Fieldata

FIELDATA (also written as Fieldata) was a pioneering computer project run by the US Army Signal Corps in the late 1950s that intended to create a single standard (as defined in MIL-STD-188A/B/C[1][2][3][4]) for collecting and distributing battlefield information. In this respect it could be thought of as a generalization of the US Air Force's SAGE system that was being created at about the same time.

FIELDATA character encoding

Military primary (1xxxxxx) code, a representative military supervisory (0xxxxxx) code, UNIVAC graphical code.
Classification	7-bit or 6-bit basic Latin encoding
Preceded by	ITA 2
Succeeded by	US-ASCII

Unlike SAGE, FIELDATA was intended to be much larger in scope, allowing information to be gathered from any number of sources and forms. Much of the FIELDATA system was the specifications for the format the data would take, leading to a character set that would be a huge influence on ASCII a few years later.[1][5] FIELDATA also specified the message formats and even the electrical standards for connecting FIELDATA-standard machines together.

Another part of the FIELDATA project was the design and construction of computers at several different scales, from data-input terminals at one end, to theatre-wide data processing centers at the other. Several FIELDATA-standard computers were built during the lifetime of the project, including the transportable MOBIDIC from Sylvania, and the BASICPAC and LOGICPAC from Philco. Another system, ARTOC, was intended to provide graphical output (in the form of photographic slides),[6][7][8] but was never completed.

Because FIELDATA did not specify codes for interconnection and data transmission control, different systems (like "STANDARD FORM", "COMLOGNET Common language code", "SACCOMNET (465L) Control Code"[9][5]) used different control functions. Intercommunication between them was difficult.[1]

FIELDATA is the original character set used internally in UNIVAC computers of the 1100 series, each six-bit character contained in six sequential bits of the 36-bit word of that computer. The direct successor to the UNIVAC 1100 is the Unisys 2200 series computers, which use FIELDATA to this day (although ASCII is now also common with each character encoded in 1/4 of a word, or 9 bits). Because some of the FIELDATA characters are not represented in ASCII, the Unisys 2200 uses '^', '"' and '_' characters for codes 004_oct, 076_oct and 077_oct respectively.

The FIELDATA project ran from 1956 until it was stopped during a reorganization in 1962.

