Gay pride

Gay pride or LGBT pride is the promotion of the self-affirmation, dignity, equality, and increased visibility of lesbian, gay, bisexual, and transgender (LGBT) people as a social group. Pride, as opposed to shame and social stigma, is the predominant outlook that bolsters most LGBT rights movements. Pride has lent its name to LGBT-themed organizations, institutes, foundations, book titles, periodicals, a cable TV station, and the Pride Library.

The Stonewall Inn, site of the June 1969 Stonewall riots, the cradle of the modern LGBT rights movement,[1] and an icon of queer culture, is adorned with rainbow pride flags.[2][3][4]

Helsinki Pride at the Senate Square in Helsinki, Finland (2019)

Original gay pride flag with eight bars. First displayed at 1978 San Francisco Gay Freedom Day Parade.[5][6][7]

Ranging from solemn to carnivalesque, pride events are typically held during LGBT Pride Month or some other period that commemorates a turning point in a country's LGBT history, for example Moscow Pride in May for the anniversary of Russia's 1993 decriminalization of homosexuality. Some pride events include LGBT pride parades and marches, rallies, commemorations, community days, dance parties, and festivals.

As of 2017, plans were advancing by the State of New York to host in 2019 the largest international celebration of LGBT pride in history, Stonewall 50 – WorldPride NYC 2019,[8] to commemorate the 50th anniversary of the Stonewall Riots. In New York City, the Stonewall 50 – WorldPride NYC 2019 events produced by Heritage of Pride were enhanced through a partnership made with the I LOVE NY program's LGBT division and included a welcome center during the weeks surrounding the Stonewall 50 – WorldPride NYC 2019 events that were be open to all. Additional commemorative arts, cultural, and educational programming to mark the 50th anniversary of the rebellion at the Stonewall Inn took place throughout the city and the world.[8]

Common symbols of pride are the rainbow or pride flag, the lowercase Greek letter lambda (λ), the pink triangle and the black triangle, these latter two reclaimed from use as badges of shame in Nazi concentration camps.[9]

Terminology origins

The term "Gay Pride" was crafted by Thom Higgins,[10] a gay rights activist in Minnesota (1969+).[11] Brenda Howard, a bisexual activist, is known as the "Mother of Pride" for her work in coordinating the first Pride march in New York City, and she also originated the idea for a week-long series of events around Pride Day which became the genesis of the annual LGBT Pride celebrations that are now held around the world every June.[12][13] Additionally, Howard along with the bisexual activist Robert A. Martin (aka Donny the Punk) and gay activist L. Craig Schoonmaker are credited with popularizing the word "Pride" to describe these festivities.[14][15] Bisexual activist Tom Limoncelli later stated, "The next time someone asks you why LGBT Pride marches exist or why [LGBT] Pride Month is June tell them 'A bisexual woman named Brenda Howard thought it should be.'"[16]

Historical background

Pride precursors

Annual Reminders

The 1950s and 1960s in the United States was an extremely repressive legal and social period for LGBT people. In this context American homophile organizations such as the Daughters of Bilitis and the Mattachine Society coordinated some of the earliest demonstrations of the modern LGBT rights movement. These two organizations in particular carried out pickets called "Annual Reminders" to inform and remind Americans that LGBT people did not receive basic civil rights protections. Annual Reminders began in 1965 and took place each July 4 at Independence Hall in Philadelphia.

"Gay is Good"

The anti-LGBT discourse of these times equated both male and female homosexuality with mental illness. Inspired by Stokely Carmichael's "Black is Beautiful", gay civil rights pioneer and participant in the Annual Reminders Frank Kameny originated the slogan "Gay is Good" in 1968[17] to counter social stigma and personal feelings of guilt and shame.

Christopher Street Liberation Day

Early on the morning of Saturday, June 28, 1969, lesbian, gay, bisexual, and transgender persons rioted following a police raid on the Stonewall Inn, a gay bar at 43 Christopher Street in Greenwich Village, Manhattan, New York City. This riot and further protests and rioting over the following nights were the watershed moment in the modern LGBT rights movement and the impetus for organizing LGBT pride marches on a much larger public scale.

