List of the first women holders of political offices in Africa
This is a list of political offices which have been held by a woman, with details of the first woman holder of each office. It is ordered by the countries in Africa and by dates of appointment. Please observe that this list is meant to contain only the first woman to hold of a political office, and not all the female holders of that office.
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Algeria
Antiquity
- Tin Hinan - 4th century
Republic
- Secretary of State of Social Affairs – Z'hour Ounissi – 1982[1]
- Vice-Minister of Education – Leila Khira Taib – 1984[2]
- Minister of Social Affairs – Z'hour Ounissi – 1984[3]
- Minister of Education (And third in the Cabinet) – Z'hour Ounissi – 1986
- Minister of Health – Nafissa Lallian – 1991
- Minister of Youth and Sports – Leila Aslovi – 1991
- Minister of State for National Solidarity – Saida Benhabyles – 1992
- Minister-Councillor for Juridical and Administrative Questions – Meriem Belmilhoub Zerdani – 1993
- Secretary of State for National Solidarity and the Family – Achïa Hénia Semichi – 1995
- Minister of National Solidarity and Family – Rabéa Mechrane – 1997
- Secretary of State of Culture – Zahia Benarous – 1997
- Minister of Culture – Khalida Toumi - 2002; Nadia Labidi – 2014[4][5][6]
- Minister of Education – Nouria Benghabrit-Remaoun – 2014[6]
- Minister of Land-Use Planning and Environment – Dalila Boudjemaa – 2014[7]
- Minister of Family and Women – Mounia Meslem – 2014[8]
- Minister of Post,Information Technology and Communication Women – Zahra Dardouri – 2014[9]
- Minister of Tourism – Nouria Yamina Zerhouni – 2014[6]
- Minister of Artisana & Handicrafts - Aish Tabagho – 2014[10]
Angola
- Vice-Minister of Internal Trade – Maria Mambo Café – 1977[11]
- Minister of Social Affairs – Maria Mambo Café – 1982[12]
- Minister of Justice - Guilhermina Contreiras da Costa Prata - 2008-2012[13]
Benin
- Minister of Public Health – Rafiatou Karimou – 1989[14]
- Minister of Justice - Grace d'Almeida - 1995-1996[15]
- Foreign minister – Mariam Aladji Boni Diallo – 2006[16]
Botswana
- Minister of Trade and Industry – Gaositwe K.T. Chiepe – 1974[17]
- Foreign minister – Gaositwe K.T. Chiepe – 1985[18]
- Chairperson of the House of Chiefs – Mosadi Seboko – 2003[19]
- Minister of Justice - Lesego Motsumi - 2010-2011[20][21]
Burkina Faso
- Minister of Social Welfare, Housing and Labour – Célestine Ouezzin Coulibaly – 1958[22]
- Minister of Justice - Marie Louise Nignan-Bassolet -1982-1983[23][24]
Burundi
- Minister for Women's Questions – Euphrasie Kandeke – 1974[25]
- Prime Minister – Sylvie Kinigi – 1993[26]
- President (acting) – Sylvie Kinigi – 1993[27]
- Minister of Justice - Clotilde Niragira - 2005-2007[28]
- Foreign minister – Antoinette Batumubwira – 2006[29]
Cameroon
- Vice-Minister of Health and Public Welfare – Delphine Zanga Tsogo – 1970[30]
- Minister of Social Affairs – Delphine Zanga Tsogo – 1975[31]
Cape Verde
- Minister for Fisheries, Agriculture and Rural Development – Maria Helena Nobre de Morais Querido Semedo – 1993[32]
- Minister of Justice - Januaria Moreira - 1999-2001[33][34]
- Foreign minister – Fátima Veiga – 2002[35]
- Defence minister – Cristina Fontes Lima – 2006[36]
Central African Republic
- Government minister (Social Affairs) – Marie-Joséphe Franck – 1970[37]
- Prime Minister – Elisabeth Domitien – 1975[37]
- Foreign minister – Léonie Banga-Bothy – 2013[38]
- Head of State – Catherine Samba-Panza – 2014[39]
- Minister of Justice - Isabelle Gaudeuille -2014-2016[40]
Chad
- Minister of Social Affairs and Women – Fatimé Kimto – 1982[41]