FIELDATA characters

Military

Tag Bit (1)	Indicator Bits (2)	Detail Bits (4)	Binary Bits (1+6)	Decimal	Octal	Glyph	Name	Comment
Supervisory code (tag bit 0)
0	00	0000	0:000000	0	000		Blank / Idle (IDL)
0	00	0001	0:000001	1	001		Control Upper Case (CUC)
0	00	0010	0:000010	2	002		Control Lower Case (CLC)
0	00	0011	0:000011	3	003		Control Tab (CHT)
0	00	0100	0:000100	4	004		Control Carriage Return (CCR)
0	00	0101	0:000101	5	005		Control Space (CSP)
0	00	0110	0:000110	6	006	a		The first two rows of the supervisory code are not used in all applications, only where "alphabetic supervisory information" is required.[10] COMLOGNET omits them, while SACCOMNET includes additional control characters in place of the supervisory letters.[5]
0	00	0111	0:000111	7	007	b
0	00	1000	0:001000	8	010	c
0	00	1001	0:001001	9	011	d
0	00	1010	0:001010	10	012	e
0	00	1011	0:001011	11	013	f
0	00	1100	0:001100	12	014	g
0	00	1101	0:001101	13	015	h
0	00	1110	0:001110	14	016	i
0	00	1111	0:001111	15	017	j
0	01	0000	0:010000	16	020	k
0	01	0001	0:010001	17	021	l
0	01	0010	0:010010	18	022	m
0	01	0011	0:010011	19	023	n
0	01	0100	0:010100	20	024	o
0	01	0101	0:010101	21	025	p
0	01	0110	0:010110	22	026	q
0	01	0111	0:010111	23	027	r
0	01	1000	0:011000	24	030	s
0	01	1001	0:011001	25	031	t
0	01	1010	0:011010	26	032	u
0	01	1011	0:011011	27	033	v
0	01	1100	0:011100	28	034	w
0	01	1101	0:011101	29	035	x
0	01	1110	0:011110	30	036	y
0	01	1111	0:011111	31	037	z
0	10	0000	0:100000	32	040	β	Dial 0 (D0)	Graphical in COMLOGNET variant.[5]
0	10	0001	0:100001	33	041	#	Dial 1 (D1)
0	10	0010	0:100010	34	042	t	Dial 2 (D2)
0	10	0011	0:100011	35	043		Dial 3 (D3)
0	10	0100	0:100100	36	044		Dial 4 (D4)
0	10	0101	0:100101	37	045	@	Dial 5 (D5)	Graphical in COMLOGNET variant.
0	10	0110	0:100110	38	046	%	Dial 6 (D6)
0	10	0111	0:100111	39	047	¢	Dial 7 (D7)
0	10	1000	0:101000	40	050		Dial 8 (D8)	BEL in COMLOGNET.
0	10	1001	0:101001	41	051	&	Dial 9 (D9)	Graphical in COMLOGNET variant.
0	10	1010	0:101010	42	052	∑	Start of Control Block (SCB, SOC)
0	10	1011	0:101011	43	053	≠	Start of Block (SBK, SOB)
0	10	1100	0:101100	44	054	≢	Spare, SOD
0	10	1101	0:101101	45	055	°	Spare
0	10	1110	0:101110	46	056		Spare
0	10	1111	0:101111	47	057		Spare, Stop
0	11	0000	0:110000	48	060		Ready to Transmit (RTT)
0	11	0001	0:110001	49	061		Ready to Receive (RTR)
0	11	0010	0:110010	50	062		Not Ready to Receive (NRR)
0	11	0011	0:110011	51	063		End of Blockette (EBE, EOBK)
0	11	0100	0:110100	52	064		End of Block (EBK, EOB)
0	11	0101	0:110101	53	065		End of File (EOF)
0	11	0110	0:110110	54	066		End of Control Block (ECB, EOC)
0	11	0111	0:110111	55	067		Acknowledge Receipt (ACK, ACR)
0	11	1000	0:111000	56	070		Repeat Block (RPT, RBK)
0	11	1001	0:111001	57	071		Spare	Ordered ISN, NISN, CWF, Spare in some variants.[5]
0	11	1010	0:111010	58	072		Interpret Sign (INS, ISN)
0	11	1011	0:111011	59	073		Non-Interpret Sign (NIS, NISN)
0	11	1100	0:111100	60	074		Control Word Follows (CWF)
0	11	1101	0:111101	61	075		S.A.C. (SAC)
0	11	1110	0:111110	62	076		Special Character (SPC)	ASCII ESC.[5]
0	11	1111	0:111111	63	077		Delete (DEL)
Primary code (tag bit 1)
1	00	0000	1:000000	64	100		Master Space (MS)
1	00	0001	1:000001	65	101		Upper Case (UC)
1	00	0010	1:000010	66	102		Lower Case (LC)
1	00	0011	1:000011	67	103		Tab (HT)
1	00	0100	1:000100	68	104		Carriage Return (CR)
1	00	0101	1:000101	69	105		Blank / Space (SP)
1	00	0110	1:000110	70	106	A
1	00	0111	1:000111	71	107	B
1	00	1000	1:001000	72	110	C
1	00	1001	1:001001	73	111	D
1	00	1010	1:001010	74	112	E
1	00	1011	1:001011	75	113	F
1	00	1100	1:001100	76	114	G
1	00	1101	1:001101	77	115	H
1	00	1110	1:001110	78	116	I
1	00	1111	1:001111	79	117	J
1	01	0000	1:010000	80	120	K
1	01	0001	1:010001	81	121	L
1	01	0010	1:010010	82	122	M
1	01	0011	1:010011	83	123	N
1	01	0100	1:010100	84	124	O
1	01	0101	1:010101	85	125	P
1	01	0110	1:010110	86	126	Q
1	01	0111	1:010111	87	127	R
1	01	1000	1:011000	88	130	S
1	01	1001	1:011001	89	131	T
1	01	1010	1:011010	90	132	U
1	01	1011	1:011011	91	133	V
1	01	1100	1:011100	92	134	W
1	01	1101	1:011101	93	135	X
1	01	1110	1:011110	94	136	Y
1	01	1111	1:011111	95	137	Z
1	10	0000	1:100000	96	140	)
1	10	0001	1:100001	97	141	-
1	10	0010	1:100010	98	142	+
1	10	0011	1:100011	99	143	<
1	10	0100	1:100100	100	144	=
1	10	0101	1:100101	101	145	>
1	10	0110	1:100110	102	146	_		& in UNIVAC.
1	10	0111	1:100111	103	147	$
1	10	1000	1:101000	104	150	*
1	10	1001	1:101001	105	151	(
1	10	1010	1:101010	106	152	"		% in UNIVAC.
1	10	1011	1:101011	107	153	:
1	10	1100	1:101100	108	154	?
1	10	1101	1:101101	109	155	!
1	10	1110	1:101110	110	156	,
1	10	1111	1:101111	111	157		Stop (ST)
1	11	0000	1:110000	112	160	0
1	11	0001	1:110001	113	161	1
1	11	0010	1:110010	114	162	2
1	11	0011	1:110011	115	163	3
1	11	0100	1:110100	116	164	4
1	11	0101	1:110101	117	165	5
1	11	0110	1:110110	118	166	6
1	11	0111	1:110111	119	167	7
1	11	1000	1:111000	120	170	8
1	11	1001	1:111001	121	171	9
1	11	1010	1:111010	122	172	'
1	11	1011	1:111011	123	173	;
1	11	1100	1:111100	124	174	/
1	11	1101	1:111101	125	175	.
1	11	1110	1:111110	126	176		Special Character (SPEC)
1	11	1111	1:111111	127	177		Backspace (BS)

