January 1923

January 1, 1923 (Monday)

January 2, 1923 (Tuesday)

  • An interallied conference began in Paris to address German war reparations. The British government submitted a plan with easier payments for Germany in the early years to help avoid another default until the country got back on its feet.[2]

January 3, 1923 (Wednesday)

January 4, 1923 (Thursday)

January 5, 1923 (Friday)

  • French airplanes were reported over unoccupied parts of Germany as rumors circulated that France was preparing to move troops into the Ruhr region.[5]
  • The football club CD Oro, based in Guadalajara, Mexico, was founded.
  • Born: Sam Phillips, business executive and record producer, in Florence, Alabama (d. 2003)

January 6, 1923 (Saturday)

January 7, 1923 (Sunday)

January 8, 1923 (Monday)

January 9, 1923 (Tuesday)

  • The U.S. federal board for vocational education released its findings that 1.7 million boys and girls drop out of school between fourth and eighth grade each year, usually drifting into low-paying jobs.[10]
  • Died: Gustave Kahnt, 64, Luxembourg composer; Katherine Mansfield, 34, New Zealand-born short fiction writer; Edith Thompson and Frederick Bywaters both executed at 9am. in London for murder.

January 10, 1923 (Wednesday)

January 11, 1923 (Thursday)

  • French and Belgian troops began the occupation of the Ruhr in response to Germany's default on its reparations payments.[6]
  • Adolf Hitler addressed several mass meetings in Munich. "Our protest against France must turn to a frantic determination to square matters with the scoundrels in our own country who are responsible for the whole misery", he stated. "We must not say down with France, but down with our own traitors and criminals."[12]
  • Born: Ernst Nolte, historian and philosopher, in Witten, Germany
  • Died: Constantine I of Greece, 54, former King of Greece

January 12, 1923 (Friday)

January 13, 1923 (Saturday)

January 14, 1923 (Sunday)

  • The Soviet Union made its first public statement about the Ruhr occupation, expressing "a voice of indignation and protest against the measures of the French government" and warning that "imperialistic France's attempt to go even beyond the shameful Versailles treaty" could lead to war.[17]
  • Died: George H. Tichenor, 86, American physician

January 15, 1923 (Monday)

  • A German was shot dead in Bochum as the French tried to clear the streets of protestors in the Ruhr while threatening to occupy more cities if the Germans continued their refusal to cooperate with the operation of the coal mines in occupied regions.[18]
  • Died: Zübeyde Hanım, 66, mother of Turkish leader Mustafa Kemal Atatürk

January 16, 1923 (Tuesday)

January 17, 1923 (Wednesday)

January 18, 1923 (Thursday)

  • The German mark dropped to 23,800 against the U.S. dollar.[23] On January 1 it had been worth 9,000.[24]
  • The French issued a proclamation banning public singing of German patriotic songs, displaying flags and emblems of old German colours, or displaying antisemitic tags in the Ruhr.[25]
  • Died: Wallace Reid, 31, American film actor

January 19, 1923 (Friday)

January 20, 1923 (Saturday)

January 21, 1923 (Sunday)

  • A general strike of miners, railway, postal and telegraph workers was called in the Ruhr.[29]
  • A royal decree in Italy allowed for the minting of new coins with the king's face on one side and the fasces on the other.[30]

January 22, 1923 (Monday)

January 23, 1923 (Tuesday)

January 24, 1923 (Wednesday)

  • American troops withdrew from the Rhineland.[35]
  • The French imposed a total of 207,000 francs worth of fines on Ruhr industrialists for failing to deliver reparations of coal. Rioting broke out in Mainz when the verdict was announced and a call for a general strike was renewed. 35,000 railway workers began striking at 8:00 p.m.[36]
  • Rickard Sandler became the 20th Prime Minister of Sweden.

January 25, 1923 (Thursday)

January 26, 1923 (Friday)

January 27, 1923 (Saturday)

January 28, 1923 (Sunday)

January 29, 1923 (Monday)

January 30, 1923 (Tuesday)

January 31, 1923 (Wednesday)

