Galactic year

The galactic year, also known as a cosmic year, is the duration of time required for the Sun to orbit once around the center of the Milky Way Galaxy.[1] Estimates of the duration of one orbit range from 225 to 250 million terrestrial years.[2] The Solar System is traveling at an average speed of 230 km/s (828,000 km/h) or 143 mi/s (514,000 mph) within its trajectory around the galactic center,[3] a speed at which an object could circumnavigate the Earth's equator in 2 minutes and 54 seconds; that speed corresponds to approximately 1/1300 of the speed of light.

Approximate orbit of the Sun (yellow circle) around the Galactic Centre

The galactic year provides a conveniently usable unit for depicting cosmic and geological time periods together. By contrast, a "billion-year" scale does not allow for useful discrimination between geologic events, and a "million-year" scale requires some rather large numbers.[4]

Timeline of the universe and Earth's history in galactic years
Main articles: Timeline of cosmological epochs, Timeline of natural history, and Timeline of the far future

The following list assumes that 1 galactic year is 225 million years.

About 61.32 galactic years agoBig Bang
About 54 galactic years agoBirth of the Milky Way
20.44 galactic years agoBirth of the Sun
17–18 galactic years agoOceans appear on Earth
16.889 galactic years agoLife begins on Earth
15.555 galactic years agoProkaryotes appear
12 galactic years agoBacteria appear
10 galactic years agoStable continents appear
6.8 galactic years agoMulticellular organisms appear
6.666 galactic years agoEukaryotes appear
2.4 galactic years agoCambrian explosion occurs
2 galactic years agoThe first brain structure appears in worms
1.11 galactic year agoPermian–Triassic extinction event
0.2935 galactic years agoCretaceous–Paleogene extinction event
Present day
0.15 galactic year from now Mean time between impacts of asteroidal bodies in the order of magnitude of the K/Pg impactor has elapsed.[5]
1 galactic year from now All the continents on Earth may fuse into a supercontinent. Three potential arrangements of this configuration have been dubbed Amasia, Novopangaea, and Pangaea Ultima.[6]
2–3 galactic years from now Tidal acceleration moves the Moon far enough from Earth that total solar eclipses are no longer possible
4 galactic years from now Carbon dioxide levels fall to the point at which C4 photosynthesis is no longer possible. Multicellular life dies out[7]
15 galactic years from now Surface conditions on Earth are comparable to those on Venus today
22 galactic years from nowThe Milky Way and Andromeda Galaxy begin to collide
25 galactic years from nowSun ejects a planetary nebula, leaving behind a white dwarf
30 galactic years from nowThe Milky Way and Andromeda complete their merger into a giant elliptical galaxy called Milkomeda or Milkdromeda [8]
500 galactic years from nowThe Universe's expansion causes all galaxies beyond the Milky Way's Local Group to disappear beyond the cosmic light horizon, removing them from the observable universe [9]
2000 galactic years from nowLocal Group of 47 galaxies[10] coalesces into a single large galaxy [11]
Visualisation of the orbit of the Sun (yellow dot and white curve) around the Galactic Centre (GC) in the last galactic year. The red dots correspond to the positions of the stars studied by the European Southern Observatory in a monitoring programme.[13]

References
  1. Cosmic Year Archived 2014-04-12 at the Wayback Machine, Fact Guru, University of Ottawa
  2. Leong, Stacy (2002). "Period of the Sun's Orbit around the Galaxy (Cosmic Year)". The Physics Factbook.
  3. http://starchild.gsfc.nasa.gov/docs/StarChild/questions/question18.html NASA – StarChild Question of the Month for February 2000
  4. Geologic Time Scale – as 18 galactic rotations
  5. Lunar and Planetary Institute (2010), https://www.lpi.usra.edu/features/chicxulub/
  6. Williams, Caroline; Nield, Ted (20 October 2007). "Pangaea, the comeback". New Scientist. Retrieved 2 January 2014.
  7. Franck, S.; Bounama, C.; Von Bloh, W. (November 2005). "Causes and timing of future biosphere extinction" (PDF). Biogeosciences Discussions 2 (6): 1665–1679. Bibcode:2005BGD.....2.1665F. doi:10.5194/bgd-2-1665-2005. Retrieved 19 October 2011.
  8. Cox, J. T.; Loeb, Abraham (2007). "The Collision Between The Milky Way And Andromeda". Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society 386 (1): 461. arXiv:arXiv:0705.1170. Bibcode:2008MNRAS.tmp..333C. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2966.2008.13048.x.
  9. Loeb, Abraham (2011). "Cosmology with Hypervelocity Stars". Harvard University.arXiv:1102.0007.
  10. "The Local Group of Galaxies". University of Arizona. Students for the Exploration and Development of Space. Retrieved 2 October 2009.
  11. Adams, Fred C.; Laughlin, Gregory (April 1997). "A dying universe: the long-term fate and evolution of astrophysical objects". Reviews of Modern Physics 69 (2): 337–372. arXiv:astro-ph/9701131. Bibcode:1997RvMP...69..337A. doi:10.1103/RevModPhys.69.337.
  12. "Milky Way Past Was More Turbulent Than Previously Known". ESO News. European Southern Observatory. 2004-04-06. After more than 1,000 nights of observations spread over 15 years, they have determined the spatial motions of more than 14,000 solar-like stars residing in the neighbourhood of the Sun.
  13. "Milky Way Past Was More Turbulent Than Previously Known". ESO News. European Southern Observatory. 2004-04-06. After more than 1,000 nights of observations spread over 15 years, they have determined the spatial motions of more than 14,000 solar-like stars residing in the neighbourhood of the Sun.
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