Comoros
- Secretary of State for Population and the Condition of Women - Sittou Raghadat Mohamed - 1991[42] (First female appointed to a senior government position)
- Member of the Assembly of the Union of the Comoros – Djoueria Abdallah – 2004[43]
Congo-Brazzaville
- Minister of Public Service – Charlotte Kisimba – 1970[44]
Democratic Republic of the Congo
Zaire
- Secretary of State of Social Affairs – Sophie Madeleine Lihau-Kanza – 1966[45]
- Minister of Social Affairs – Sophie Madeleine Lihau-Kanza – 1967[46]
- Foreign minister – Ekila Liyonda – 1987[47]
Republic
- Chief of Staff (Prime Minister) - Marie-Thérèse Nlandu Mpolo Nene[48]
- Speaker of the National Assembly - Jeanine Mabunda - 2019[49]
Djibouti
- Cabinet member - Hawa Ahmed Youssouf - 1999[50]
Egypt
Ancient
- Pharaoh (Head of state) – Sobekneferu – 1806 BC[51] (First known female Head of State in history)
Mamluk Sultanate
- Sultana (Head of state) – Shajar al-Durr – 1250[52]
Republic
- Member of Parliament – Rawya Ateya – 1957[53][54] (First female Member of Parliament in the Arab world)
- Ambassador of Egypt - Aisha Rateb - 1979[55][56]
- Minister (for Social Affairs) – Dr. Hikmat Abu Zayd – 1962[57]
- Mayor – Eva Habil, (Komboha) – 2008[58]
Equatorial Guinea
- Minister of Womens Participation – Christina Ndjombe Ndjangani – 1978[59]
- Minister of Justice - Evangelina Filomena Oyo Ebule - 2014-2018[40]
Ethiopia
- Monarch – Empress Zewditu – 1916[64]
- Assistant Minister of Foreign Affairs – Youdith Imre – 1966[65]
- Deputy Minister of Foreign Affairs – Youdith Imre – 1971[66]
- Minister of Health – Adanetch Kidane Miriam – 1991[67]
- Leader (Unity for Democracy and Justice Party) - Birtukan Mideksa - 2009[68][69][70][71]
- President - Sahle-Work Zewde, 2018[72]
Gabon
- Minister of Social Affairs and Women – Antoniette Oliveira – 1980[73]
- Minister of Justice - Sophie Diouly (née Ngwamassana) - 1987-1989[74]
- Foreign minister – Pascaline Mferri Bongo – 1991[75]
- President (interim) – Rose Francine Rogombé – 2009[76]
- Speaker of Senate – Rose Francine Rogombé – 2009[77]
The Gambia
- Minister of Youth, Sport and Culture – Louise N'Jie – 1982[78]
- Minister of Justice and Attorney General of the Gambia - Hawa Sisay-Sabally 1996-1998[79]
- Vice President – Isatou Njie-Saidy – 1997[80]
- Foreign minister – Susan Waffa-Ogoo – 2012[81]
Ghana
- Minister of Social Affairs – Suzanna Al-Hassan – 1963[82]
- Foreign minister – Gloria Amon Nikoi – 1979[83]
- Minister of Justice and Attorney General - Betty Mould-Iddrisu - 2009-2011[84]
- Speaker of Parliament - Joyce Bamford-Addo - 2009-2013[85]
Guinea
- Secretary of State for Social Affairs – Camara Loffo – 1961[86]
- Minister of Social Affairs – Jeanne Martin-Cissé – 1976[87]
- Foreign minister – Mahawa Bangoura – 2000[88]
- Minister of Justice - Paulette Kourouma - 2007-2008[89]
Guinea-Bissau
- Minister of Health and Social Affairs – Carmen Pereira – 1981[90]
- President of Guinea-Bissau (acting) – Carmen Pereira – May 1984[91]
- President of Guinea-Bissau (candidate) - Antoineta Rosa Gomes - 1994, 1999 and 2005[92][93][94]
- Foreign minister – Hilia Barber – 1999[95]
- Minister of Justice - Antoineta Rosa Gomes - 2000-2001[92][93][94]
- Defence minister – Filomena Mascarenhas Tipote – 2005[96]
- Prime Minister (acting) – Adiato Djaló Nandigna – 2012[97]
Ivory Coast
- Minister for Women's Affairs – Jeanne Gervais – 1976[98]
- Minister of Justice - Jacqueline Oble - 1991-1994[99]
Kenya
- MP: Sidney Farrar – 1938[100]
- Mayor of Nairobi – Lady Gwladys Delamere – 1938[101]
- Member of Parliament - Martha Karua[102]
- Assistant Minister of Housing and Social Services – Julia Ojiambo – 1974[103]
