel Micklem QC	Liberal
	1910	Arnold Ward	Conservative
	1918	Dennis Herbert	Conservative	Deputy Speaker (1931–1943)
	1943 by-election	William Helmore	Conservative
	1945	Major John Freeman	Labour	High Commissioner to India (1965–1968) Ambassador to the U.S. (1969–1971)
	1955	Frederick Farey-Jones	Conservative
	1964	Raphael Tuck	Labour
	1979	Tristan Garel-Jones	Conservative	Minister for Europe (1990–1993)
	1997	Claire Ward	Labour	Parliamentary Under Secretary of State for Justice (2009–10)
	2010	Richard Harrington	Conservative
	September 2019		Independent
	October 2019		Conservative
	2019	Dean Russell	Conservative

Elections

Elections in the 2010s

General election 2019: Watford[14]

Party		Candidate	Votes	%	±%
	Conservative	Dean Russell	26,421	45.5	0.1
	Labour	Chris Ostrowski	21,988	37.9	4.1
	Liberal Democrats	Ian Stotesbury	9,323	16.1	7.0
	SDP	Michael McGetrick	333	0.6	N/A
Majority			4,433	7.6	4.0
Turnout			58,065	69.7	1.9
	Conservative hold		Swing	2.0

General election 2017: Watford[15]

Party		Candidate	Votes	%	±%
	Conservative	Richard Harrington	26,731	45.6	+2.2
	Labour	Chris Ostrowski	24,639	42.0	+16.0
	Liberal Democrats	Ian Stotesbury	5,335	9.1	-9.0
	UKIP	Ian Green	1,184	2.0	-7.7
	Green	Alex Murray	721	1.2	-1.1
Majority			2,092	3.6	-13.8
Turnout			58,610	67.8	+1.2
	Conservative hold		Swing	-6.9

General election 2015: Watford[16]

Party		Candidate	Votes	%	±%
	Conservative	Richard Harrington	24,400	43.5	+8.5
	Labour	Matthew Turmaine	14,606	26.0	-0.7
	Liberal Democrats	Dorothy Thornhill	10,152	18.1	-14.3
	UKIP	Nick Lincoln	5,481	9.8	+7.6
	Green	Aidan Cottrell-Boyce	1,332	2.4	+0.8
	TUSC	Mark O'Connor	178	0.3	+0.3
Majority			9,794	17.5	+15.0
Turnout			56,149	66.6	-1.7
	Conservative hold		Swing	+4.6

General election 2010: Watford[17][18]

Party		Candidate	Votes	%	±%
	Conservative	Richard Harrington	19,291	34.9	+5.3
	Liberal Democrats	Sal Brinton	17,866	32.4	+1.1
	Labour	Claire Ward	14,750	26.7	-6.8
	BNP	Andrew Emerson	1,217	2.2	+2.2
	UKIP	Graham Eardley	1,199	2.2	-0.4
	Green	Ian Brandon	885	1.6	-1.4
Majority			1,425	2.5	N/A
Turnout			55,208	68.3	+3.4
	Conservative gain from Labour		Swing

Background to Conservative candidates

In July 2007 former candidate Ali Miraj, a candidate for Aberavon in 2001, was dropped from the candidates list by the Conservative party after he complained about David Cameron's leadership style and allegedly demanded a peerage.[19][20] The public selected his former campaign manager Ian Oakley, who had been a candidate for Newport East in 2001 in the first Open Primary to be organised by the Conservative Party in November 2006. In July 2008, Oakley, withdrew candidature after being arrested for conducting a campaign of harassment against the local Liberal Democrats,[21][22] for which he was convicted and given an 18-week suspended prison sentence and 12-month supervision order on 13 October 2008.[23]

In December 2008 Watford Conservative Association selected a new candidate, Richard Harrington.[24]

Elections in the 2000s

General election 2005: Watford

Party		Candidate	Votes	%	±%
	Labour	Claire Ward	16,575	33.6	−11.7
	Liberal Democrats	Sal Brinton	15,427	31.2	+13.8
	Conservative	Ali Miraj	14,634	29.6	−3.7
	Green	Steve Rackett	1,466	3.0	+1.1
	UKIP	Kenneth Wight	1,292	2.6	+1.4
Majority			1,148	2.4	-9.6
Turnout			49,394	64.8	+3.7
	Labour hold		Swing	-12.8