UNIVAC

The code version used on the UNIVAC was based on the second half (primary code) of the military version with some changes.[11]

Indicator Bits (2)	Detail Bits (4)	Binary Bits (6)	Decimal	Octal	Glyph	Name	Comments
00	0000	000000	0	00	@		Sometimes switched with Δ[11]
00	0001	000001	1	01	[
00	0010	000010	2	02	]
00	0011	000011	3	03	#		Line Feed (LF) on 1107 and 1108[11]
00	0100	000100	4	04	Δ	Delta	Carriage Return (CR) on 1107 and 1108[11]
00	0101	000101	5	05		Blank / Space (SP)
00	0110	000110	6	06	A
00	0111	000111	7	07	B
00	1000	001000	8	10	C
00	1001	001001	9	11	D
00	1010	001010	10	12	E
00	1011	001011	11	13	F
00	1100	001100	12	14	G
00	1101	001101	13	15	H
00	1110	001110	14	16	I
00	1111	001111	15	17	J
01	0000	010000	16	20	K
01	0001	010001	17	21	L
01	0010	010010	18	22	M
01	0011	010011	19	23	N
01	0100	010100	20	24	O
01	0101	010101	21	25	P
01	0110	010110	22	26	Q
01	0111	010111	23	27	R
01	1000	011000	24	30	S
01	1001	011001	25	31	T
01	1010	011010	26	32	U
01	1011	011011	27	33	V
01	1100	011100	28	34	W
01	1101	011101	29	35	X
01	1110	011110	30	36	Y
01	1111	011111	31	37	Z
10	0000	100000	32	40	)
10	0001	100001	33	41	-
10	0010	100010	34	42	+
10	0011	100011	35	43	<
10	0100	100100	36	44	=
10	0101	100101	37	45	>
10	0110	100110	38	46	&		Changed from _ in military version.
10	0111	100111	39	47	$
10	1000	101000	40	50	*
10	1001	101001	41	51	(
10	1010	101010	42	52	%		Changed from " in military version.
10	1011	101011	43	53	:
10	1100	101100	44	54	?
10	1101	101101	45	55	!
10	1110	101110	46	56	,
10	1111	101111	47	57	\		Stop sign (🛑︎) on 1107 and 1108[11]
11	0000	110000	48	60	0
11	0001	110001	49	61	1
11	0010	110010	50	62	2
11	0011	110011	51	63	3
11	0100	110100	52	64	4
11	0101	110101	53	65	5
11	0110	110110	54	66	6
11	0111	110111	55	67	7
11	1000	111000	56	70	8
11	1001	111001	57	71	9
11	1010	111010	58	72	'
11	1011	111011	59	73	;
11	1100	111100	60	74	/
11	1101	111101	61	75	.
11	1110	111110	62	76	⌑	Lozenge
11	1111	111111	63	77	≠	Not Equal	Idle character (IDLE) on some models[11]