- Minister of National Heritage, Culture and Social Affairs – Winifred Nyiva Kitili Mwendwa – 1995[104]
- Minister of Justice - Martha Karua – 2006-2009[102]
- Minister of Constitutional Affairs - Martha Karua – 2008[102]
- Foreign minister – Amina Mohamed – 2013[105]
- Cabinet Secretary for Foreign Affairs - Amina Mohamed - 2013[106]
Lesotho
- Regent – Queen 'Mamohato – 1970[107]
- High Court Assessor - 'Masechele Caroline Ntseliseng Khaketla - 1979[108]
- Minister of Trade and Industry – Morena Moletsone G. Mokroane – 1990[109]
- Speaker of the National Assembly – Ntlhoi Motsamai – 1999[110]
Liberia
- Secretary of State of Education – Ellen Mills Scarborough – 1948[111]
- Assistant Attorney General – Angie Elizabeth Brook-Randolph – 1953[112]
- Minister of Health and Social Security – Edith Mai Wiles Padmore – 1976[113]
- Foreign minister – Dorothy Musuleng-Cooper – 1994[114]
- Minister of Justice - Gloria Musu-Scott - (1996)[115]
- Chairwoman of the Council of State (head of state) – Ruth Perry – 1997[116]
- Chief Justice - Gloria Musu-Scott - 1998-2003[117]
- Mayor of Monrovia – Ophelia Hoff Saytumah – 2001[118]
- President pro tempore of the Liberian Senate – Grace B. Minor – 2002[118]
- President – Ellen Johnson Sirleaf – 2006[119]
- Vice President – Jewel Taylor – 2018[120]
Libya
- Minister of Education – Fatima Abd al-Hafiz Mukhtar – 1989[121]
- Minister of Health – Fatima Hamroush – 2011[122]
Madagascar
- Minister of Revolutionary Art and Culture – Gisèle Rabesahala – 1977[123]
- Secretary of State for University Affairs – Elénore Marguritte Nerine – 1993[124]
- Foreign minister – Lila Ratsifandrihamanana – 1998[125]
- Minister of Justice - Alice Rajaonah - 2002-2004[126][127]
- Defence minister – Cécile Manorohanta – 2007[128]
- Prime Minister (acting) – Cécile Manorohanta – 2009[92]
- President (Malagasy National Assembly) - Christine Razanamahasoa - 2014[129]
Malawi
- Parliamentary Secretary to the President – Jean M. Mlanga – 1966[130]
- Minister of State for Women's and Children’s Affairs – Edda E. Chitalo – 1994[131]
- Foreign minister – Lilian Patel – 2000[88]
- Interior minister – Anna Kachikho – 2005[132]
- Vice President – Joyce Banda – 2009[133]
- President – Joyce Banda – 2012[134]
- Speaker of the National Assembly - Catherine Gotani Hara - 2019[135]
Mali
- Minister of Social Affairs and Health – Sominé Dolo – 1965[136]
- Foreign minister – Sy Kadiatou Sow – 1994[137]
- Minister of Justice - Fatoumata Sylla - 2004-2007[138][139][140][141][142][143]
- Prime minister – Cissé Mariam Kaïdama Sidibé – 2011[144]
Mauritania
- Government minister – Aïssata Kane – 1975[145]
- Foreign minister – Naha Mint Mouknass – 2009[146]
- Mayor of Nouakchott – Maty Mint Hamady – 2014[147]
Mauritius
- Minister of Women's Affairs, Prizes and Consumer's Affairs – Radhamanay Roonoosarny – 1975[148]
- Minister of Justice and Attorney General - Shirin Aumeeruddy-Cziffra - 1982-1983[149]
- Minister of Youth and Sports – Marie Claude Arouff-Parfait – 1995[150]
- Minister of Gender Equality, Child Development and Family Welfare – Indira Thacoor Sidaya – 1995[151]
- Minister of Social Security, National Solidarity and Reform Institutions – Sheila Bappoo – 2005[152]
- Parliamentary Private Secretary – Kalyanee Bedwantee Juggoo – 2010[153]
- President (acting) – Monique Ohsan Bellepeau – 2012[154][155]
- Minister of Education and human Resources – Leela Devi Dookhun Luchoomun – 2014[156]
- Speaker of the National Assembly of Mauritius - Maya Hanoomanjee[157]
- President – Ameenah Gurib-Fakim – 2015[158]
Morocco
- High Commissioner for Handicapped – Aziza Bennani – 1994[159]
