Leaf muntjac

The leaf muntjac, leaf deer or Putao muntjac (Muntiacus putaoensis) is a small species of muntjac.[3] It was documented in 1997 by biologist Alan Rabinowitz during his field study in the isolated Naungmung Township in Myanmar. Rabinowitz discovered the species by examining the small carcass of a deer that he initially believed was the juvenile of another species; however, it proved to be the carcass of an adult female.[3] He managed to obtain specimens, from which DNA analysis revealed a new cervid species. Local hunters knew of the species and called it the leaf deer because its body could be completely wrapped by a single large leaf.[3] It is found in Myanmar and India.[4]

Leaf muntjac
Scientific classification
Kingdom: Animalia
Phylum: Chordata
Class: Mammalia
Order: Artiodactyla
Family: Cervidae
Subfamily: Cervinae
Genus: Muntiacus
Species:
M. putaoensis
Binomial name
Muntiacus putaoensis
Amato, Egan & Rabinowitz, 1999[2]

Distribution and habitat

The leaf muntjac is uniquely found in dense forests of Myanmar, in the Hukawng Valley region to the Northeast of Putao, hence its scientific epithet, and to the south of the Nam Tamai branch of the Mai Hka River. It is found at an altitude of 450 to 600 m — the transition zone between tropical forests and temperate ones. Its existence in India was first reported from Lohit district in eastern Arunachal Pradesh[5] In 2002, it was reported also to exist in Namdapha Tiger Reserve, also in eastern Arunachal Pradesh, India.[6] It has also been noted from the Lohit and Changlang region and near Noklak in Nagaland.[7] It probably inhabits suitable habitat over the entire junction of the Pātkai Bum and the Kumon Taungdan ranges. In 2008 and 2009, its presence was reported in several new areas of Arunachal Pradesh.[8][9]

Description

An adult leaf deer stands at just 20 inches (50  cm) high at the shoulder and weighs less than 25 pounds (11  kg). They are light brown. Males have unbranched antlers that are about 1 inch (2.5  cm) in height. Other than this, the male and female deer are identical.[3] This species is unusual among other deer because their offspring do not bear any spots. It also differs from other muntjacs because both the male and female have pronounced canine tusks.[3] The leaf deer species characteristics of being small, preferring to roam alone, and living in habitats of dense forests in the mountains resembles the characteristics of ancient species of deer.

Patterns of Activity

Information on leaf muntjac behavior is limited, but similar muntjacs are often crepuscular, with others being both nocturnal and diurnal. In addition, leaf muntjacs are usually solitary,[2][10][11] except for during the female muntjac’s pregnancy, in which case the male mating partner will also be present.[6] Fruit and leaf traces upon autopsy indicates their diets contribute to local seed dispersal practices.[6]

Conservation and Status

On the IUCN Red List this species is classified as Data Deficient, as there is lack of certainty about its morphology, distribution, taxonomy and ecology. There has been evidence of persistent hunting by local people and this suggests that numbers are decreasing.

References
  1. Timmins, R.J.; Duckworth, J.W. & Zaw, T. (2008). "Muntiacus putaoensis". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2008. Retrieved 5 April 2009.CS1 maint: ref=harv (link) Database entry includes a brief justification of why this species is of data deficient.
  2. Rabinowitz, AR; T. Myint; ST Khaing & S Rabinowitz (1999) Description of the Leaf Deer (Muntiacus putaoensis), a new species of muntjac from northern Myanmar. J. Zool. 249:427-435
  3. Ellis, Richard (2004). No Turning Back: The Life and Death of Animal Species. New York: Harper Perennial. p. 260. ISBN 0-06-055804-0.
  4. Timmins, R. J. & Duckworth (November 16, 2015). "IUCN Red List of Threatened Species: Muntiacus putaoensis". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species.
  5. Choudhury, A.U. (2003) The mammals of Arunachal Pradesh. Regency Publications, New Delhi. 140pp
  6. Datta, A; J Pansa; MD Madhusudan & C Mishra (2003) Discovery of the Leaf Deer (Muntiacus putaoensis) in Arunachal Pradesh: an addition to the large mammals of India. Current Science 84:454-458
  7. Choudhury, A.U. (2007) Discovery of Leaf Deer Muntiacus putaoensis Rabinowitz et al. in Nagaland with a new northerly record from Arunachal Pradesh. J. Bombay Nat. Hist. Soc. 104(2):205-208
  8. Choudhury, A.U.(2008). Survey of mammals and birds in Dihang–Dibang Biosphere Reserve, Arunachal Pradesh. Final Report to Ministry of Environment & Forests, Government of India. The Rhino Foundation for Nature in North East India, Guwahati, India. 70 pp.
  9. Choudhury, A.U.(2009) Records and distribution of Gongshan and leaf muntjacs in India. Deer Specialist Group News 23: 2-7.
  10. James, Jiffy, Uma Ramakrishnan, and Aparajita Datta. “Molecular Evidence for the Occurrence of the Leaf Deer Muntiacus Putaoensis in Arunachal Pradesh, North-East India.” Conservation Genetics 9, no. 4 (2007): 927–31. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10592-007-9410-3.
  11. Li, Guo-Gang, Ming-Xia Zhang, Kyaw Swa, Kyau-Win Maung, and Rui-Chang Quan. “Complete Mitochondrial Genome of the Leaf Muntjac (Muntiacus Putaoensis) and Phylogenetics of the Genus Muntiacus.” Zoological Research 38, no. 5 (September 18, 2017): 310–16. https://doi.org/10.24272/j.issn.2095-8137.2017.058.
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