General election 2001: Watford

Party		Candidate	Votes	%	±%
	Labour	Claire Ward	20,992	45.3	0.0
	Conservative	Michael McManus	15,437	33.3	-1.5
	Liberal Democrats	Duncan Hames	8,088	17.4	+0.7
	Green	Denise Kingsley	900	1.9	N/A
	UKIP	Edmund Stewart-Mole	535	1.2	N/A
	Socialist Alliance	Jon Berry	420	0.9	N/A
Majority			5,555	12.0	+1.5
Turnout			46,372	61.1	-13.5
	Labour hold		Swing	+0.8

Elections in the 1990s

General election 1997: Watford[25]

Party		Candidate	Votes	%	±%
	Labour	Claire Ward	25,109	45.3	+11.3
	Conservative	Robert Gordon	19,227	34.8	-13.3
	Liberal Democrats	Andrew Canning	9,272	16.8	0.0
	Referendum	Philip Roe	1,484	2.7	N/A
	Natural Law	Leslie Davis	234	0.4	N/A
Majority			5,792	10.5	N/A
Turnout			55,236	74.6	-7.7
	Labour gain from Conservative		Swing	+12.3

General election 1992: Watford[26]

Party		Candidate	Votes	%	±%
	Conservative	Tristan Garel-Jones	29,072	48.8	+0.1
	Labour	Michael J. Jackson	19,482	32.7	+4.5
	Liberal Democrats	Mark Oaten	10,231	17.2	−5.9
	Green	Jeremy Hywel-Davies	566	1.0	N/A
	Natural Law	Leslie Davis	176	0.3	N/A
Majority			9,590	16.1	−4.4
Turnout			59,527	82.3	+4.4
	Conservative hold		Swing	−2.2

Elections in the 1980s

General election 1987: Watford

Party		Candidate	Votes	%	±%
	Conservative	Tristan Garel-Jones	27,912	48.7	+0.8
	Labour	Michael Jackson	16,176	28.2	+2.8
	SDP	Fiona Beckett	13,202	23.1	-2.9
Majority			11,736	20.5	-1.4
Turnout			57,290	77.9	+3.8
	Conservative hold		Swing	-1.8

General election 1983: Watford

Party		Candidate	Votes	%	±%
	Conservative	Tristan Garel-Jones	26,273	47.95	+0.3
	SDP	P. Burton	14,267	26.04
	Labour	I. Wilson	14,247	26.00
Majority			12,006	21.91	+14.6
Turnout				76.10	-5.1
	Conservative hold		Swing

Elections in the 1970s

General election 1979: Watford[27]

Party		Candidate	Votes	%	±%
	Conservative	Tristan Garel-Jones	21,320	47.64	+12.5
	Labour	Tony Banks	18,030	40.28	-4.0
	Liberal	B Bodle	5,019	11.21	-7.8
	National Front	Brent Cheetham	388	0.87	-0.6
Majority			3,290	7.35	N/A
Turnout			44,757	81.26	+4.0
	Conservative gain from Labour		Swing	+8.3

General election October 1974: Watford[28]

Party		Candidate	Votes	%	±%
	Labour	Raphael Tuck	19,177	44.28
	Conservative	Tristan Garel-Jones	15,220	35.14
	Liberal	Anthony Jacobs	8,243	19.03
	National Front	Jeremy Wotherspoon	671	1.55
Majority			3,957	9.14
Turnout				77.3
	Labour hold		Swing

General election February 1974: Watford[29]

Party		Candidate	Votes	%	±%
	Labour	Raphael Tuck	18,884	40.47
	Conservative	David W. Clarke	16,089	34.48
	Liberal	David Jacobs	11,035	23.65
	National Front	Jeremy Wotherspoon	651	1.4
Majority			2,795	5.99
Turnout				85.0
	Labour hold		Swing

General election 1970: Watford

Party		Candidate	Votes	%	±%
	Labour	Raphael Tuck	19,698	45.71
	Conservative	David W. Clarke	19,622	45.53
	Liberal	Colin G. Watkins	3,778	8.77
Majority			76	0.18
Turnout				75.44
	Labour hold		Swing