- Secretary of State of Energy and Mines – Amina Benkhadra – 1997[160]
- Secretary of State for Family Affairs - Yasmina Baddou - 2002[161]
- Secretary of State for Literacy and non-formal Education – Najima Rhozali – 2002[162][163]
- Mayor (Essaouira) – Asma Chaabi – 2003[164]
- Minister of Energy and Mines – Amina Benkhadra – 2007[165]
- Minister of Health - Yasmina Baddou - 2007[161]
- Secretary of State for Foreign Affairs – Latifa Akherbach – 2007[166]
- Secretary of State for Education – Latifa Labida – 2007[167]
- Minister of Sports – Nawal El Moutawakel – 2007[168]
- Minister of Solidarity, Women, Family, and Social Development – Nouzha Skalli (2007)[169]
- Minister of Culture – Touriya Jabrane – 2007[170]
- Minister of Health – Yasmina Baddou – 2007[171]
- Ministry of Craft and Social Economy – Fatema Marouane – 2013[172]
Mozambique
- Minister of Education and Culture – Graça Simbini Machel – 1975[173]
- Prime Minister – Luisa Diogo – 2004[174]
- Foreign minister – Alcinda Abreu – 2005[175]
- Minister of Justice - Esperanza Machavela - 2007-2008[176]
Namibia
- Minister-Delegate of Local Government & Housing – Libertine Appolus Amathila – 1987[177]
- Minister of Local Government and Lands – Libertine Appolus Amathila – 1989[178]
- Interior minister – Rosalia Nghidinwa – 2005[179]
- Foreign Minister – Netumbo Nandi-Ndaitwah – 2013[180]
- Prime Minister – Saara Kuugongelwa – 2015[181]
- Deputy Prime Minister – Netumbo Nandi-Ndaitwah – 2015[182]
Niger
- Minister of Social Affairs and Women's Affairs – Aïssata Moumouni – 1989[183]
- Foreign minister – Aïchatou Mindaoudou – 1999[184]
Nigeria
- Minister of National Planning – Adenike Ebun Oyagbola – 1979[185]
- Finance Minister – Ngozi Okonjo-Iweala – 2003[186]
- Foreign Minister – Ngozi Okonjo-Iweala- 2006[186]
Anambra State
- Governor of Anambra State (South East Nigeria) – Virginia Etiaba – 2006[187]
Rivers State
- Commissioner of Works – Felicity Okpete Ovai – 2003[188][189]
- Deputy Governor of Rivers State (Southern Nigeria) – Ipalibo Banigo – 2015[190][191]
Rwanda
- Minister of Social Affairs and Public Health – Madeleine Ayinkamiye – 1964[192]
- Prime Minister – Agathe Uwilingiyimana – 1993[193]
- Minister of Justice - Agnès Ntamabyaliro Rutagwera - 1993-1994[194]
- Minister of Foreign Affairs – Rosemary Museminali – 2008[195]
- President of the Chamber of Deputies of Rwanda – Rose Mukantabana – 2008[196]
Saint Helena, Ascension and Tristan da Cunha
- Secretary of External Affairs – Joan S. Dorchville – 1967[197]
- Commissioner of Labour – Hedwige Rosemond – 1974[198]
- Governor – Lisa Phillips – 2016[199]
São Tomé and Príncipe
- Minister of Culture and Education – Alda Neves da Graça do Espirito Santo – 1975[200]
- Foreign minister – Maria do Nascimento da Graça Amorim – 1978[201]
- Prime Minister – Maria das Neves – 2002[202]
- Minister of Justice - Edite Ramos da Costa Ten Jua - 2013-2016[203]
Senegal
- Minister of Social Affairs – Caroline Faye Diop – 1978[204]
- Minister of Justice - Mame Madior Boye - 2000[205]
- Prime Minister – Mame Madior Boye – 2001[205]
Seychelles
- Minister of External Affairs and Planning – Danielle de St. Jorre – 1989[206]
- Foreign minister – Danielle de St. Jorre – 1989[207]
Sierra Leone
- House of Representatives (Paramount Chief Member for Moyamba District) - Ella Koblo Gulama - 1957[208]
- Minister of State – Ella Koblo Gulama – 1962[209]
- Foreign minister – Shirley Gbujama – 1996[208]
- Minister of Justice and Attorney General - Priscilla Schwartz - 2018[210]
Somalia
- Member of a City Council – Halima Godane – 1958
- Assistant Minister of Education – Fadumo Ahmed Alin – 1974