On November 2, 1969, Craig Rodwell, his partner Fred Sargeant, Ellen Broidy, and Linda Rhodes proposed the first pride march to be held in New York City by way of a resolution at the Eastern Regional Conference of Homophile Organizations (ERCHO) meeting in Philadelphia.[18][19][20][21][22]

That the Annual Reminder, in order to be more relevant, reach a greater number of people, and encompass the ideas and ideals of the larger struggle in which we are engaged—that of our fundamental human rights—be moved both in time and location.

We propose that a demonstration be held annually on the last Saturday in June in New York City to commemorate the 1969 spontaneous demonstrations on Christopher Street and this demonstration be called CHRISTOPHER STREET LIBERATION DAY. No dress or age regulations shall be made for this demonstration.

We also propose that we contact Homophile organizations throughout the country and suggest that they hold parallel demonstrations on that day. We propose a nationwide show of support.

All attendees to the ERCHO meeting in Philadelphia voted for the march except for Mattachine Society of New York, which abstained.[19] Members of the Gay Liberation Front (GLF) attended the meeting and were seated as guests of Rodwell's group, Homophile Youth Movement in Neighborhoods (HYMN).[23]

Meetings to organize the march began in early January at Rodwell's apartment in 350 Bleecker Street.[24] At first there was difficulty getting some of the major New York City organizations like Gay Activists Alliance (GAA) to send representatives. Craig Rodwell and his partner Fred Sargeant, Ellen Broidy, Michael Brown, Marty Nixon, and Foster Gunnison Jr. of Mattachine made up the core group of the CSLD Umbrella Committee (CSLDUC). For initial funding, Gunnison served as treasurer and sought donations from the national homophile organizations and sponsors, while Sargeant solicited donations via the Oscar Wilde Memorial Bookshop customer mailing list and Nixon worked to gain financial support from GLF in his position as treasurer for that organization.[25][26] Other mainstays of the organizing committee were Judy Miller, Jack Waluska, Steve Gerrie and Brenda Howard of GLF.[27] Believing that more people would turn out for the march on a Sunday, and so as to mark the date of the start of the Stonewall uprising, the CSLDUC scheduled the date for the first march for Sunday, June 28, 1970.[28] With Dick Leitsch's replacement as president of Mattachine NY by Michael Kotis in April 1970, opposition to the march by Mattachine ended.[29]

There was little open animosity, and some bystanders applauded when a tall, pretty girl carrying a sign "I am a Lesbian" walked by. – The New York Times coverage of Gay Liberation Day, 1970[30]

Christopher Street Liberation Day on June 28, 1970, marked the first anniversary of the Stonewall riots with the march, which was the first Gay Pride march in New York history, and covered the 51 blocks to Central Park. The march took less than half the scheduled time due to excitement, but also due to wariness about walking through the city with gay banners and signs. Although the parade permit was delivered only two hours before the start of the march, the marchers encountered little resistance from onlookers.[31] The New York Times reported (on the front page) that the marchers took up the entire street for about 15 city blocks.[30] Reporting by The Village Voice was positive, describing "the out-front resistance that grew out of the police raid on the Stonewall Inn one year ago".[32] There was also an assembly on Christopher Street.

Spread

The Visby police house displaying the LGBT pride flag during the Stockholm pride week, 2014.

