South African Class 6C 4-6-0

The South African Railways Class 6C 4-6-0 of 1896 was a steam locomotive from the pre-Union era in the Orange Free State.

OVGS 6th Class L2 4-6-0 CSAR Class 6-L2 4-6-0 South African Class 6C 4-6-0
OVGS 6th Class L2 no. 88, CSAR Class 6-L2 no. 364, SAR Class 6C no. 553, with a Belpaire firebox and bogie tender
Type and origin ♠ - Original locomotive, as built ♥ - Locomotive rebuilt with Belpaire firebox Power type Steam Designer Cape Government Railways (H.M. Beatty) Builder Dübs and Company Sharp, Stewart and Company Neilson and Company Serial number Dübs: 3331, 3336, 3343-3344, 3440, 3448, 3457-3459 Sharps: 4120-4121, 4140-4143 Neilson: 5126-5127, 5130, 5182-5187 Model CGR 6th Class Build date 1895-1898 Total produced 24
Specifications Configuration: ​  • Whyte 4-6-0 (Tenwheeler)  • UIC 2'Cn2 Driver 2nd coupled axle Gauge 3 ft 6 in (1,067 mm) Cape gauge Leading dia. 28 ^1⁄2 in (724 mm) Coupled dia. 54 in (1,372 mm) Tender wheels 37 in (940 mm) Wheelbase 42 ft ^5⁄8 in (12,817 mm)  • Engine 20 ft 3 ^3⁄4 in (6,191 mm)  • Leading 5 ft 5 ^1⁄2 in (1,664 mm)  • Coupled 11 ft (3,353 mm)  • Tender 10 ft (3,048 mm) Wheel spacing (Asymmetrical) 1-2: 4 ft 9 in (1,448 mm) 2-3: 6 ft 3 in (1,905 mm) Length: ​  • Over couplers 51 ft 7 ^1⁄4 in (15,729 mm) Height ♠ 12 ft 10 in (3,912 mm) ♥ 12 ft 10 ^3⁄8 in (3,921 mm) Frame type Plate Axle load ♠ 11 LT 17 cwt (12,040 kg)  • Leading ♠ 11 LT 8 cwt (11,580 kg) ♥ 10 LT 17 cwt 2 qtr (11,050 kg)  • Coupled ♥ 13 LT 8 cwt (13,620 kg)  • 1st coupled ♠ 11 LT 15 cwt (11,940 kg)  • 2nd coupled ♠ 11 LT 17 cwt (12,040 kg)  • 3rd coupled ♠ 11 LT 15 cwt 2 qtr (11,960 kg)  • Tender axle 10 LT 8 cwt (10,570 kg) average Adhesive weight ♠ 35 LT 7 cwt 2 qtr (35,940 kg) ♥ 40 LT 4 cwt (40,850 kg) Loco weight ♠ 46 LT 15 cwt 2 qtr (47,530 kg) ♥ 51 LT 1 cwt 2 qtr (51,890 kg) Tender weight 31 LT 4 cwt (31,700 kg) Total weight ♠ 77 LT 19 cwt 2 qtr (79,230 kg) ♥ 82 LT 5 cwt 2 qtr (83,600 kg) Tender type YC (3-axle) YB, YC, YE, YE1 permitted Fuel type Coal Fuel capacity 5 LT 10 cwt (5.6 t) Water cap 2,590 imp gal (11,770 l) Firebox type ♠ Round-top - ♥ Belpaire  • Firegrate area ♠♥ 16.6 sq ft (1.54 m^2) Boiler: ​  • Pitch ♠ 6 ft 8 in (2,032 mm) ♥ 7 ft (2,134 mm)  • Diameter ♠ 4 ft 4 in (1,321 mm) ♥ 4 ft 9 in (1,448 mm)  • Tube plates ♠♥ 11 ft 2 ^1⁄8 in (3,407 mm)  • Small tubes ♠ 185: 1 ^7⁄8 in (48 mm) ♥ 220: 2 in (51 mm) Boiler pressure ♠ 160 psi (1,103 kPa) ♥ 180 psi (1,241 kPa) Safety valve Ramsbottom Heating surface ♠ 1,116 sq ft (103.7 m^2) ♥ 1,398.5 sq ft (129.92 m^2)  • Tubes ♠ 1,015 sq ft (94.3 m^2) ♥ 1,287.5 sq ft (119.61 m^2)  • Firebox ♠ 101 sq ft (9.4 m^2) ♥ 111 sq ft (10.3 m^2) Cylinders Two Cylinder size 17 in (432 mm) bore 26 in (660 mm) stroke Valve gear Stephenson Couplers Johnston link-and-pin AAR knuckle (1930s)
Performance figures Tractive effort ♠ 16,690 lbf (74.2 kN) @ 75% ♥ 18,780 lbf (83.5 kN) @ 75%
Career Operators OVGS Imperial Military Railways Central South African Railways South African Railways Sudan Railways Class OVGS 6th Class L2 CSAR Class 6-L2 SAR Class 6C Number in class 24 Numbers OVGS 70-93 CSAR 346-369 SAR 541-559, 561-564 Sudan M713 Delivered 1896-1898 First run 1896 Withdrawn 1973