- Assistant Minister of Health – Raqiya Haji Dualeh (Raqiya Doaleh Abdalla) – 1983
- Minister of Health – Nur Ilmi Uthman – 1994 [211]
- Foreign minister – Fowsiyo Yusuf Haji Adan – 2012[212][213]
- Deputy prime minister – Fowsiyo Yusuf Haji Adan – 2012[212][213]
Somaliland
- Foreign minister – Edna Adan Ismail – 2003[214]
South Africa
Union
- Mayor of Pretoria – Mabel Malherbe – 1931
- Leader of a political party (President of the Liberal Party of South Africa) – Margaret Ballinger – 1953[215]
- Mayor of Cape Town – Joyce Newton-Thompson – 1959[216]
Republic
- Government minister – Rina Venter – 1989[217]
- Health minister – Rina Venter – 1989[217]
- Speaker of the House - Frene Ginwala - 1994-2004[218]
- Foreign minister – Nkosazana Dlamini-Zuma – 1999[219]
- Deputy President – Phumzile Mlambo-Ngcuka – 2005[220]
- Leader of a major political party – Helen Zille – 2007[221]
- Premier of Western Cape – Lynne Brown – 2008[222]
Swaziland
- Regent – Queen Dzeliwe – 1982[228]
- Minister of Health – Fanny Friedman – 1987[229]
Tanzania
- Deputy Minister for Health – Bibi Titi Mohammed – 1962[230]
- Minister of Justice – Julie Manning – 1975[231]
- Foreign minister – Asha-Rose Migiro – 2006[232]
- Minister of Justice and Constitutional Affairs - Mary Nagu - 2006-2008[233]
Togo
- Minister of Justice - Bibi Yao Savi de Tore - 1978-1982[234][235]
Tunisia
- First Minister of Women's Affairs – Fethia Mzali – 1983[236]
- First Minister of Public Health – Souad Yaacoubi – 1984[237]
- First Minister of the Environment – Faïza Kefi – 1999[238][239]
- First Minister of Vocational Training – Faïza Kefi – 2001[238][239]
- First Minister of Employment – Neziha Zarrouk – 2001[207]
- First Female Leader of a Political Party – Maya Jribi – 2006[240]
- First Minister of Culture – Moufida Tlatli – 2011[241]
- First Vice-President of the Legislative assambly (Constituent Assembly of Tunisia) – Meherzia Labidi Maïza – 2011[242]
- First Second Vice-Presidente of Legislative assambly (Assembly of the Representatives of the People) – Faouzia Ben Fodha – 2014[243]
- First Minister of Commerce – Nejla Moalla – 2014[244]
- First Minister of Tourism – Amel Karboul – 2014[245]
Uganda
- Foreign minister – Elizabeth Bagaya – 1974[246]
- Vice President – Specioza Kazibwe – 1994[247]
- Minister of Justice - Janat Mukwaya - 2001-2003[248][249][250]
Zambia
- Members of Parliament - Ester Banda, Malina Chilila Margret Mbeba, Nakatindi Yeta Nganga, Madeline Robertson – 1964[251]
- Junior Minister - Nakatindi Yeta Nganga - 1966 [252]
- Minister of Health – Mutumba Mainga Bull – 1973[253]
- Vice President – Inonge Wina – 2015[254]
Zimbabwe
- Member of Parliament – Ethel Tawse Jollie – 1923[256]
- Mayor of Harare – Gladys Maasdorp – 1942[257][258]
- Mayor of Bulawayo – Margot Brett – 1960[259]
- Senators – Olive Robertson and Helena van Biljon – 1970[260]
- Minister of Youth, Sport, and Recreation – Joice Mujuru – 1980[261]
- Minister of National Resources and Tourism – Victoria Chitepo – 1982[15]
- Minister of Education – Victoria Chitepo – 1988[15]
- Minister of Information – Victoria Chitepo – 1988[15]
- Minister of Posts and Telecommunications – Victoria Chitepo – 1990[15]
- Tribal chief – Sinqobili Mabhena – 1997[262]
- Vice President – Joice Mujuru – 2006[263]
- Deputy Prime Minister – Thokozani Khuphe – 2009[264]
Footnotes and references
- https://www.guide2womenleaders.com/Algeria.htm
- https://www.guide2womenleaders.com/Algeria.htm
- https://www.guide2womenleaders.com/Algeria.htm
- "LA CULTURE EN 2015: La dernière année avant la libération?". www.lesoirdalgerie.com. January 2, 2016. Retrieved 2019-02-08.
