Iron star

In astronomy, an iron star is a hypothetical type of compact star.

Unrelatedly, the term "iron star" is also used for blue supergiants which have a forest of "forbidden" Fe_II lines in their spectra. They are potentially quiescent hot luminous blue variables. Eta Carinae has been described as a prototypical example.[1][2]

Formation

Formation of iron stars

Event type	Formation of a hypothetical type of compact star
Date	c. 10^1500 years from now
Duration	c. 10^10^26 to 10^10^76 years from now
Epoch	Extremely far future
Source	Fusion occurring via quantum tunnelling causing nuclei to fuse into iron-56 nuclei
Notable features	Only a possibility if protons do not decay.
Followed by	Formation of neutron stars and black holes

An iron star is a hypothetical type of compact star that could occur in the universe in the extremely far future, after perhaps 10¹⁵⁰⁰ years.

The premise behind the formation of iron stars states that cold fusion occurring via quantum tunnelling would cause the light nuclei in ordinary matter to fuse into iron-56 nuclei. Fission and alpha-particle emission would then make heavy nuclei decay into iron, converting stellar-mass objects to cold spheres of iron.[3] The formation of these stars is only a possibility if protons do not decay. Though the surface of a neutron star may be iron according to some predictions, it is distinct from an iron star.

By the end of 10¹⁰²⁶ to 10¹⁰⁷⁶ years, iron stars would have collapsed into neutron stars and black holes.[3]

In popular culture

• The Soviet film The Andromeda Nebula is about a starship low on fuel caught by an iron star's gravity, with the star itself being so dim that it can only be seen in the infrared. It is based on the novel Andromeda Nebula by Ivan Yefremov written when steady state theory was dominant and iron stars were expected to exist in the Milky Way.

• In the episode "Iron Stars" of Civilizations at the End of Time YouTube series, Isaac Arthur discusses about the possibilities of advanced artificial civilizations living around iron stars, and beyond the last viable sources of energy.[4]

See also

• Future of an expanding universe
• Hypothetical star
• Heat death of the universe

References

1. Walborn, Nolan R.; Fitzpatrick, Edward L. (2000). "The OB Zoo: A Digital Atlas of Peculiar Spectra". The Publications of the Astronomical Society of the Pacific. 112 (767): 50. Bibcode:2000PASP..112...50W. doi:10.1086/316490.
2. Clark, J. S.; Castro, N.; Garcia, M.; Herrero, A.; Najarro, F.; Negueruela, I.; Ritchie, B. W.; Smith, K. T. (2012). "On the nature of candidate luminous blue variables in M 33". Astronomy & Astrophysics. 541: A146. arXiv:1202.4409. Bibcode:2012A&A...541A.146C. doi:10.1051/0004-6361/201118440. S2CID 17900583.
3. Dyson, Freeman J. (1979). "Time without end: Physics and biology in an open universe". Reviews of Modern Physics. 51 (3): 447–460. Bibcode:1979RvMP...51..447D. doi:10.1103/RevModPhys.51.447.
4. Arthur, Isaac (13 July 2017). Civilizations at the End of Time: Iron Stars. YouTube. Retrieved 9 November 2020.