Elections in the 1960s

General election 1966: Watford

Party		Candidate	Votes	%	±%
	Labour	Raphael Tuck	23,832	54.38
	Conservative	David W. Clarke	19,996	45.62
Majority			3,836	8.75
Turnout				82.87
	Labour hold		Swing

General election 1964: Watford

Party		Candidate	Votes	%	±%
	Labour	Raphael Tuck	20,224	45.18
	Conservative	Frederick Farey-Jones	18,744	41.87
	Liberal	Margaret Neilson	5,797	12.95
Majority			1,480	3.31
Turnout				83.61
	Labour gain from Conservative		Swing

Elections in the 1950s

General election 1959: Watford

Party		Candidate	Votes	%	±%
	Conservative	Frederick Farey-Jones	21,216	46.85
	Labour	Renee Short	18,315	40.44
	Liberal	Ian S. Steers	5,753	12.70
Majority			2,901	6.41
Turnout				84.82
	Conservative hold		Swing

General election 1955: Watford

Party		Candidate	Votes	%	±%
	Conservative	Frederick Farey-Jones	22,546	51.98
	Labour	Ashley Bramall	20,829	48.02
Majority			1,717	3.96
Turnout				82.36
	Conservative gain from Labour		Swing

General election 1951: Watford

Party		Candidate	Votes	%	±%
	Labour	John Freeman	22,370	47.90
	Conservative	Sydney William Leonard Ripley	21,862	46.81
	Liberal	Hamilton Brinsley Bush	2,469	5.29
Majority			508	1.09
Turnout				87.18
	Labour hold		Swing

General election 1950: Watford

Party		Candidate	Votes	%	±%
	Labour	John Freeman	21,759	47.36
	Conservative	Max Bemrose	20,302	44.19
	Liberal	Hamilton Brinsley Bush	3,879	8.44
Majority			1,457	3.17
Turnout				87.14
	Labour hold		Swing

Elections in the 1940s

General election 1945: Watford

Party		Candidate	Votes	%	±%
	Labour	John Freeman	32,138	46.03
	Conservative	William Helmore	29,944	42.88
	Liberal	Henry Harben	7,743	11.09
Majority			2,194	3.14
Turnout				73.40
	Labour gain from Conservative		Swing

1943 Watford by-election[30]

Party		Candidate	Votes	%	±%
	Conservative	William Helmore	13,839	53.9	-11.5
	Common Wealth	Raymond Blackburn	11,838	46.1	n/a
Majority			2,001	7.8	-23.0
Turnout				38.0	-25.5
	Conservative hold		Swing	n/a

Elections in the 1930s

General election 1935: Watford

Party		Candidate	Votes	%	±%
	Conservative	Dennis Herbert	28,196	65.42
	Labour	Stanley Walter Morgan	14,906	34.58
Majority			13,290	30.84
Turnout				63.55
	Conservative hold		Swing

General election 1931: Watford

Party		Candidate	Votes	%	±%
	Conservative	Dennis Herbert	34,076	78.34
	Labour	Frank Jacques	9,423	21.66
Majority			24,653	56.68
Turnout				71.01
	Conservative hold		Swing

Elections in the 1920s

General election 1929: Watford[31]

Party		Candidate	Votes	%	±%
	Unionist	Dennis Herbert	18,583	45.9	-8.8
	Liberal	Edward Terrell	12,288	30.3	+11.6
	Labour	Herman Macdonald	9,665	23.8	-2.8
Majority			6,295	15.6	-12.5
Turnout				72.4	-0.7
	Unionist hold		Swing	-10.2

Corbett Ashby

General election 1924: Watford[32]

Party		Candidate	Votes	%	±%
	Unionist	Dennis Herbert	15,271	54.7	+11.7
	Labour	Herbert Elvin	7,417	26.6	-4.2
	Liberal	Margery Corbett Ashby	5,205	18.7	-7.5
Majority			7,854	28.1	+15.9
Turnout				73.1	+4.6
	Unionist hold		Swing	+8.0

General election 1923: Watford[31]

