South African Class 16DA 4-6-2 1930

The South African Railways Class 16DA 4-6-2 of 1930 was a steam locomotive.

This article is about one of two different South African locomotive types to be designated "Class 16DA". For the other, see South African Class 16DA 4-6-2 1928.

South African Class 16DA 4-6-2 1930
No. 876 taking water at Thaba Nchu, 4 July 1999
Type and origin
♠ With 60 inch (1,524 mm) coupled wheels
♥ With 63 inch (1,600 mm) coupled wheels
Power typeSteam
DesignerSouth African Railways
(A.G. Watson)
BuilderHenschel and Son
Serial number21749-21754
ModelClass 16DA
Build date1930
Total produced6
Specifications
Configuration:
​
 • Whyte4-6-2 (Pacific)
 • UIC2'C1'h2
Driver2nd coupled axle
Gauge3 ft 6 in (1,067 mm) Cape gauge
Leading dia.30 in (762 mm)
Coupled dia.♠ 60 in (1,524 mm)
♥ 63 in (1,600 mm)
Trailing dia.34 in (864 mm)
Tender wheels34 in (864 mm)
Wheelbase60 ft 3 1⁄4 in (18,371 mm)
 • Engine30 ft 8 in (9,347 mm)
 • Leading6 ft 10 in (2,083 mm)
 • Coupled11 ft (3,353 mm)
 • Tender20 ft 5 in (6,223 mm)
 • Tender bogie6 ft 2 in (1,880 mm)
Length:
​
 • Over couplers68 ft 4 1⁄8 in (20,831 mm)
Height♠ 12 ft 10 in (3,912 mm)
♥ 12 ft 11 1⁄2 in (3,950 mm)
Frame typeBar
Axle load♠ 19 LT 10 cwt (19,810 kg)
♥ 19 LT 15 cwt 1 qtr (20,080 kg)
 • Leading♠♥ 17 LT 7 cwt (17,630 kg)
 • 1st coupled♠ 19 LT 10 cwt (19,810 kg)
♥ 19 LT 15 cwt 1 qtr (20,080 kg)
 • 2nd coupled♠ 19 LT 7 cwt 3 qtr (19,700 kg)
♥ 19 LT 13 cwt (19,970 kg)
 • 3rd coupled♠ 19 LT 2 cwt (19,410 kg)
♥ 19 LT 7 cwt 1 qtr (19,670 kg)
 • Trailing♠♥ 15 LT 18 cwt (16,160 kg)
 • Tender bogieBogie 1: 33 LT 18 cwt (34,440 kg)
Bogie 2: 35 LT 10 cwt (36,070 kg)
 • Tender axle17 LT 15 cwt (18,030 kg)
Adhesive weight♠ 57 LT 19 cwt 3 qtr (58,920 kg)
♥ 58 LT 15 cwt 2 qtr (59,720 kg)
Loco weight♠ 91 LT 4 cwt 3 qtr (92,700 kg)
♥ 92 LT 0 cwt 2 qtr (93,500 kg)
Tender weight69 LT 8 cwt (70,510 kg)
Total weight♠ 160 LT 12 cwt 3 qtr (163,200 kg)
♥ 161 LT 8 cwt 2 qtr (164,000 kg)
Tender typeKT (2-axle bogies)
Fuel typeCoal
Fuel capacity14 LT (14.2 t)
Water cap6,000 imp gal (27,300 l)
Firebox typeRound-top
 • Firegrate area60 sq ft (5.6 m2)
Boiler:
​
 • Pitch♠ 8 ft 6 in (2,591 mm)
♥ 8 ft 7 1⁄2 in (2,629 mm)
 • Diameter5 ft 10 1⁄4 in (1,784 mm)
 • Tube plates17 ft 10 5⁄8 in (5,451 mm)
 • Small tubes142: 2 1⁄4 in (57 mm)
 • Large tubes34: 5 1⁄2 in (140 mm)
Boiler pressure♠ 195 psi (1,344 kPa)
♥ 205 psi (1,413 kPa)
Safety valvePop
Heating surface2,565 sq ft (238.3 m2)
 • Tubes2,371 sq ft (220.3 m2)
 • Arch tubes22 sq ft (2.0 m2)
 • Firebox172 sq ft (16.0 m2)
Superheater:
​
 • Heating area620 sq ft (58 m2)
CylindersTwo
Cylinder size23 in (584 mm) bore
26 in (660 mm) stroke
Valve gearWalschaerts
Caprotti (No. 879 as built)
Valve typePiston
Poppet (No. 879 as built)
CouplersAAR knuckle
Performance figures
Tractive effort♠ 33,530 lbf (149.1 kN) @ 75%
♥ 33,570 lbf (149.3 kN) @ 75%
Career
OperatorsSouth African Railways
ClassClass 16DA
Number in class6
Numbers874-879
NicknamesBoepens, Wide firebox
Delivered1930
First run1930
Withdrawn1973

