Ryan International Airlines Flight 590
Ryan International Airlines Flight 590 was a cargo flight carrying mail for the United States Postal Service from Greater Buffalo International Airport (BUF) in Buffalo, New York, to Indianapolis International Airport (IND) in Indiana, with a stopover at Cleveland Hopkins International Airport (CLE) in Cleveland, Ohio. On February 17, 1991, the McDonnell Douglas DC-9-15RC operating the flight crashed on takeoff from Cleveland during icing conditions. Both pilots, the aircraft's only occupants, were killed. The National Transportation Safety Board (NTSB) determined that the causes of the crash were the flight crew failing to de-ice their aircraft, as well as the inexperience of the Federal Aviation Administration (FAA), McDonnell Douglas, and Ryan International Airlines with icing condition on DC-9-10 aircraft (the shortest variant of the DC-9).[1][2]
 Wreckage of the aircraft | |
| Accident | |
|---|---|
| Date | February 17, 1991 |
| Summary | Crashed on takeoff due to atmospheric icing, pilot error, and poor FAA oversight |
| Site | Cleveland Hopkins International Airport, Cleveland, Ohio, United States 41°24.3′N 81°51.5′W |
| Aircraft | |
| Aircraft type | McDonnell Douglas DC-9-15RC |
| Operator | Ryan International Airlines |
| IATA flight No. | RD590 |
| ICAO flight No. | RYN590 |
| Call sign | Ryan 590 |
| Registration | N565PC |
| Flight origin | Greater Buffalo International Airport, Buffalo, New York |
| Stopover | Cleveland Hopkins International Airport, Cleveland, Ohio |
| Destination | Indianapolis International Airport, Indianapolis, Indiana |
| Occupants | 2 |
| Passengers | 0 |
| Crew | 2 |
| Fatalities | 2 |
| Survivors | 0 |
Background
Aircraft
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The aircraft involved was a 22-year-old McDonnell Douglas DC-9-15RC (Rapid Change) registered as N565PC. The -15 is a sub variant of the series 10 of DC-9s.
The accident aircraft first flew in 1968 and was delivered to Continental Airlines as a passenger aircraft in July of that same year, registered as N8919. The aircraft operated with Continental for five years. In October 1973 the aircraft was delivered to Hughes Airwest and re-registered as N9351. Seven years later, in October 1980, the aircraft was transferred to Republic Airlines, which operated the aircraft until June 1984, when it was converted into a freighter and delivered to Purolater Courier. Three months later the aircraft was registered as N565PC. In October 1987 the aircraft was transferred to Emery Worldwide. Ryan International Airlines began to operate the aircraft in 1989.[3]
Crew
The captain was 44-year-old David Reay. He had flown with Ryan Air International since 1989 and logged 10,505 flight hours, including 505 hours on the DC-9.[1]:5–6[4]
Reay was described "as a pilot with average skills who took criticism well," and "having very good command authority and being smooth on the controls." However, Reay had been involved in disciplinary action at the airline twice. The first was in August 1990 where he landed an aircraft without computing the proper data. The second was when he gained access to the jumpseat of an aircraft operated by a different airline by using an unauthorized identity card. Reay received a written warning on the first offense and a verbal warning on the second. Reay had also been involved in a business venture where he distributed literature claiming that he was in a partnership with the airline. After a talk with the airline's president, Reay reclaimed the literature. Reay had previously made a similar claim with another flight position, which resulted in him being removed from it. Despite this activity, Reay had no criminal arrests, nor had he been involved any vehicular accidents.[1]:87–88[5]
The first officer was 28-year-old Richard Duney Jr., who was far less experienced, having only been with the airline since January 28, 1991, less than a month before the accident. However, prior to joining RIA, he had been a pilot for a commuter airline from 1986 to 1989 and had served as a first officer on the DC-9 with USAir, but was laid off in 1991. Duney had 3,820 flight hours, with 510 of them on the DC-9.[1]:6,88
The airline's chief pilot described Duney as "very personable and eager to do a good job." However, on March 28, 1990, Duney was involved in a car accident, though no charges were filed. Duney did not have any criminal history.[1]:88