On Saturday, June 27, 1970, Chicago Gay Liberation organized a march[33] from Washington Square Park ("Bughouse Square") to the Water Tower at the intersection of Michigan and Chicago avenues, which was the route originally planned, and then many of the participants extemporaneously marched on to the Civic Center (now Richard J. Daley) Plaza.[34] The date was chosen because the Stonewall events began on the last Saturday of June and because organizers wanted to reach the maximum number of Michigan Avenue shoppers. Subsequent Chicago parades have been held on the last Sunday of June, coinciding with the date of many similar parades elsewhere. Subsequently, during the same weekend, gay activist groups on the West Coast of the United States held a march in Los Angeles and a march and "Gay-in" in San Francisco.[35][36]

The next year, Gay Pride marches took place in Boston, Dallas, Milwaukee, London, Paris, West Berlin, and Stockholm.[32] By 1972 the participating cities included Atlanta, Brighton,[37] Buffalo, Detroit, Washington D.C., Miami, and Philadelphia,[38] as well as San Francisco.

Frank Kameny soon realized the pivotal change brought by the Stonewall riots. An organizer of gay activism in the 1950s, he was used to persuasion, trying to convince heterosexuals that gay people were no different than they were. When he and other people marched in front of the White House, the State Department and Independence Hall only five years earlier, their objective was to look as if they could work for the U.S. government.[39] Ten people marched with Kameny then, and they alerted no press to their intentions. Although he was stunned by the upheaval by participants in the Annual Reminder in 1969, he later observed, "By the time of Stonewall, we had fifty to sixty gay groups in the country. A year later there were at least fifteen hundred. By two years later, to the extent that a count could be made, it was twenty-five hundred."[40]

Similar to Kameny's regret at his own reaction to the shift in attitudes after the riots, Randy Wicker came to describe his embarrassment as "one of the greatest mistakes of his life".[41] The image of gays retaliating against police, after so many years of allowing such treatment to go unchallenged, "stirred an unexpected spirit among many homosexuals".[41] Kay Lahusen, who photographed the marches in 1965, stated, "Up to 1969, this movement was generally called the homosexual or homophile movement... Many new activists consider the Stonewall uprising the birth of the gay liberation movement. Certainly it was the birth of gay pride on a massive scale."[42]

1980s and 1990s

San Francisco Pride 2018

In the 1980s there was a major cultural shift in the Stonewall Riot commemorations. The previous loosely organized, grassroots marches and parades were taken over by more organized and less radical elements of the gay community. The marches began dropping "Liberation" and "Freedom" from their names under pressure from more conservative members of the community, replacing them with the philosophy of "Gay Pride" (in San Francisco, the name of the gay parade and celebration was not changed from Gay Freedom Day Parade to Gay Pride Day Parade until 1994). The Greek lambda symbol and the pink triangle, which had been revolutionary symbols of the Gay Liberation Movement, were tidied up and incorporated into the Gay Pride, or Pride, movement, providing some symbolic continuity with its more radical beginnings. The pink triangle was also the inspiration for the homomonument in Amsterdam, commemorating all gay men and lesbians who have been subjected to persecution because of their homosexuality.

LGBT Pride Month

HBT rally in Carmel, Haifa, Israel

NASA pride event in Silicon Valley

LGBT Pride Month occurs in the United States to commemorate the Stonewall riots, which occurred at the end of June 1969. As a result, many pride events are held during this month to recognize the impact LGBT people have had in the world.

I call upon all Americans to observe this month by fighting prejudice and discrimination in their own lives and everywhere it exists. – Proclamation 8529 by U.S President Barack Obama, May 28, 2010

Two presidents of the United States have officially declared a pride month. First, President Bill Clinton declared June "Gay & Lesbian Pride Month" in 1999[43] and 2000.[44] Then from 2009 to 2016, each year he was in office, President Barack Obama declared June LGBT Pride Month.[45] Donald Trump became the first Republican president to acknowledge LGBT Pride Month in 2019, but he did so through tweeting rather than an official proclamation.[46]

Beginning in 2012, Google displayed some LGBT-related search results with different rainbow-colored patterns each year during June.[47][48][49] In 2017, Google also included rainbow coloured streets on Google Maps to display Gay Pride marches occurring across the world.[50]

At many colleges, which are not in session in June, LGBT pride is instead celebrated during April, which is dubbed "Gaypril".[51]

Pride month is not recognized internationally as pride celebrations take place in many other places at different times, including in the months of February,[52][53] August,[54][55] and September.[56]

Criticism

From both outside and inside the LGBT community, there is criticism and protest against pride events. Bob Christie's documentary Beyond Gay: The Politics of Pride evaluates gay pride events in different countries within the context of local opposition.