In 1930, the South African Railways placed six redesigned Class 16DA steam locomotives with a 4-6-2 Pacific type wheel arrangement in passenger train service.[1][2][3][4]

Manufacturer
16Da 876 Builders Plate

An order for six locomotives for the South African Railways (SAR), similar to the Class 16DA Pacific type locomotives of 1928 and 1929 but built to an improved design, was placed with Henschel and Son of Kassel in Germany in 1930.[1][2]

Characteristics
A.G. Watson

In an attempt to improve the steaming properties of further orders of Class 16DA locomotives, A.G. Watson, who had succeeded Colonel Collins as CME in 1929, designed a boiler of the Wootten type. It had a very wide firebox with a grate area of 60 square feet (5.574 square metres). Watson was a firm believer in large firegrates with enlarged blast pipe caps to give a reasonably low burning rate of fuel per unit of grate area, which improved boiler efficiency and reduced the emission of sparks and partially burnt fuel.[1][2][5]

The boiler itself was of the same dimensions as that of the earlier locomotives in terms of girth and length between tube plates, the only difference being in the tube arrangement. The enlarged firebox, however, had a firegrate area which was 33⅓% larger than the 45 square feet (4.181 square metres) of the earlier Hohenzollern- and Baldwin-built locomotives. It was of comparable proportions to those which would later be installed on the Class 15E and Class 23.[1][3][4]

This boiler and firebox was installed on these final six Class 16DA locomotives, numbered in the range from 874 to 879, which were built by Henschel and delivered in 1930. Compared to the earlier Hohenzollern- and Baldwin-built locomotives, the steaming ability of the six Henschel-built locomotives was phenomenal and led to the adoption of wide fireboxes without combustion chambers as the standard on all subsequent SAR mainline steam locomotives.[1][3][4][5][6]

The Henschel-built Class 16DA locomotives with their much wider fireboxes, their correspondingly larger grate areas and slightly larger diameter trailing wheels were sufficiently different from the Baldwin- and Hohenzollern-builts to justify a separate classification such as Class 16DB, but this did not happen and the locomotives ended up being known as the Wide Firebox or Boepens Class 16DA.[7]

Modifications

Five of these locomotives were delivered with Walschaerts valve gear. The last engine, no. 879, was built with Caprotti valve gear for experimental purposes. This rotary poppet valve gear was driven from a single gearbox on the centre of the driving axle. The valve gear was given a fair trial, but was eventually replaced with the standard Walschaerts valve gear in 1940.[1][2][8]

They were all delivered with 60 inches (1,520 millimetres) diameter coupled wheels and with their boiler operating pressure set at 195 pounds per square inch (1,340 kilopascals). Four of them were later retyred with 63 inches (1,600 millimetres) diameter tyres on their coupled wheels. At the same time, their operating boiler pressure was raised to 205 pounds per square inch (1,410 kilopascals) to not have their tractive effort reduced by the larger coupled wheels.[3][4]

When the larger tyres were fitted, the old tyres were left in position and turned down on the wheel centres to serve as liners and the new tyres were then shrunk on over the liners. The practice of increasing the diameter of coupled wheels, wheel spacing and other considerations permitting, was begun by A.G. Watson during his term in office and was continued by his successors. The reduction of tractive effort caused by the larger wheels was made up by increasing boiler pressures or by fitting larger cylinders or both, as required. This policy resulted in more mileage between heavy repairs, less cost-per-mile on repairs and locomotives capable of higher speeds.[2]

Service

The locomotives were placed in service at Kimberley and took over the working of the Union Limited and Union Express between there and Johannesburg from the narrow firebox Class 16DA. They were never stationed at Braamfontein Loco in Johannesburg, but were serviced there in the process of working between Kimberley and Johannesburg. They also worked south from Kimberley to Beaufort West.[9][10]