- rédaction, La (2014-05-06). "Portrait. Nadia Labidi-Cherabi, une cinéaste à la tête du ministère de la Culture". Algerie Focus (in French). Retrieved 2019-02-08.
- "Sept femmes dans le nouveau gouvernement Sellal". El Watan (in French). Retrieved 2019-02-08.
- rédaction, La (2013-09-12). "Algérie : Remaniement ministériel, et les femmes dans tout ça ?". Algerie Focus (in French). Retrieved 2019-02-08.
- "Le portail du Premier Ministère | Accueil |". Le portail du Premier Ministère. Retrieved 2019-02-08.
- Figaro, Madame (2015-09-02). "Pour la première fois, il y a plus de femmes que d'hommes ministres". Madame Figaro. Retrieved 2019-02-08.
- Mondafrique, La redaction de (2015-10-16). "La ministre algérienne Aïcha Tagabou protégée par la femme du Premier ministre". Mondafrique (in French). Retrieved 2019-02-08.
- https://www.guide2womenleaders.com/Angola_ministers.htm
- https://www.guide2womenleaders.com/Angola_ministers.htm
- "Ministério da Justiça e Direitos Humanos | Histórico". www.minjusdh.gov.ao. Retrieved 2018-07-14.
- https://www.guide2womenleaders.com/Benin.htm
- Akyeampong, Emmanuel Kwaku (2012-02-02). Dictionary of African Biography. OUP USA. ISBN 9780195382075.
- Panapress (2006-04-08). "Boni Yayi rend public son premier gouvernement". Afrik.com (in French). Retrieved 2019-02-08.
- https://www.guide2womenleaders.com/Botswana.htm
- Encyclopedia of World Biography. Gale Research. 1998. ISBN 9780787625436.
- Guide2Women Leaders
- "Mmegi Online :: Civil service shake-up, Cabinet reshuffle looming". Mmegi Online. Retrieved 2018-07-14.
- Tsimane, Edgar (December 16, 2010). "DEFENCE, JUSTICE AND SECURITY STILL WITHOUT SUBSTANTIVE MINISTER".
- https://www.guide2womenleaders.com/Burkina_Faso.htm
- "Chiefs of State and Cabinet members of foreign governments / National Foreign Assessment Center. 1983:Jan.-Mar." HathiTrust. Retrieved 2018-07-07.
- Rouamba, Lydia; Descarries, Francine (2010). "Les femmes dans le pouvoir exécutif au Burkina Faso (1957-2009)" (PDF).
- https://www.guide2womenleaders.com/Burundi.htm
- Forges, Alison Liebhafsky Des (1999). Aucun témoin ne doit survivre: le génocide au Rwanda (in French). KARTHALA Editions. ISBN 9782865379378.
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- "President names cabinet, new faces abound". IRIN (in French). 2005-08-31. Retrieved 2018-07-07.
- Jeune Afrique (in French). Groupe Jeune Afrique. 2008.
- https://www.guide2womenleaders.com/Cameroon.htm
- https://www.guide2womenleaders.com/Cameroon.htm
- https://www.guide2womenleaders.com/Cape_Verde_Ministers.htm
- "Chiefs of State and Cabinet members of foreign governments / National Foreign Assessment Center. 1999Sep-Dec 1999". HathiTrust. Retrieved 2018-07-15.