Brazil

Gay Pride in São Paulo. The LGBT-related magazine The Advocate has called Jair Bolsonaro "Brazil's biggest homophobe".[57]

In August 2011, Sao Paulo city alderman Carlos Apolinário of the right-wing Democrats Party sponsored a bill to organize and sponsor "Heterosexual Pride Day" on the third Sunday of December. Apolinário, an Evangelical Protestant, stated that the intent of the parade was a "struggle ... against excesses and privileges". Members of Grupo Gay da Bahia and the Workers' Party opposed the bill as enhancing "the possibility of discrimination and prejudice".[58] The bill was nevertheless passed by the city council, but never received the signature of mayor Gilberto Kassab.

A Brazilian photographer was arrested after refusing to delete photos of police attacking two young people participating in a gay pride parade on October 16, 2011, in the city of Itabuna, Bahia, reported the newspaper Correio 24 horas. According to the website Notícias de Ipiau, Ederivaldo Benedito, known as Bené, said four police officers tried to convince him to delete the photos soon after they realized they were being photographed. When he refused, they ordered him to turn over the camera. When the photographer refused again, the police charged him with contempt and held him in jail for over 21 hours until he gave a statement. According to Chief Marlon Macedo, the police alleged that the photographer was interfering with their work, did not have identification, and became aggressive when he was asked to move. Bené denied the allegations, saying the police were belligerent and that the scene was witnessed by "over 300 people", reported Agência Estado.[59]

Spain

In a 2008 interview for the biography book, La Reina muy cerca (The Queen Up Close) by Spanish journalist and writer Pilar Urbano, Queen Sofía of Spain sparked controversy by voicing her disapproval of LGBT pride. This was in addition to overstepping her official duties as a member of the Royal Family by censuring the Spanish Law on Marriage in how it names same-sex unions as "matrimonio" (marriage). Without using the slogan "Straight Pride", Queen Sofía was directly quoted as saying that if heterosexuals were to take the streets as the LGBT community does for Gay Pride parades, that the former collective would bring Madrid to a standstill.[60]

Even though the Royal Household of Spain approved publication of the interview and Pilar Urbano offered to share the interview recording, both Queen Sofía and the Royal Household have refuted the comments in question.[60]

Turkey

Istanbul Pride Solidarity in Berlin, Germany, 2018

In 2015 police dispersed the LGBT Pride Parade using tear gas and rubber bullets.[61]

In 2016 and 2017, the Istanbul Governor's Office did not allow the LGBT Pride Parade to take place, citing security concerns and public order.[62]

Uganda

In 2016, Ugandan police broke up a gay pride event in the capital.[63] Homosexual acts are illegal in Uganda.

In-group

In a special queer issue of The Stranger in 1999, openly gay author, pundit, and journalist Dan Savage questioned the relevance of pride thirty years later, writing that pride was an effective antidote to shame imposed on LGBT people, but that pride is now making LGBT people dull and slow as a group, as well as being a constant reminder of shame; however, he also states that pride in some simpler forms are still useful to individuals struggling with shame. Savage writes that gay pride can also lead to disillusionment where an LGBT individual realizes the reality that sexual orientation does not say much about a person's personality, after being led by the illusion that LGBT individuals are part of a co-supportive and inherently good group of people.[64]

The growth and commercialization of Christopher Street Days, coupled with their de-politicalisation, has led to an alternative CSD in Berlin, the so-called "Kreuzberger CSD" or "Transgenialer" ("Transgenial"/Trans Ingenious") CSD. Political party members are not invited for speeches, nor can parties or companies sponsor floats. After the parade, there is a festival with a stage for political speakers and entertainers. Groups discuss lesbian/transsexual/transgender/gay or queer perspectives on issues such as poverty and unemployment benefits (Hartz IV), gentrification, or "Fortress Europe".