Character map

Military version

The following table is representative of a reference version of the military set, as described in Leubbert (1960) harvtxt error: multiple targets (2×): CITEREFLeubbert1960 (help). Various other variants exist, with in some cases dramatic differences in the supervisory code (the first four rows 0-3).[5] The letters in the first two rows are intended for use in "alphabetic supervisory information".[10]

FIELDATA (military)[5][12]

	_0	_1	_2	_3	_4	_5	_6	_7	_8	_9	_A	_B	_C	_D	_E	_F
0_ 0	IDL 0000	CUC	CLC	CHT 0009	CCR 000D	CSP 0020	a 0061	b 0062	c 0063	d 0064	e 0065	f 0066	g 0067	h 0068	i 0069	j 006A
1_ 16	k 006B	l 006C	m 006D	n 006E	o 006F	p 0070	q 0071	r 0072	s 0073	t 0074	u 0075	v 0076	w 0077	x 0078	y 0079	z 007A
2_ 32	D0	D1	D2	D3	D4	D5	D6	D7	D8	D9	SCB	SBK 0001
3_ 48	RTT	RTR	NRR	EBE	EBK 0017	EOF	ECB	ACK 0006	RPT 0015		INS	NIS	CWF	SAC	SPC 001B	DEL 007F
4_ 64	MS	UC	LC	HT 0009	CR 000D	SP 00A0	A 0041	B 0042	C 0043	D 0044	E 0045	F 0046	G 0047	H 0048	I 0049	J 004A
5_ 80	K 004B	L 004C	M 004D	N 004E	O 004F	P 0050	Q 0051	R 0052	S 0053	T 0054	U 0055	V 0056	W 0057	X 0058	Y 0059	Z 005A
6_ 96	) 0029	- 002D	+ 002B	< 003C	= 003D	> 003E	_ 005F	$ 0024	* 002A	( 0028	" 0022	: 003A	? 003F	! 0021	, 002C	STOP
7_ 112	0 0030	1 0031	2 0032	3 0033	4 0034	5 0035	6 0036	7 0037	8 0038	9 0039	' 0027	; 003B	/ 002F	. 002E	SPEC	BS 0008

  Letter   Number   Punctuation   Symbol   Other   Undefined

UNIVAC version

The code version used on the UNIVAC was based on the second half (6-bit primary code) of the military version with some changes.[11]

FIELDATA (UNIVAC)[11]