Between 1896 and 1898, the Oranje-Vrijstaat Gouwerment-Spoorwegen placed 24 new Cape 6th Class steam locomotives with a 4-6-0 Tenwheeler type wheel arrangement in service, designated 6th Class L2. When British forces invaded the Orange Free State during the Second Boer War, these locomotives were taken over by the Imperial Military Railways. After the war, they were renumbered onto the Central South African Railways roster and designated Class 6-L2. In 1912, when the remaining 23 locomotives were assimilated into the South African Railways, they were renumbered again and designated Class 6C.[1][2][3]

Manufacturers

H.M. Beatty

The original Cape 6th Class locomotive had been designed in 1892 by H.M. Beatty, at the time the Locomotive Superintendent of the Western System of the Cape Government Railways (CGR).[1][4]

The first 6th Class locomotives of the Oranje-Vrijstaat Gouwerment-Spoorwegen (OVGS) were purchased second-hand from the CGR and designated 6th Class L. These ten engines were soon followed by orders for new 6th Class locomotives directly from the manu­fac­turers.[1][5]

The 24 locomotives in the first group to be built new for the OVGS were manufactured between 1895 and 1898 by Sharp, Stewart and Company, Dübs and Company and Neilson and Company. They were designated 6th Class L2 when they were delivered between 1896 and 1898. Six of these locomotives were built by Sharp, Stewart, numbered in the range from 70 to 75, nine by Dübs, numbered in the range from 76 to 84, and nine by Neilson, numbered in the range from 85 to 93. All these locomotives were delivered with Type YC six-wheeled tenders.[1][5][6]

Service

South Africa

When British forces invaded the Orange Free State during the Second Boer War, all these OVGS locomotives were taken over by the Imperial Military Railways (IMR), but not renumbered. They were only renumbered after the war, when they were included in the Central South African Railways (CSAR) roster in 1902 and designated CSAR Class 6-L2.[1]

P.A. Hyde, the Chief Locomotive Superintendent of the CSAR from 1902 to 1904, considered the 6th Class as about the best design for their weight ever made. Several of the CSAR's Class 6-L1 to 6-L3 locomotives, including ten of these ex-OVGS locomotives, were modified by Hyde by having their round-topped fireboxes replaced with larger boilers and Belpaire fireboxes and by having larger, more sheltered cabs installed. This conversion improved their performance tremendously, to the extent that they could be used in place of the 8th Class where they were formerly outclassed by load. This represented an increase in hauling capacity of some 12% while their coal consumption was reduced by some 5%. The ten locomotives which were later renumbered in the ranges from 554 to 559 and 561 to 564 on the South African Railways (SAR), had undergone this modification.[1][2][3][7]

After the Simon's Town line in Cape Town was electrified in 1928, Class 6C engines that used to haul commuters on this line became dock shunting engines in Table Bay Harbour. This continued until they were gradually replaced by new Class S2 0-8-0 shunting engines from 1952.[8]

During the 1930s, many of them were modified once again, when the Chief Mechanical Engineer of the SAR at the time, A.G. Watson, embarked on his program of standardisation and reboilered them with round-topped fireboxes once again. They retained the larger Hyde-designed cabs, however, and were not reclassified.[3][9]

Sudan

During the Second World War, sixteen of the Classes 6 to 6D were transferred to the Middle East to assist with the war effort during the North African Campaign. The sole Class 6C locomotive in this group was no. 548. It was sold to the Sudan Railways Corporation in 1942 and renumbered M713.[1][3][10]

Class 6 sub-classes

When the Union of South Africa was established on 31 May 1910, the three Colonial government railways (CGR, Natal Government Railways and CSAR) were united under a single administration to control and administer the railways, ports and harbours of the Union. Although the South African Railways and Harbours came into existence in 1910, the actual classification and renumbering of all the rolling stock of the three constituent railways were only implemented with effect from 1 January 1912.[2][11]

When all but one of these 24 locomotives were assimilated into the SAR in 1912, they were designated Class 6C and renumbered in the ranges from 541 to 559 and 561 to 564. The fate of the one locomotive which did not enter SAR service, OVGS no. 89, later CSAR no. 365, is not known, although SAR no. 560 appears to have been reserved for it.[2][9][12]

These locomotives, together with the CGR's 6th Class locomotives and the CSAR Classes 6-L1 and 6-L3 locomotives which had been inherited from the OVGS via the IMR, were grouped into altogether fourteen sub-classes by the SAR. The 4-6-0 locomotives became SAR Classes 6, 6A, 6B, 6D to 6H and 6J to 6L, the 2-6-2 locomotives became Class 6Y and the 2-6-4 locomotives became Class 6Z.[9][12]