In June 2010, American philosopher and theorist Judith Butler refused the Civil Courage Award (Zivilcouragepreis) of the Christopher Street Day Parade in Berlin, Germany, at the award ceremony, arguing and lamenting in a speech that the parade had become too commercial, and was ignoring the problems of racism and the double discrimination facing homosexual or transsexual migrants. According to Butler, even the organizers themselves promote racism.[65] The general manager of the CSD committee, Robert Kastl, countered Butler's allegations and pointed out that the organizers already awarded a counseling center for lesbians dealing with double discrimination in 2006. Regarding the allegations of commercialism, Kastl further explained that the CSD organizers do not require small groups to pay a participation fee (which starts at 50 € and goes up to 1500 €). He also distanced himself from all forms of racism and Islamophobia.[66]

A number of associations and social movements have been denouncing pride in recent years, viewing it as a depletion of the claims of such demonstrations and the merchandization of the parade. In this respect, they defend, in countries like Spain, the United States or Canada, a Critical Pride celebration to give the events a political meaning again.[67][68][69][70] Gay Shame, a radical movement within the LGBT community, opposes the assimilation of LGBT people into mainstream, heteronormative society, the commodification of non-heterosexual identity and culture, and in particular the (over) commercialization of pride events.

"Straight Pride" analogy

"Straight Pride" and "Heterosexual Pride" are analogies and slogans that contrast heterosexuality with homosexuality by copying the phrase "Gay Pride".[71] Originating from the Culture Wars in the United States, "Straight Pride" is a form of conservative backlash as there is no straight or heterosexual civil rights movement.[72] While criticism from inside and outside the LGBT community abounds, the "Straight Pride" incidents have gained some media attention, especially when they involve government and public institutions.

See also

• Christopher Street Day
• Council on Religion and the Homosexual
• Europride
• InterPride / IALGPC
• List of LGBT events
• Sexuality and gender identity-based cultures
• World's biggest LGBT events by participants