Weather
At 23:50, the National Weather Service (NWS) made issued the following weather report at CLE:
Time--2350; type--record special; ceiling--indefinite, 1,500 feet obscured; visibility--1 mile variable; weather-- light snow; temperature--23°F; dewpoint--19°F; wind-- 220 degrees at 14 knots; altimeter--29.91 inches; remarks-- runway 5R visual range 6,000 feet plus, visibility 3/4 mile variable 1 1/2 miles.[1]:7
— National Weather Service
The National Aviation Weather Unit (NAWU) issued the following for pilots flying into Ohio:
Flight precautions for Ohio: Icing and turbulence. This area forecast incorporates the following AIRMETs (airman's meteorological information) still in effect: None. Icing and freezing level valid until February 17, at 0900.[1]:9–10
— National Aviation Weather Unit
The NWS forecast at CLE was as follows:
Ceiling 1,000 feet obscured, visibility 1 mile in light snow and blowing snow, wind 220 degrees 20 knots gusting to 30 knots. Occasionally ceiling 2,000 feet overcast, visibility 4 miles in light snow. Low-level windshear. After 2300: ceiling 4,000 feet overcast, visibility 5 miles in light snow, wind 210 degrees 18 knots gusting to 28 knots. Occasionally ceiling 2,000 feet overcast, visibility 2 miles in light snow and blowing snow. Low-level windshear. After 0700: ceiling 4,500 feet overcast, wind 320 degrees 7 knots, chance of light snow showers. After 1400: VFR.[1]:9–10
— National Weather Service
In other words, the weather was dangerously cold with the temperature at 23 °F (−5 °C), enough to cause ice to accumulate on aircraft, and the dew point at 19 °F (−7 °C). Winds were at 14 knots (16 mph; 26 km/h). There was light snow and strong winds, increasing the risk of windshear. Pilots could only operate under instrument flight rules until 14:00 the next day.
Events
February 16
Flight 590 departed Buffalo at 22:55 Eastern Standard Time (EST) on February 16. The flight landed at Cleveland at 23:44.[1]:1
During flight 590's approach into Cleveland, two other flights (one which had just departed and another one which was landing) both reported icing conditions. The approach controller told Flight 590 during its approach: "two pilot reports moderate rime icing reported 7,000 feet on to the surface during the descent that was by a 727, and also moderate chop turbulence from 4,000 feet on to the surface." The crew acknowledged the transmission.[1]:1
After landing, the aircraft taxied to the mail ramp where mail bound for Cleveland was unloaded and new mail bound for Indianapolis was loaded. Dry, blowing snow fell during the time that the aircraft was parked. Despite the freezing cold temperatures, none of the flights that were departing Cleveland (including Flight 590) requested de-icing. The crew of Flight 590 did not exit the aircraft to inspect it for any signs of icing as required.[1]:1
February 17, accident
At 00:06 on February 17, first officer Duney requested departure clearance from air traffic control (ATC). The controller stated:
Ryan five ninety Cleveland clearance cleared to the Indianapolis airport as filed climb and maintain five expect flight level two six zero one [to] two minutes after departure departure frequency will be one two four point zero squawk five seven seven three.[1]:2,67
At 00:08, due to the freezing temperatures and snow, the pilots activated the engine anti-ice system, which uses engine heat to prevent sensors from freezing, ensuring accurate instrument readings. The cockpit voice recorder (CVR) recorded the following conversation snippet (CAM is short for Cockpit Area Microphone, RDO is short for radio, -1 is the captain, -2 is the first officer, and -? indicates an unidentified voice):
00:08:49 CAM-2 Ignition?
00:08:50 CAM-1 It's now off.
00:08:52 CAM-2 Off. Electrical power checked. Engine anti-ice?
00:08:55 CAM-1 I just turned it on.
At 00:09, first officer Dunney requested taxi clearance. The tower controller instructed the flight to "taxi [to] runway two three left via Juliet and the ramp." A minute later, the controller reminded the flight about the braking conditions (no flights had landed while Flight 590 was on the ground):
00:10:58 TWR Ryan five ninety last braking I had was ah when you arrived I believe you called it fair.
00:11:01 CAM-1 That's correct.
00:11:03 RDO-2 Five ninety roger.
