Harti

Harti (Somali: Harti, Arabic: هرتي‎), meaning "strong man", is a name used to denote a confederation of various Darod sub-clans of the Somali people.[1] The major subclans of the Harti are the Dhulbahante, Majeerteen, Warsangali and Dishiishe,[2] other minor Harti sub-clans are the Kaskiqabe, Geesaguule and Liibaangashe.[3][4]

For other uses, see Harti (disambiguation).

Harti
هَرْتِي
Sheikh Harti's tomb in Qa’ableh.
Regions with significant populations
Languages
Somali and Arabic
Religion
Islam
Related ethnic groups
Ogaden, Marehan, Lailkase and other Darod and Somali groups

In Somalia, the Harti are primarily settled in the states of Puntland and Jubaland,[5] whilst they have a significant presence in Jubaland.[6][7] In Somaliland, they inhabit the regions of Sanaag, Sool and Togdheer. In Ethiopia, they inhabit the Dollo Zone and in Kenya the clan has some presences in the North Eastern Province.[8][9][10]

Distribution

The extended formal name of the Harti clan is Saleh Abdi Mohamed Abdirahman bin Isma'il al-Jabarti. The primary homeland of the Harti is the state of Puntland in northeastern Somalia. The clan is well represented in the regions of Sool, Sanaag, Togdheer, Bari, Nugaal and Mudug. There is also a significant trading Harti community in the state of Jubaland particularly in the port city of Kismayo. In Ethiopia they are well represented in the Dollo Zone, whilst they have a notable presence in the North Eastern Province of Kenya.

History

Northern Sultanates
Main article: Somali aristocratic and court titles
Mohamoud Ali Shire, Sultan of the Warsangali Sultanate

The Warsangali Sultanate centred in the sanaag and Bari regions of Somalia, a territory that is historically called the Maakhir. The sultanates which was one of the largest in the Somali peninsula, was founded in the 13th century by the Warsangali sub-clan of the Hart. The rulers of the sultanate were the descendants of the Gerad Dhidhin, however by the late 19th century, the reign of Sultan Mohamoud Ali Shire began during some of its most turbulent years.[11]

The Dishiishe clan was among powerful clans in northeastern region. Ugas Yasin was one of the prominent Dishiishe clan chiefs who ruled the ancient town of Bosaso and subsequently emerged as a powerful traditional elder who fully controlled areas under his rule.[12]

The Majeerteen Sultanate (Migiurtinia) was founded in the mid-18th century. It rose to prominence the following century, under the reign of the resourceful Boqor (King) Osman Mahamuud.[13] Centred in Aluula, it controlled much of northern and central Somalia in the 19th and early 20th centuries. The polity maintained a robust trading network, entered into treaties with foreign powers, and exerted strong centralized authority on the domestic front.[14][15]

With the gradual extension into northern Somalia of European colonial rule, all three sultanates were annexed to Italian Somaliland and British Somaliland in the early 20th century.

Dervish Period

The Dervishes, mostly hailed from the Dhulbahante and drew the majority of its followers from this clan and to a lesser extent from the Ogaden clan.[16][17] The Dhulbahante in Buuhodle were particularly the first and most persistent supporters of the Dervish Movement.[18] The Dervish Movement resisted colonial occupation, especially the British who were aided by other Somali clans.[19]

Foundation of Puntland

In 1998, the Harti community convened at Garowe to discuss their political future. The conference lasted for a period of three months. Attended by the area's political elite, traditional elders (Issims), members of the business community, intellectuals and other civil society representatives, the autonomous Puntland State of Somalia was established to deliver services to the population, offer security, facilitate trade, and interact with domestic and international partners.[20] Abdullahi Yusuf Ahmed served as the fledgling state's founding president.[21]

Clan tree

There is no clear agreement on the clan and sub-clan structures and many lineages are omitted. The following listing is taken from the World Bank's Conflict in Somalia: Drivers and Dynamics from 2005 and the United Kingdom's Home Office publication, Somalia Assessment 2001.[22][23]