References

  1. Kohn, George C. (2000). The New Encyclopedia of American Scandal. New York: Facts on File. p. 340. ISBN 978-1-4381-3022-4.
  2. Steele, John (January 3, 1923). "British Offer to Cut Debts to Help Germany". Chicago Daily Tribune. p. 2.
  3. Steele, John (January 4, 1923). "Wales Prince Balks at Royal Match Making". Chicago Daily Tribune. p. 17.
  4. Wales, Henry (January 5, 1923). "Frances Moves for Invasion". Chicago Daily Tribune. p. 1.
  5. Wales, Henry (January 6, 1923). "French Planes Scout Ruhr". Chicago Daily Tribune. p. 1.
  6. "Chronology 1923". indiana.edu. 2002. Retrieved January 28, 2015.
  7. Henning, Arthur Sears (January 7, 1923). "Senate Votes 57-6 to Bring Soldiers Home". Chicago Daily Tribune. p. 1.
  8. Niemi, Robert James (2013). Inspired by True Events: An Illustrated Guide to More Than 500 History-Based Films, Second Edition. ABC-CLIO. p. 459. ISBN 978-1-61069-198-7.
  9. Henning, Arthur Sears (January 9, 1923). "We'll Pay All, But Ask for Fair Terms: Britain". Chicago Daily Tribune. p. 1.
  10. Evans, Arthur (January 10, 1923). "1,700,000 Quit Grade Schools Yearly, U.S. Says". Chicago Daily Tribune. p. 12.
  11. Clayton, John (January 10, 1923). "Cavalry Marches on Essen". Chicago Daily Tribune. p. 1.
  12. Rue, Larry (January 13, 1923). "Russia Urged Not to Attack her Neighbors". Chicago Daily Tribune. pp. 1–2.
  13. Williams, George L. (1994). Fascist Thought and Totalitarianism in Italy's Secondary Schools: Theory and Practice, 1922–1943. New York: P. Lang. p. 10. ISBN 0-8204-2264-9.
  14. "British Press Fears Vast War in French Grab". Chicago Daily Tribune. January 13, 1923. p. 1.
  15. "U.S. Won't Reply to Ruhr protest Sent by Berlin". Chicago Daily Tribune. January 13, 1923. p. 2.
  16. Rue, Larry (January 14, 1923). "Germans Vote to Back "Moral War" on French". Chicago Daily Tribune. p. 2.
  17. Seldes, George (January 15, 1923). "Russia Warns Ruhr Seizure Breeds War". Chicago Daily Tribune. p. 1.
  18. Rue, Larry (January 16, 1923). "Germans Shot in Ruhr Riot". Chicago Daily Tribune. p. 1.
  19. "Sinclair Tells of Teapot Dome Oil Land Lease". Chicago Daily Tribune. January 17, 1923. p. 24.
  20. "French Ease Pressure on Ruhr Mines". Chicago Daily Tribune. January 18, 1923. p. 1.
  21. Charnov, Bruce H. "History of Gyroplanes". General Aeronautics Corporation. Retrieved January 28, 2015.
  22. Charnov, Bruce H. Cierva, Pitcairn and the Legacy of Rotary-Wing Flight Archived 2016-03-03 at the Wayback Machine Hofstra University. Accessed: January 28, 2015.
  23. "No Bottom to Pit for German Marks, it Seems". Chicago Daily Tribune. January 19, 1923. p. 1.
  24. Calhoun, Joseph Y. (September 23, 2012). "The Joyless Street". Alhambra Investment Partners. Retrieved January 28, 2015.
  25. Williams, Paul (January 19, 1923). "Bavarians to Resist French, Says Leader". Chicago Daily Tribune. p. 1.
  26. Rue, Larry (January 20, 1923). "Germany Tells 200,000 to Obey No French Order". Chicago Daily Tribune. p. 2.
  27. Williams, Paul (January 20, 1923). "French Fire on Ruhr Miners". Chicago Daily Tribune. pp. 1–2.
  28. Wales, Henry (January 21, 1923). "French Arrest 21". Chicago Daily Tribune. p. 2.
  29. Fendrick, Raymond (January 22, 1923). "Strike in Ruhr; Defy French". Chicago Daily Tribune. p. 1.
  30. Falasca-Zamponi, Simonetta (1997). Fascist Spectacle: The Aesthetics of Power in Mussolini's Italy. Berkeley and Los Angeles: University of California Press. p. 96. ISBN 978-0-520-92615-8.
  31. Wales, Henry (January 23, 1923). "Reports Only 10,000 Out". Chicago Daily Tribune. p. 1.
  32. Neibaur, James L.; Niemi, Terri (2013). Buster Keaton's Silent Shorts, 1920–1923. Plymouth: Scarecrow Press. p. 209. ISBN 978-0-8108-8740-4.
  33. Cornyn, J.H. (February 2, 1923). "Troops Kill 14; Wound 50 in Street Fight". Chicago Daily Tribune. p. 1.
  34. Fendrick, Raymond (January 24, 1923). "France Will Cut Off Ruhr from Germany". Chicago Daily Tribune. p. 1.
  35. Clayton, John (January 25, 1923). "No Cheers, Many Tears as Yanks Quit the Rhine". Chicago Daily Tribune. p. 2.
  36. Fendrick, Raymond (January 25, 1923). "Ruhr Swept by Big Strike". Chicago Daily Tribune. pp. 1–2.
  37. Wales, Henry (January 26, 1923). "French Cannon Awe Essen". Chicago Daily Tribune. pp. 1–2.
  38. Williams, Paul (January 27, 1923). "French Soldiers Fight German Rioters". Chicago Daily Tribune. p. 1.
  39. "French Face German Shots". Chicago Daily Tribune. January 28, 1923. pp. 1–2.
  40. Mercer, Derrik (1989). Chronicle of the 20th Century. London: Chronicle Communications Ltd. pp. 302–303. ISBN 978-0-582-03919-3.
  41. Schuman, Frederick L. (1936). Hitler and the Nazi Dictatorship. London: Robert Hale & Co.
  42. "1923". Republic of Turkey Ministry of Culture and Tourism. Retrieved January 28, 2015.
  43. Williams, Paul (January 31, 1923). "French Army to Take More Ruhr Cities". Chicago Daily Tribune. p. 1.
  44. "Coal Blockade for Germany". Chicago Daily Tribune. February 1, 1923. p. 1.
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