At 00:14, Continental Airlines Flight 1238 informed the tower controller that they were on approach to the same runway. The controller cleared Flight 1238 to land, informing them about Flight 590's braking conditions. At 00:17 Flight 590 lined up on runway 23L, and one minute later, at 00:18, was cleared for takeoff:[1]
00:18:17.5 TWR Ryan five ninety cleared for takeoff fly ah runway heading.
0018:18 CAM-1 On.
RDO-1 Okay we're two three left and we appreciate your help.
0018:24.4 TWR You're very welcome wind two three zero at one two.
At 00:18:24.6 Flight 590 commenced its takeoff roll from runway 23L. The engine anti-ice system was on during the takeoff roll.[1]:16–17 First officer Dunney was the pilot flying, and the following was recorded by the CVR:
00:18:24.6 [SOUND OF ENGINES INCREASE IN SPEED]
00:18:27.0 RDO-1 Hay [sic] that's a captain's winds.
00:18:29.0 TWR Allright. [sic]
00:18:31.1 CAM-1 Okay air speed's alive.
00:18:33.0 CAM-1 Engines are stabilized, power's set for departure.
00:18:37.5 CAM-1 Fuel's even kind'a balanced.
00:18:39.4 CAM-1 One hundred knots.
00:18:41.3 [SOUND SIMILAR TO RUNWAY NOISE (BANGING)]
0018:44.9 CAM-1 V1.
0018:45.9 CAM-1 Rotate.
0018:48.3 CAM-1 V2.
0018:49.2 CAM-1 Plus ten.
00:18:50.4 CAM-1 Positive rate.
00:18:51.2 CAM-1 Watch out.
00:18:51.7 CAM-1 Watch out.
00:18:52.1 CAM-1 Watch out.
00:18:52.3 [SOUND SIMILAR TO ENGINE COMPRESSOR SURGES START]
00:18:53.1 [SOUND SIMILAR TO STICK SHAKER STARTS]
00:18:55.5 [SOUND OF ENGINE COMPRESSOR SURGES STOPS]
00:18:55.8 RDO-? [SOUND OF OPEN MIKE KEY FOR 0.45 SECONDS]
00:18:56.0 [SOUND OF STICK SHAKER STOPS]
00:18:56.78 [SOUND OF FIRST IMPACT]
00:18:56.82 [SOUND OF SECOND LOUDER IMPACT]
00:18:57.4 RDO-? [SOUND OF OPEN MIKE STARTS AND CONTINUES UNTIL END OF RECORDING]
00:18:57.6 END OF RECORDING
Captain Reay called out "rotate" at 00:18:45.9 and the aircraft lifted off. Almost immediately after however, the aircraft began to bank left, as indicated by the flight data recorder.[1]:26 This was also mentioned in statements from the tower controller and other witnesses. Several witnesses even went as far as to state that they saw an explosion before the aircraft crashed.[1]:26[6] According to the CVR, captain Reay called out "watch out" three consecutive times. Both engines began to experience compressor stalls and the stick shaker activated, both lasting for about three seconds. The aircraft rolled 90 degrees to the left and entered a stall. At 00:18:57 the aircraft crashed back onto runway 23L, the left wing contacted the ground first, followed by the rest of the aircraft.[1]:13–14 The aircraft then flipped over and skidded along the runway, exploding and bursting into flames in the process, before stopping 6,500 feet (2,000 m) away from the runway threshold. Both pilots were killed.[1]:2–3 Passengers on Continental Airlines Flight 1238 witnessed the accident.[7]
Investigation
Less than an hour after the accident occurred the National Transportation Safety Board (NTSB) was notified about it. A go-team traveled to Cleveland four hours later.[1]:57 The United States Postal Service and airport workers recovered mail that had not been destroyed in the crash.[7]
The left wing and no 1. (left) engine were both destroyed during the accident sequence, but the right wing and no. 2 (right) engine, were mainly intact. The no 1. engine had a high rotation speed at the time of impact.[1]:13–14 The cockpit and forward fuselage had separated on impact and all occupiable space was destroyed. A large remainder of the fuselage were destroyed.[1]:13–14 The flaps were extended to 20 degrees at the time of impact, though the flap handle (part of it having been bent on impact) was positioned near 30 degrees.[1]:16–17 The horizontal stabilizer was at 34 degrees nose up. The engine anti-ice heat switches were in the "ON" position at the time of impact.[1]:16–17 Despite witnesses stating that the aircraft was on fire or exploded before impact, the only fire and explosions had occurred during the impact sequence.[1]:16 The flight crew had died on impact from extreme trauma, and the NTSB declared that the accident was not survivable.[1]:16–17