When the Class 16E arrived in 1935, these Class 16DAs remained in service on the express trains in company with the new locomotives which were also stationed at Kimberley and also worked north to Johannesburg and south to Beaufort West.[9]

In 1939–1940, when new air-conditioned rolling stock was placed in service on the Union Limited and Union Express services between Cape Town and Johannesburg, all the Class 16DA and Class 16E locomotives were transferred to Bloemfontein in the Free State. From here, they continued to work passenger trains north and south, including the Orange Express which was the premier passenger train passing through Bloemfontein. During the 1950s the Orange Express was worked almost exclusively by wide firebox Class 16DA and Class 16E locomotives between Bloemfontein and Kimberley. When the Class 15F replaced them, they were relegated to suburban and local passenger train work. The wide firebox Class 16DA were withdrawn from service in 1973.[5][8]

Preservation
NumberWorks nmrTHF / PrivateLeaselend / OwnerCurrent LocationOutside SOUTH AFRICA?
848BALDWIN 60255PrivateWanki ColleryMain RoadZimbabwenext to Wanki Highway
850BALDWIN 60827PrivateTheunissen MunicipalityMain Street
870HOHENZOLLERN 4655THFKrugersdorp Locomotive Depot
876HENSC 21752THFTransnet Heritage Foundation (Museum)Bloemfontein Locomotive Depot
878HENSC 21754THFTransnet EngineeringBloemfontein Locomotive Depot
879HENSC 21755THFCeres Railway CompanyCape Town Station

Works numbers

The table lists the Class 16DA engine numbers, works numbers and variations in coupled wheel sizes.[3][4]

Illustration
  • No. 879 as built with Caprotti valve gear
  • No. 876 Lettie Uys at Springfontein, c. 1991
  • No. 878 at the Bloemfontein shops, 7 April 2006
  • No. 879 at Oranjerivier, 13 April 1979
  • No. 879 in dark blue Union Limited livery, c. 2002

References
  1. Holland, D. F. (1972). Steam Locomotives of the South African Railways. 2: 1910-1955 (1st ed.). Newton Abbott, Devon: David & Charles. pp. 67–68. ISBN 978-0-7153-5427-8.
  2. Espitalier, T.J.; Day, W.A.J. (1946). The Locomotive in South Africa - A Brief History of Railway Development. Chapter VII - South African Railways (Continued). South African Railways and Harbours Magazine, May 1946. pp. 375-376.
  3. South African Railways & Harbours/Suid Afrikaanse Spoorweë en Hawens (15 Aug 1941). Locomotive Diagram Book/Lokomotiefdiagramboek, 3'6" Gauge/Spoorwydte. SAR/SAS Mechanical Department/Werktuigkundige Dept. Drawing Office/Tekenkantoor, Pretoria. pp. 23-24.
  4. South African Railways & Harbours/Suid Afrikaanse Spoorweë en Hawens (15 Aug 1941). Locomotive Diagram Book/Lokomotiefdiagramboek, 2'0" & 3'6" Gauge/Spoorwydte, Steam Locomotives/Stoomlokomotiewe. SAR/SAS Mechanical Department/Werktuigkundige Dept. Drawing Office/Tekenkantoor, Pretoria. pp. 6a-7a, 23-24.
  5. Soul of A Railway, System 5, Part 1: Bloemfontein. Captions 1, 19. (Accessed on 1 March 2017)
  6. Henschel-Lieferliste (Henschel & Son works list), compiled by Dietmar Stresow
  7. Durrant, A. E. (1989). Twilight of South African Steam (1st ed.). Newton Abbott, London: David & Charles. p. 94. ISBN 0715386387.
  8. Paxton, Leith; Bourne, David (1985). Locomotives of the South African Railways (1st ed.). Cape Town: Struik. pp. 10–11, 67. ISBN 0869772112.
  9. Information supplied by Les Pivnic, retired Assistant Curator, South African Railway Museum
  10. Soul of A Railway, System 7, Western Transvaal, based in Johannesburg, Part 26: Braamfontein West to Klerksdorp (home signal) by Les Pivnic, Part 1. Caption 18. (Accessed on 6 May 2017)
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