- "Januária Tavares Silva Moreira Costa". Superior Council of the Judiciary. Retrieved 2018-07-15.
- "Fátima Veiga é nova embaixadora de Cabo Verde na França". Expresso das Ilhas (in Portuguese). Retrieved 2019-02-08.
- SAPO. "Governo cabo-verdiano passa a ter 11 mulheres e oito homens". SAPO Notícias (in Portuguese). Retrieved 2019-02-08.
- Bradshaw, Richard; Fandos-Rius, Juan (2016-05-27). Historical Dictionary of the Central African Republic. Rowman & Littlefield. ISBN 9780810879928.
- "Liste des membres du Gouvernement Tiangaye 3 (RCA)". www.sangonet.com. Retrieved 2019-02-08.
- "CAR elects mayor as new leader". 2014-01-20. Retrieved 2019-02-04.
- "Chiefs of State and Cabinet Members of Foreign Governments". www.cia.gov. Retrieved 2018-07-09.
- https://www.guide2womenleaders.com/Chad.htm
- HALIDI. "Interview / LE POINT avec Sittou Raghadat Mohamed, première femme comorienne ministre et élue députée". HALIDI-BLOG-COMORES, Blog des COMORES (in French). Retrieved 2019-04-22.
- "Mulher no Parlamento da União das Comores". 2005-01-12. Archived from the original on 2005-01-12. Retrieved 2019-02-08.
- https://www.guide2womenleaders.com/Congo-Brazzaville.htm
- https://www.guide2womenleaders.com/Congo-Kinshasa.htm
- https://www.guide2womenleaders.com/Congo-Kinshasa.htm
- Turshen, Meredeth (2016-01-29). Gender and the Political Economy of Conflict in Africa: The persistence of violence. Routledge. ISBN 9781317636557.
- Batumike, Cikuru (2009). Femmes du Congo-Kinshasa: défis, acquis et visibilité de genre (in French). Harmattan. ISBN 9782296077799.
- Bambi, Jerry (26 April 2019). "Jeanine Mabunda, first woman elected to lead DRC's National Assembly". Africa News. Retrieved 29 April 2019.
- "afrol News - African news agency". www.afrol.com. Retrieved 2018-05-03.
- Graves-Brown, Carolyn (2010-05-07). Dancing for Hathor: Women in Ancient Egypt. Bloomsbury Publishing. ISBN 9781441161222.
- Humphreys, R. Stephen (2005-11-16). Between Memory and Desire: The Middle East in a Troubled Age. University of California Press. ISBN 9780520932586.
- Goldschmidt 2000, p. 26
- Karam 1998, p. 44
- Bauer, Gretchen; Dawuni, Josephine (2015-10-30). Gender and the Judiciary in Africa: From Obscurity to Parity?. Routledge. ISBN 9781317516491.
- Sullivan, Earl L. (1986). Women in Egyptian Public Life. Syracuse University Press. p. 82. ISBN 9780815623540.
- "Women in the Executive Authority". Egypt State Information Service. Retrieved 2011-03-07.
- Fleishman, Jeffrey (2009-03-08). "In Egypt, a village boasts the nation's first female mayor". Los Angeles Times. ISSN 0458-3035. Retrieved 2019-02-08.
- https://www.guide2womenleaders.com/Equatorial_Guinea.htm
- Connell, Dan; Killion, Tom (2010-10-14). Historical Dictionary of Eritrea. Scarecrow Press. ISBN 9780810875050.
- Elshtain, Jean Bethke (2005). Women and War: With a New Epilogue. ABC-CLIO. ISBN 9781851097708.
- Joseph, Suad; Naǧmābādī, Afsāna (2003). Encyclopedia of Women and Islamic Cultures: Family, Law and Politics. BRILL. ISBN 978-9004128187.
- Adagala, Esther (1994). Women's Access to Decision Making in and Through the Media with Particular Reference to the East African Situation. Women in Communication Trust.
- "Empress Zewditu - Queen of Kings". www.angelfire.com. Retrieved 2019-02-08.
- https://www.guide2womenleaders.com/Ethiopia.htm
- https://www.guide2womenleaders.com/Ethiopia.htm
- https://www.guide2womenleaders.com/Ethiopia.htm
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See also
- List of women heads of state
- List of women heads of government
- List of the first LGBT holders of political offices
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