Notes

1. Michael K. Lavers, "NAACP president: Marriage is civil rights issue of our times" Washington Blade, 21 May 2012; available online
2. Julia Goicichea (August 16, 2017). "Why New York City Is a Major Destination for LGBT Travelers". The Culture Trip. Retrieved February 2, 2019.
3. Eli Rosenberg (June 24, 2016). "Stonewall Inn Named National Monument, a First for the Gay Rights Movement". The New York Times. Retrieved June 25, 2016.
4. "Workforce Diversity The Stonewall Inn, National Historic Landmark National Register Number: 99000562". National Park Service, U.S. Department of the Interior. Retrieved April 21, 2016.
5. "History of the LGBT rainbow flag on its 37th anniversary". New York Daily News. 2015. Retrieved November 25, 2018.
6. Morgan, Thad (June 2, 2017). "How Did the Rainbow Flag Become an LGBT Symbol?". History Network. A&E Networks. Retrieved November 25, 2018.
7. Van Niekerken, Bill (June 22, 2018). "A history of gay rights in San Francisco". San Francisco Chronicle. Retrieved November 25, 2018.
8. "Governor Cuomo Announces Commemoration of 50th Anniversary of Stonewall Rebellion in 2019". State of New York. June 25, 2017. Retrieved February 3, 2019.
9. "Symbols of the Gay, Lesbian, Bisexual, and Transgender Movements". Lambda. Archived from the original on August 16, 2007. Retrieved July 30, 2007.
10. McConnell Files, "America’s First Gay Marriage", binder #7 (MEMORANDUM for the record), Tretter Collection in GLBT Studies, U of M Libraries.
11. McCONNELL FILES, “Full Equality, a diary", volumes 1a-d (FREE: Gay Liberation of Minnesota), Tretter Collection in GLBT Studies, U of M Libraries.
12. Channel 13/WNET Out! 2007: Women In the Movement Archived January 18, 2008, at the Wayback Machine
13. The Gay Pride Issue: Picking Apart The Origin of Pride Archived July 12, 2015, at the Wayback Machine
14. Dynes, Wayne R. Pride (trope), Homolexis Archived July 12, 2011, at the Wayback Machine
15. Moor, Ashley (May 22, 2019). "Why Is It Called Pride?". Msn.com. Retrieved June 8, 2019.
16. Limoncelli, Tom (July 27, 2005). "In Memoriam, Brenda Howard". BiSquish. Archived from the original on February 14, 2006. Retrieved November 15, 2019.
17. "Kameny, Frank". glbtq. Archived from the original on May 24, 2011.
18. Sargeant, Fred. "1970: A First-Person Account of the First Gay Pride March." The Village Voice. June 22, 2010. retrieved January 3, 2011.
19. Carter, p. 230
20. Marotta, pp. 164–165
21. Teal, pp. 322–323
22. Duberman, pp. 255, 262, 270–280
23. Duberman, p. 227
24. Nagourney, Adam. "For Gays, a Party In Search of a Purpose; At 30, Parade Has Gone Mainstream As Movement's Goals Have Drifte." The New York Times. June 25, 2000. retrieved January 3, 2011.
25. Carter, p. 247
26. Teal, p. 323
27. Duberman, p. 271
28. Duberman, p. 272
29. Duberman, p. 314 n93
30. Fosburgh, Lacey (June 29, 1970). "Thousands of Homosexuals Hold A Protest Rally in Central Park", The New York Times, p. 1.
31. Clendinen, pp. 62–64.
32. LaFrank, p. 20.
33. "Chicago's Gay Pride Parade through the decades". chicagotribune.com. Retrieved January 14, 2021.
34. "Outspoken: Chicago's Free Speech Tradition". Newberry Library. Retrieved September 7, 2008.
35. "The San Francisco Chronicle", June 29, 1970
36. "As of early 1970, Neil Briggs became the vice-chairman of the LGBTQ Association", CanPress, February 28, 1970.
37. "A History of Lesbian & Gay Brighton: A Community Comes of Age, 1988–2001". Brighton Ourstory.
38. Armstrong, Elizabeth A., Crage, Suzanna M. (October 2006). "Movements and Memory: The Making of the Stonewall Myth", American Sociological Review, 71 (5) pp. 724–752. doi:10.1177/000312240607100502
39. Cain, pp. 91–92.
40. Carter, p. 251.
41. Clendinen, p. 25.
42. LaFrank, p. 21.
43. Clinton, Bill (June 11, 1999). "Proclamation 7203 — Gay and Lesbian Pride Month, 1999". Presidential Proclamation. Retrieved July 8, 2019.
44. Clinton, Bill (June 2, 2000). "Proclamation 7316 — Gay and Lesbian Pride Month, 2000". Presidential Proclamation. Retrieved July 8, 2019.
45. Estepa, Jessica (June 1, 2017). "President Trump hasn't declared June as Pride Month – at least, not yet". USA Today. Retrieved March 12, 2019.