Renumbering

The Class 6C locomotives were renumbered twice, first from the OVGS onto the CSAR roster and again in 1912 onto the SAR roster. The table lists their renumbering as well as their builder's and works numbers.[1][2][6][12]

Class 6C 4-6-0
Builders, works numbers and renumbering

Builder	Year built	Works no.	OVGS no.	CSAR no.	SAR no.	Sudan no.
Sharp, Stewart	1896	4120	70	346	541
Sharp, Stewart	1896	4121	71	347	542
Sharp, Stewart	1896	4140	72	348	543
Sharp, Stewart	1896	4141	73	349	544
Sharp, Stewart	1896	4142	74	350	554
Sharp, Stewart	1896	4143	75	351	545
Dübs	1895	3331	76	352	546
Dübs	1895	3336	77	353	547
Dübs	1895	3343	78	354	548	M713
Dübs	1895	3344	79	355	555
Dübs	1897	3440	80	356	556
Dübs	1897	3448	81	357	557
Dübs	1897	3457	82	358	549
Dübs	1897	3459	83	359	558
Dübs	1897	3458	84	360	550
Neilson	1897	5126	85	361	551
Neilson	1897	5127	86	362	552
Neilson	1897	5130	87	363	559
Neilson	1898	5182	88	364	553
Neilson	1898	5183	89	365
Neilson	1898	5184	90	366	561
Neilson	1898	5185	91	367	562
Neilson	1898	5186	92	368	563
Neilson	1898	5187	93	369	564

Preservation

Only one locomotive of this class survives. No. 544 is preserved by the Sandstone Heritage Trust at Sandstone Estates and is on display.[13][14]

Illustration

The main picture shows SAR Class 6C no. 553, with a Belpaire firebox, while the following shows CSAR Class 6-L2 no. 349, with its as-delivered round-topped firebox and small cab, as depicted on a SAR Museum playing card.

• 
  OVGS 6th Class L2 no. 73, CSAR Class 6-L2 no. 349, SAR Class 6C no. 544, with a Type YC tender

References

1. Holland, D.F. (1971). Steam Locomotives of the South African Railways. 1: 1859–1910 (1st ed.). Newton Abbott, Devon: David & Charles. pp. 57, 108, 126, 133. ISBN 978-0-7153-5382-0.
2. Classification of S.A.R. Engines with Renumbering Lists, issued by the Chief Mechanical Engineer's Office, Pretoria, January 1912, pp. 8, 12, 14, 31 (Reprinted in April 1987 by SATS Museum, R.3125-6/9/11-1000)
3. Paxton, Leith; Bourne, David (1985). Locomotives of the South African Railways (1st ed.). Cape Town: Struik. pp. 41–44. ISBN 0869772112.
4. Espitalier, T.J.; Day, W.A.J. (1944). The Locomotive in South Africa - A Brief History of Railway Development. Chapter II - The Cape Government Railways (Continued). South African Railways and Harbours Magazine, January 1944. pp. 9-10.
5. Espitalier, T.J.; Day, W.A.J. (1944). The Locomotive in South Africa - A Brief History of Railway Development. Chapter V - Other Transvaal and O.F.S. Railways. South African Railways and Harbours Magazine, December 1944. pp. 925, 928.
6. Neilson, Reid works list, compiled by Austrian locomotive historian Bernhard Schmeiser
7. Espitalier, T.J.; Day, W.A.J. (1945). The Locomotive in South Africa - A Brief History of Railway Development. Chapter VI - Imperial Military Railways and C.S.A.R. (Continued). South African Railways and Harbours Magazine, January 1945. p. 15.
8. Soul of A Railway, System 1, Part 16: Table Bay Harbour © Les Pivnic. Caption 109, 118. (Accessed on 30 June 2017)
9. South African Railways and Harbours Locomotive Diagram Book, 2'0" & 3'6" Gauge Steam Locomotives, 15 August 1941, as amended
10. Class 6 to 6D sold to Sudan Railways during the WWII North African Campaign, list compiled by Austrian locomotive historian Reimar Holzinger
11. The South African Railways - Historical Survey. Editor George Hart, Publisher Bill Hart, Sponsored by Dorbyl Ltd., Published c. 1978, p. 25.
12. Holland, D. F. (1972). Steam Locomotives of the South African Railways. 2: 1910-1955 (1st ed.). Newton Abbott, Devon: David & Charles. pp. 137–138. ISBN 978-0-7153-5427-8.
13. - 6C no. 544 at Sandstone Heritage Trust - 6 December 2027. (Accessed on 6 December 2017).
14. - Transfer of 6C No. 544 to Sandstone Heritage Trust - 2016. (Accessed on 6 December 2017).