Party		Candidate	Votes	%	±%
	Unionist	Dennis Herbert	10,533	43.0	-6.2
	Labour	Jimmy Mallon	7,532	30.8	-4.1
	Liberal	Robert Allen Bateman	6,423	26.2	+10.3
Majority			3,001	12.2	-2.1
Turnout				68.5	-0.5
	Unionist hold		Swing	-1.0

General election 1922 : Watford[31]

Party		Candidate	Votes	%	±%
	Unionist	Dennis Herbert	12,040	49.2
	Labour	Jimmy Mallon	8,561	34.9
	Liberal	Robert Allen Bateman	3,896	15.9
Majority			3,479	14.3
Turnout				69.0
	Unionist hold		Swing

Elections in the 1910s

Frank Gray

General election 1918 Watford[31]

Party		Candidate	Votes	%	±%
C	Unionist	Dennis Herbert	11,155	57.2	n/a
	Labour	George Lathan	4,952	25.4	n/a
	Liberal	Frank Gray	3,395	17.4	n/a
Majority			6,203	31.8	n/a
Turnout				59.5	n/a
	Unionist hold		Swing	n/a
C indicates candidate endorsed by the coalition government.

Election results 1885–1918

Elections in the 1880s

General election 1885: Watford[33][34][35]

Party		Candidate	Votes	%	±%
	Conservative	Frederick Halsey	4,032	52.1	N/A
	Liberal	George Faudel Phillips	3,712	47.9	N/A
Majority			320	4.2	N/A
Turnout			7,744	77.2	N/A
Registered electors			10,029
	Conservative win (new seat)

General election 1886: Watford[33][34]

Party		Candidate	Votes	%	±%
	Conservative	Frederick Halsey	Unopposed
	Conservative hold

Elections in the 1890s

Halsey

General election 1892: Watford[33][34]

Party		Candidate	Votes	%	±%
	Conservative	Frederick Halsey	4,802	57.0	N/A
	Liberal	John Marnham	3,627	43.0	N/A
Majority			1,175	14.0	N/A
Turnout			8,429	76.4	N/A
Registered electors			11,037
	Conservative hold		Swing	N/A

General election 1895: Watford[33][34][36]

Party		Candidate	Votes	%	±%
	Conservative	Frederick Halsey	Unopposed
	Conservative hold

Elections in the 1900s

General election 1900: Watford[33][34][36]

Party		Candidate	Votes	%	±%
	Conservative	Frederick Halsey	Unopposed
	Conservative hold

Micklem

General election 1906: Watford[33][34][37]

Party		Candidate	Votes	%	±%
	Liberal	Nathaniel Micklem	7,612	55.4	N/A
	Conservative	Frederick Halsey	6,136	44.6	N/A
Majority			1,476	10.8	N/A
Turnout			13,748	82.1	N/A
Registered electors			16,741
	Liberal gain from Conservative		Swing	N/A

Elections in the 1910s

Ward

General election January 1910: Watford[33][38]

Party		Candidate	Votes	%	±%
	Conservative	Arnold Ward	8,782	54.8	+10.2
	Liberal	Nathaniel Micklem	7,231	45.2	-10.2
Majority			1,551	9.6	N/A
Turnout				90.4	+8.3
	Conservative gain from Liberal		Swing	+10.2

General election December 1910: Watford[33][38]

Party		Candidate	Votes	%	±%
	Conservative	Arnold Ward	8,043	52.9	-1.9
	Liberal	Nathaniel Micklem	7,160	47.1	+1.9
Majority			883	5.8	-3.8
Turnout				85.8	-4.6
	Conservative hold		Swing	-1.9

General Election 1914/15:

Another General Election was required to take place before the end of 1915. The political parties had been making preparations for an election to take place and by July 1914, the following candidates had been selected;

• Unionist: Arnold Ward
• Liberal: Hedley Le Bas[39]

See also

• Parliamentary constituencies in Hertfordshire

Notes and references

Notes

1. A borough constituency (for the purposes of election expenses and type of returning officer)
2. As with all constituencies, the constituency elects one Member of Parliament (MP) by the first past the post system of election at least every five years.