46. Posted on May 31, 2019, at 5:04 p.m. ET (2019). "Trump Marks Pride Month While Attacking LGBT Rights". Buzzfeednews.com. Retrieved June 3, 2019.CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
47. Google marks LGBT pride through a rainbow curtain underneath search-bars retrieved June 16, 2012
48. Google shows its support for Gay Pride Month with rainbow art for LGBT search terms retrieved June 19, 2017
49. Gilbert Baker Google doodle celebrates LGBT-rights activists & creator of the iconic rainbow flag retrieved June 19, 2017
50. "How tech companies are recognising Pride Month". retrieved June 26, 2017
51. Barrett, Kelsey. "A Month to Raise Awareness for LGBT: Gaypril". Her Campus. Retrieved August 28, 2020.
52. "Auckland Pride Festival – 10–26 February 2017". web.archive.org. March 22, 2017.
53. "Events: Parade". Sydney Gay and Lesbian Mardi Gras Ltd.
54. "Newsroom | Capital Pride". web.archive.org. May 31, 2010.
55. "Vancouver Pride Society :: Events". web.archive.org. August 3, 2018.
56. "Taipei LGBTs march proud and loud in Asia's largest gay parade". www.fridae.asia.
57. "Ellen Page Confronts Brazil's Biggest Homophobe on 'Gaycation'". March 12, 2016. Retrieved June 10, 2018.
58. Andrew Downie (August 4, 2011). "'Heterosexual Pride Day' in São Paulo?". The Christian Science Monitor.
59. Natalia Mazotte (October 24, 2011). "Photos of police attack at gay pride parade land Brazilian journalist in jail". Knight Center for Journalism in the Americas, Moody College of Communication, The University of Texas at Austin. ZD.
60. Pilar Urbano attribute to Queen Sofía polemic comments Archived July 26, 2009, at the Wayback Machine La Vanguardia.
61. "Governor's Office bans LGBT Pride March in Istanbul". Hurriyet Daily News.
62. "Governor's Office bans LGBT Pride March in Istanbul". hurriyet.
63. "Ugandan police break up gay pride event". CTV News. Associated Press. August 5, 2016.
64. "Pride". The Stranger. Archived from the original on March 21, 2012.
65. Butler, Judith. I must distance myself from this complicity with racism (Video) Archived March 5, 2012, at the Wayback Machine (Transcript). Archived March 22, 2012, at the Wayback Machine Christopher Street Day 'Civil Courage Prize' Day Refusal Speech. European Graduate School. June 19, 2010.
66. Ataman, Ferda / Kögel, Annette / Hasselmann, Jörg: "Butler-Auftritt: Heftige Diskussionen nach Kritik an CSD", Der Tagesspiegel (Berlin). July 20, 2010.
67. (in Spanish) Gaypitalismo: Orgullo Empresarial. Público. July 2, 2014
68. (in Spanish) "Mercadeo rosa para la amnesia del movimiento". Diagonal Periódico. July 2, 2015
69. ”LGBT Night March decries Pride's corporate sponsorship”. Toronto Star. June 28, 2016
70. Too straight, white and corporate: why some queer people are skipping SF Pride. The Guardian. June 25, 2016
71. "Making colleges and universities safe for gay and lesbian students: Report and recommendations of the Governor's Commission on Gay and Lesbian Youth" (PDF). Massachusetts. Governor's Commission on Gay and Lesbian Youth., p. 20. "A relatively recent tactic used in the backlash opposing les/bi/gay/trans campus visibility is the so-called "heterosexual pride" strategy".
72. Minton, Henry L. (2002). Departing from Deviance: A History of Homosexual Rights and Emancipatory Science in America. Chicago: University of Chicago Press. p. 266.

References

• Alwood, Edward (1996), Straight News: Gays, Lesbians, and the News Media, Columbia University Press, New York (ISBN 0-231-08436-6).
• Carter, David (2004), Stonewall: The Riots That Sparked the Gay Revolution, St. Martin's Press (ISBN 0-312-34269-1).
• Duberman, Martin (1993), Stonewall Dutton, New York (ISBN 0-452-27206-8).
• Loughery, John (1998), The Other Side of Silence – Men's Lives and Gay Identities: A Twentieth-Century History, New York, Henry Holt and Company (ISBN 0-8050-3896-5).
• Marotta, Toby (1981), The Politics of Homosexuality, Boston, Houghton Mifflin Company (ISBN 0-395-31338-4).
• Teal, Donn (1971), The Gay Militants, New York, Stein and Day (ISBN 0-8128-1373-1).

External links

• Interpride – an international Pride organization
• Gay Pride Coast to Coast – photos by CBS News