	_0	_1	_2	_3	_4	_5	_6	_7	_8	_9	_A	_B	_C	_D	_E	_F
0_ 0	@ 0040	[ 005B	] 005D	#/LF 0023/000A	Δ/CR 0394/000D	SP 0020	A 0041	B 0042	C 0043	D 0044	E 0045	F 0046	G 0047	H 0048	I 0049	J 004A
1_ 16	K 004B	L 004C	M 004D	N 004E	O 004F	P 0050	Q 0051	R 0052	S 0053	T 0054	U 0055	V 0056	W 0057	X 0058	Y 0059	Z 005A
2_ 32	) 0029	- 002D	+ 002B	< 003C	= 003D	> 003E	& 0026	$ 0024	* 002A	( 0028	% 0025	: 003A	? 003F	! 0021	, 002C	\/🛑︎ 005C/1F6D1
3_ 48	0 0030	1 0031	2 0032	3 0033	4 0034	5 0035	6 0036	7 0037	8 0038	9 0039	' 0027	; 003B	/ 002F	. 002E	⌑ 2311	≠/IDL 2260/0000

Footnotes

1. Mackenzie 1980.
2. Military Communication System Technical Standard, MIL-STD-188A, 1958-04-25
3. Military Communication System Technical Standard, MIL-STD-188B, 1964-02-24
4. Military Communication System Technical Standard, MIL-STD-188C, 1969-11-24
5. Jennings 2016. sfn error: no target: CITEREFJennings2016 (help)
6. Kent, Allen; Lancour, Harold (1971). Encyclopedia of Library and Information Science: Volume 5 - Circulation to Coordinate Indexing. CRC Press. pp. 395, 398. ISBN 9780824720056.
7. "Army Tactical Operations Central (ARTOC) information system". sr-ix.com.
8. "THE ARTOC". Man in Command Information Processing Systems--A Research Program. 1963. pp. 1–4.
9. International Telephone & Telegraph Corporation (ITT) (1968). Reference Data for Radio Engineers (5 ed.). Howard W. Sams and Co. pp. Appendix. ISBN 978-0-672-20678-8. Retrieved 2016-05-23.
10. Leubbert 1960, p. 196. sfn error: multiple targets (2×): CITEREFLeubbert1960 (help)
11. Walker 1996.
12. Leubbert 1960. sfn error: multiple targets (2×): CITEREFLeubbert1960 (help)

References and further reading

• Fleming, George; James, Nathan L. (2002-12-17). "Univac Fieldata Codes". 1.0. Greenbelt, USA: National Space Science Data Center (NSSDC), NASA Goddard Space Flight Center. Archived from the original on 2016-05-24. Retrieved 2016-05-24.
• Haralambous, Yannis (September 2007). Fonts & Encodings. Translated by Horne, P. Scott (1st ed.). Sebastopol, California, USA: O'Reilly Media, Inc. p. 29. ISBN 978-0-596-10242-5.

• Jennings, Thomas Daniel (2020-03-17) [1999]. "An annotated history of some character codes or ASCII: American Standard Code for Information Infiltration". Sensitive research (SR-IX). Retrieved 2020-03-17.

• Leubbert, William F. (1960) [1959-12-01/03 (International Workshop on Managing Requirements Knowledge)]. Written at U.S. Army Signal Research and Development Laboratory, Fort Monmouth, New Jersey, USA. "Data Transmission Equipment Concepts for FIELDATA" (PDF). 1959 Proceedings of the Western Joint Computer Conference (WJCC). Boston, USA: American Federation of Information Processing Societies (AFIPS): 189–196. doi:10.1109/AFIPS.1959.27. Archived (PDF) from the original on 2016-05-23. Retrieved 2016-05-23.
• Leubbert, William F. (September 1960). "Data Processing as a Tool for Generalizing Communications Systems". Transactions of the American Institute of Electrical Engineers, Part I: Communication and Electronics. 79 (4): 431–436. doi:10.1109/TCE.1960.6367290. S2CID 51649324.
• Mackenzie, Charles E. (1980). Coded Character Sets, History and Development. The Systems Programming Series (1 ed.). Addison-Wesley Publishing Company, Inc. pp. 61, 64, 86. ISBN 978-0-201-14460-4. LCCN 77-90165. Retrieved 2016-05-22.
• Walker, John (1996-08-06). "UNIVAC 1100 Series FIELDATA Code". UNIVAC Memories. Archived from the original on 2016-05-22. Retrieved 2016-05-22.