References

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3. "BBC News - Election 2010 - Constituency - Watford". news.bbc.co.uk. Archived from the original on 2017-08-23. Retrieved 2010-05-08.
4. Unemployment claimants by constituency Archived 2017-08-02 at the Wayback Machine The Guardian
5. Great Britain, Incorporated Council of Law Reporting for England and Wales. The public general acts. unknown library. Proprietors of the Law Journal Reports, 1884.
6. Fraser, Hugh (1918). The Representation of the people act, 1918 : with explanatory notes. University of California Libraries. London : Sweet and Maxwell. Archived from the original on 2016-04-29. Retrieved 2019-02-24.
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8. S., Craig, Fred W. (1972). Boundaries of parliamentary constituencies 1885-1972;. Chichester: Political Reference Publications. ISBN 0900178094. OCLC 539011.
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11. "The Parliamentary Constituencies (England) Order 2007". www.legislation.gov.uk. Archived from the original on 2018-11-20. Retrieved 2019-02-24.
12. "Local statistics - Office for National Statistics". neighbourhood.statistics.gov.uk. Archived from the original on 2003-02-11. Retrieved 2019-11-12.
13. Leigh Rayment's Historical List of MPs – Constituencies beginning with "W" (part 2)
14. "Watford Parliamentary constituency". BBC News. BBC. Retrieved 19 November 2019.
15. "Election 2017 - Watford". BBC. Archived from the original on 9 June 2017. Retrieved 12 June 2017.
16. "Election Data 2015". Electoral Calculus. Archived from the original on 17 October 2015. Retrieved 17 October 2015.
17. Watford Archived 2008-07-27 at the Wayback Machine, UKPollingReport
18. Statement of Persons Nominated and Notice of Poll - Parliamentary Election 6 May 2010 : Watford Council
19. "Cameron critic axed as MP hopeful". 31 July 2007 – via news.bbc.co.uk.
20. "Channel 4 News interview transcript". Archived from the original on 2010-02-14. Retrieved 2008-07-31.
21. Editor, Andrew Porter, Political (20 July 2008). "Arrested Conservative candidate for Watford stands down" – via www.telegraph.co.uk.CS1 maint: extra text: authors list (link)
22. "Police charge Oakley". Watford Observer. Archived from the original on 2011-09-28. Retrieved 2008-07-31.
23. "'Vile' Oakley escapes jail". Watford Observer. Archived from the original on 2008-10-14. Retrieved 2008-10-13.
24. Harrison, John (2008-12-17). "Tory candidate: 'I'm confident of victory'". Watford Observer. Archived from the original on 2011-09-28. Retrieved 2009-04-08.
25. http://www.watford.gov.uk/ccm/content/legal-and-democratic/elections/election-results---parliamentary-1-may-1997.en;jsessionid=771DB6CCAFC9B7F2327986A3325099EB
26. "UK General Election results April 1992". Richard Kimber's Political Science Resources. Politics Resources. 9 April 1992. Archived from the original on 8 May 2015. Retrieved 2010-12-06.
27. "UK General Election results: May 1979 [Archive]". www.politicsresources.net. Archived from the original on 2011-08-11. Retrieved 2011-01-05.
28. "Political Science Resources: links to UK and US politics". www.psr.keele.ac.uk. Archived from the original on 2006-09-25. Retrieved 2009-07-22.
29. "Political Science Resources: links to UK and US politics". www.psr.keele.ac.uk. Archived from the original on 2006-09-25. Retrieved 2009-07-22.
30. British Parliamentary Election Results 1918-1949, FWS Craig
31. Craig, F. W. S. (1983). British parliamentary election results 1918-1949 (3 ed.). Chichester: Parliamentary Research Services. ISBN 0-900178-06-X.
32. British Parliamentary Election Results 1918-1949, F W S Craig
33. Craig, F. W. S., ed. (1974). British Parliamentary Election Results: 1885-1918. London: Macmillan Press. p. 298. ISBN 9781349022984.
34. The Liberal Year Book, 1907
35. Debrett's House of Commons & Judicial Bench, 1886
36. Debrett's House of Commons & Judicial Bench, 1901
37. The Times, 25 January 1906
38. Debrett's House of Commons & Judicial Bench, 1916
39. Manchester Evening News 31 Jan 1914