Notable Harti members

Notes
  1. Drake-Brockman, p.55.
  2. Lewis, I M (1999). A Pastoral Democracy: A Study of Pastoralism and Politics Among the Northern Somalis. LIT Verlag Münster. p. 208. ISBN 9783825830847. Retrieved 12 April 2018.
  3. PDRC (2007). "The Puntland Experience: A Bottom-up Approach to Peace and State Building (1991-2007)" (PDF). Interpeace: 8. Retrieved 21 September 2019.
  4. Adam, Asha. "Legitimizing Puntland: Exploring Puntland's hybrid political order (Master's Thesis)" (PDF). Norwegian University of Life Sciences: 14. Retrieved 21 September 2019.
  5. Marchal, Ronald (2014). "The Puntland State of Somalia. A Tentative Social Analysis". HAL: 15. Retrieved 21 September 2019.
  6. Bradbury, M. "PART IV KISMAYO: PEACE-MAKING" (PDF). Oxfam Library. Retrieved 21 September 2019.
  7. Elder, Claire; Yusuf, Zakaria (2013-05-21). "Jubaland in Jeopardy: The Uneasy Path to State-Building in Somalia". International Crisis Group. Retrieved 21 September 2019.
  8. Bradbury, M. "PART IV KISMAYO: PEACE-MAKING" (PDF). Oxfam Library. Retrieved 21 September 2019.
  9. Elder, Claire; Yusuf, Zakaria (2013-05-21). "Jubaland in Jeopardy: The Uneasy Path to State-Building in Somalia". International Crisis Group. Retrieved 21 September 2019.
  10. Bryden, Matt. "Report on Mission to Haud Area (REGION 5)". UNITED NATIONS DEVELOPMENT PROGRAMME. Retrieved 17 September 2019.
  11. Warsangeli Sultanate Archived 19 May 2018 at the Wayback Machine. Warsangeli.org. Retrieved on 20 May 2012.
  12. "BiyoKulule Online Bosaso".
  13. Helen Chapin Metz, Somalia: a country study, (The Division: 1993), p. 10 ISBN 0844407755.
  14. Horn of Africa, Volume 15, Issues 1–4, (Horn of Africa Journal: 1997), p. 130.
  15. Transformation towards a regulated economy, (WSP Transition Programme, Somali Programme: 2000) p. 62.
  16. Hoehne, Markus V. (2016). "Dervish State (Somali)". The Encyclopedia of Empire: 1–2.
  17. De Vries, Lotje; Englebert, Pierre; Schomerus, Schomerus (21 September 2018). Secessionism in African Politics: Aspiration, Grievance, Performance, Disenchantment. Springer. p. 96.
  18. Feyissa, Dereje; Höhne, Markus V. (2010). Borders & Borderlands as Resources in the Horn of Africa. Boydell and Brewer. p. 114.
  19. Hoehne, Markus V. (2006). "Political identity, emerging state structures and conflict in northern Somalia". Journal of Modern African Studies. 44 (4): 405.
  20. His Excellency Abdirahman Mohamed Mohamud (Farole). President of Puntland State of Somalia Somalia: Puntland's Experience in Peace-building and State-building Archived 17 October 2013 at the Wayback Machine. garoweonline.com (3 April 2012)
  21. Somalia Business Law Handbook: Strategic Information and Laws. International Business Publications. 2013. p. 102. ISBN 978-1438771045. Retrieved 15 June 2017.
  22. Worldbank, Conflict in Somalia: Drivers and Dynamics, January 2005, Appendix 2, Lineage Charts, p.55 Figure A-1
  23. Country Information and Policy Unit, Home Office, Great Britain, Somalia Assessment 2001, Annex B: Somali Clan Structure Archived 2011-07-16 at the Wayback Machine, p. 43
  24. "WAR DEG DEG AH Golihii wasiirada ee dowlad goboleedka Puntland oo Caawa la Ansixiyay laguna dhawaaqay". 2009-01-17.

References
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