According to the CVR, the most notable information was during the takeoff sequence, including captain Reay's callouts as well as the stick shaker and engine compressor stalls.[1]:18–19 According to the flight data recorder (FDR) the aircraft had reached a maximum airspeed of 155 knots (178 mph) during its flight.[1]:20 The stick shaker had activated at 150 knots (170 mph). Flight 590 had experienced a sudden drop in normal acceleration to 0.7 g's during its takeoff.[1]:26 The NTSB compared the takeoff of Flight 590 with another DC-9-10 in similar conditions. The acceleration of the comparison flights only dropped to almost 0.9 g's during takeoff.[1]:27
The NTSB examined other accidents that were involved icing, such as Ozark Air Lines Flight 982, Air Florida Flight 90, and Continental Airlines Flight 1713.[8][9][10] Following the Flight 1713 accident, McDonnell Douglas presented a paper warning about ice accumulation on DC-9's.[1]:29–31 The FAA had also disagreed with a safety recommendation from the Flight 1713 accident.[1][11]
Ryan International Airlines DC-9s flight crew operations manual (FCOM) required the first officer to inspect the aircraft for ice after landing in icing conditions. However, according to ground witnesses, neither crew member left the aircraft while it was parked. The NTSB believed that this was because of the flight crew's previous experience with larger variants of the DC-9, which have leading edge devices and are less vulnerable to icing conditions, and possibility the fact that no other flight requested de-icing before takeoff. The NTSB even considered fatigue as a reason the crew did not inspect the aircraft, the crew had been on the same schedule on the same route for six days and captain Reay may have been experiencing a cold; the demanding schedules can hamper illness recovering and contribute to fatigue, nevertheless, the NTSB had insufficient evidence and was unable to determine if fatigue did indeed play a role in the accident.[1]:45–48
The NTSB also noted that even though Douglas and the FAA had been aware of previous DC-9 accidents in icing conditions, but had poor oversight. Ryan International Airlines was also unaware of these accidents when they purchased the DC-9s.[1]:49
Conclusion
The NTSB published its final report nearly nine months later, stating:
The National Transportation Safety Board determines that the probable cause of this accident was the failure of the flightcrew to detect and remove ice contamination on the airplane's wings, which was largely a result of a lack of appropriate response by the Federal Aviation Administration, Douglas Aircraft Company, and Ryan International Airlines to the known critical effect that a minute amount of contamination has on the stall characteristics of the DC-9 series 10 airplane. The ice contamination led to wing stall and loss of control during the attempted takeoff.[1]:44
The NTSB determined that the accident had been caused by the icing contamination as a result of the flight crew failing to conduct an external examination of the aircraft after landing in cold weather as well as the failure of the FAA and McDonnell Douglas and Ryan International Airlines to respond appropriately from previous ice-related accidents, and their lack of understanding of icing condition of the DC-9-10 aircraft.[1]:49
Six safety recommendations were issued to the FAA, and a recommendation issued following the crash of Continental Airlines Flight 1713 was reiterated.[1]:53[12]
Other views
NTSB chairmain James L. Kolstad, and vice chairman Susan Coughlin both gave dissenting statements; both of them agreed that pilot error was the cause of the crash, though stated that the failure of the airline industry as a whole to properly understand de-icing was a cause of the accident.[1] Kolstad stated:
My colleagues believe that this last failure -- the failure to inspect -- was the result of poor organizational performance. The aircraft in question is especially susceptible to lift problems with wing ice. Because this problem was known but apparently not clearly communicated to the accident crew, the majority believe that the air carrier, the aircraft manufacturer and the Federal Aviation Administration were in the direct line of causation [of this accident].[1]:54
— James L. Kolstad, Chairman, National Transportation Safety Board, Final report
Vice-chairman Coughlin stated that the NTSB should revise its probable cause to read:
The National Transportation Safety Board determines that the probable cause of this accident was the failure of the flightcrew to detect and remove ice contamination on the airplane's wings, in part because of a lack of cohesive action by the aviation community at large directed at the known critical effect that a minute amount of contamination has on the stall characteristics of the DC-9 Series 10 airplane, which can lead to wing stall and loss of control during an attempted takeoff.[1]:56
— Susan M. Coughlin, Vice Chairman, National Transportation Safety Board, Final report
The NTSB did not revise its probable cause on Flight 590. However, when USAir Flight 405 crashed in 1992 in icing conditions, the NTSB would state that the aviation industry's poor oversight was a cause of that crash.[13]
See also
- Aero Caribbean Flight 883
- Air Florida Flight 90
- Air France Flight 447
- Air Ontario Flight 1363
- American Eagle Flight 4184
- Arrow Air Flight 1285
- Colgan Air Flight 3407
- Comair Flight 3272
- Continental Airlines Flight 1713
- Ozark Air Lines Flight 982
- Scandinavian Airlines Flight 751
- TransAsia Airways Flight 791
- USAir Flight 405
- UTair Flight 120
- West Caribbean Airways Flight 708
- West Wind Aviation Flight 280
References
- "Ryan International Airlines, DC-9-15, N565PC, Loss of Control on Takeoff, Cleveland-Hopkins International Airport, Ohio, February 17. 1991" (PDF). National Transportation Safety Board. November 16, 1991. NTSB/AAR-91/09. Retrieved December 18, 2019.
- Ranter, Harro. "ASN Aircraft accident McDonnell Douglas DC-9-15RC N565PC Cleveland-Hopkins International Airport, OH (CLE)". aviation-safety.net. Aviation Safety Network. Retrieved July 4, 2020.
- "N565PC Emery Worldwide Airlines McDonnell Douglas DC-9-10". www.planespotters.net. Retrieved December 18, 2019.
- Sheeran, Thomas J. (February 18, 1991). "Investigators: Mail Plane Not De-Iced Before Crash During Snowfall". AP NEWS. Retrieved December 18, 2019.
- Davis, Dave (February 25, 1992). "Pilot's 'Cut And Paste' Resume Uncovered After Deadly Crash". The Seattle Times. Newhouse News Service. Retrieved November 17, 2020.
- "Crash of Mail Plane Kills 2; Blast Reported". Los Angeles Times. Associated Press. February 18, 1991. Retrieved November 2, 2020.
- "Cargo plane crashes; two crewmen die". Southeast Missourian. Associated Press. February 18, 1991. Retrieved November 17, 2020 – via Google News.
- OZARK AIR LINES, INC. SIOUX CITY AIRPORT, SIOUX CITY, IOWA DOUGLAS DC-9-15. N974Z DECEMBER 27, 1968 (PDF) (Report). National Transportation Safety Board. September 2, 1970.
- "Air Florida, Inc., Boeing 737-222, N62AF, Collision with 14th Street Bridge near Washington National Airport, Washington, D.C., January 13, 1982" (PDF). Washington, D.C.: National Transportation Safety Board. August 10, 1982. Retrieved May 15, 2016.
- "Continental Airlines, Inc., Flight 1713, McDonnell Douglas DC-9-14, N626TX, Stapleton International Airport, Denver, Colorado, November 15, 1987" (PDF). Aircraft Accident Report. National Transportation Safety Board. September 27, 1988. NTSB/AAR-88/09. Retrieved September 1, 2016.
- "Safety Recommendation A-88-136". data.ntsb.gov. National Transportation Safety Board. November 3, 1988. Retrieved December 1, 2020.
- "Safety Recommendation A-88-134". data.ntsb.gov. National Transportation Safety Board. Retrieved January 21, 2021.
- Aircraft Accident Report, Takeoff Stall in Icing Conditions, USAir Flight 405, Fokker F-28, N485US, LaGuardia Airport, Flushing, New York, March 22, 1992 (PDF). National Transportation Safety Board. February 17, 1993. NTSB/AAR-93/02. Retrieved February 6, 2016.