Christian IX of Denmark

Christian IX (8 April 1818 – 29 January 1906) was King of Denmark from 1863 until his death in 1906. From 1863 to 1864, he was concurrently Duke of Schleswig, Holstein and Lauenburg.

Christian IX
King of Denmark (more...)
Reign	15 November 1863 – 29 January 1906
Predecessor	Frederick VII
Successor	Frederick VIII
Prime Ministers	See list
Born	Prince Christian of Schleswig-Holstein-Sonderburg-Beck 8 April 1818 Gottorf Castle, Schleswig, Duchy of Schleswig
Died	29 January 1906 (aged 87) Amalienborg Palace, Copenhagen, Denmark
Burial	15 February 1906 Roskilde Cathedral
Spouse	Louise of Hesse-Kassel ​ ​ (m. 1842; died 1898)​
Issue Detail	Frederick VIII of Denmark Alexandra, Queen of the United Kingdom George I of Greece Dagmar, Empress of Russia Thyra, Crown Princess of Hanover Prince Valdemar
House	Glücksburg
Father	Friedrich Wilhelm, Duke of Schleswig-Holstein-Sonderburg-Glücksburg
Mother	Princess Louise Caroline of Hesse-Kassel

Growing up as a prince of Schleswig-Holstein-Sonderburg-Glücksburg, a junior branch of the House of Oldenburg which had ruled Denmark since 1448, Christian was originally not in the immediate line of succession to the Danish throne. However, in 1852, Christian was chosen as heir to the Danish monarchy in light of the expected extinction of the senior line of the House of Oldenburg. Upon the death of King Frederick VII of Denmark in 1863, Christian (who was Frederick's second cousin and husband of Frederick's paternal first cousin, Louise of Hesse-Kassel) acceded to the throne as the first Danish monarch of the House of Glücksburg.[1]

The beginning of his reign was marked by the Danish defeat in the Second Schleswig War and the subsequent loss of the duchies of Schleswig, Holstein and Lauenburg which made the king immensely unpopular. The following years of his reign were dominated by political disputes as Denmark had only become a constitutional monarchy in 1849 and the balance of power between the sovereign and parliament was still in dispute. In spite of his initial unpopularity and the many years of political strife, where the king was in conflict with large parts of the population, his popularity recovered towards the end of his reign, and he became a national icon due to the length of his reign and the high standards of personal morality with which he was identified.

Christian married his second cousin, Princess Louise of Hesse-Kassel, in 1842. Their six children married into other royal families across Europe, earning him the sobriquet "the father-in-law of Europe". Among his descendants are Margrethe II of Denmark, Elizabeth II of the United Kingdom, Philippe of Belgium, Harald V of Norway, Felipe VI of Spain, Grand Duke Henri of Luxembourg, Constantine II of Greece, Queen Anne-Marie of Greece, Queen Sofia of Spain and Prince Philip, Duke of Edinburgh.[2]

Birth and family

Prince Christian's birthplace Gottorp Castle, photographed in 2007.

Christian's father Friedrich Wilhelm, Duke of Schleswig-Holstein-Sonderburg-Beck, from 1825 Duke of S-H-S-Glücksburg.

Christian IX.

Christian's wife, Louise of Hesse-Kassel.

Christian IX was born on 8 April 1818 at Gottorf Castle near the town of Schleswig in the Duchy of Schleswig as Prince Christian of Schleswig-Holstein-Sonderburg-Beck, the fourth son of Friedrich Wilhelm, Duke of Schleswig-Holstein-Sonderburg-Beck, and Princess Louise Caroline of Hesse-Kassel. He was named after Prince Christian of Denmark, the later King Christian VIII, who was also his godfather.[3]

Christian's father was the head of the ducal house of Schleswig-Holstein-Sonderburg-Beck, a junior male branch of the House of Oldenburg. Through his father, Christian was thus a direct male-line descendant of King Christian III of Denmark and an (albeit junior) agnatic descendant of Helvig of Schauenburg (countess of Oldenburg), mother of King Christian I of Denmark, who was the "Semi-Salic" heiress of her brother Adolf of Schauenburg, last Schauenburg duke of Schleswig and count of Holstein. As such, Christian was eligible to succeed in the twin duchies of Schleswig-Holstein, but not first in line.

Christian's mother was a daughter of Landgrave Charles of Hesse, a Danish Field Marshal and Royal Governor of the duchies of Schleswig and Holstein, and his wife Princess Louise of Denmark, a daughter of Frederick V of Denmark. Through his mother, Christian was thus a great-grandson of Frederick V, great-great-grandson of George II of Great Britain and a descendant of several other monarchs, but had no direct claim to any European throne.

Early life

Initially, Christian lived with his parents and many siblings at Gottorf Castle, where the family stayed with Duke Friedrich Wilhelm's parents-in-law. However, on 6 June 1825, Duke Friedrich Wilhelm was appointed Duke of Glücksburg by his brother-in-law Frederick VI of Denmark, as the elder Glücksburg line had become extinct in 1779. He subsequently changed his title to Duke of Schleswig-Holstein-Sonderburg-Glücksburg and founded the younger Glücksburg line. Subsequently, the family moved to Glücksburg Castle, where Christian was raised with his siblings under their father's supervision. Following the early death of the father in 1831, Christian grew up in Denmark and was educated in the Military Academy of Copenhagen.[4]

Marriage

As a young man, Christian unsuccessfully sought the hand of his third cousin, Queen Victoria, in marriage. At the Amalienborg Palace in Copenhagen on 26 May 1842, he married his double second cousin, Louise of Hesse-Kassel, a niece of Christian VIII.

Heir-presumptive to the throne

In 1852, with the approval of the great powers of Europe, Christian was chosen by King Frederick VII to be heir presumptive after the extinction of the most senior line to the Danish throne, as Frederick VII seemed incapable of fathering children. A justification for this choice was his marriage to Louise of Hesse-Kassel, who—as a niece of Christian VIII of Denmark—was closely related to the royal family.

Becoming the heir-presumptive

Frederick VII's childlessness had presented a thorny dilemma and the question of succession to the Danish throne proved problematic. Denmark's adherence to the Salic Law and a burgeoning nationalism within the German-speaking parts of Schleswig-Holstein hindered all hopes of a peaceful solution. Proposed resolutions to keep the two Duchies together and part of Denmark proved unsatisfactory to both Danish and German interests. While Denmark had adopted the Salic Law, this only affected the descendants of Frederick III of Denmark, who was the first hereditary monarch of Denmark (before him, the kingdom was officially elective). Agnatic descent from Frederick III would end with the death of the childless King Frederick VII and his equally childless uncle, Prince Ferdinand. At that point, the law of succession promulgated by Frederick III provided for a Semi-Salic succession. There were, however, several ways to interpret to whom the crown could pass, since the provision was not entirely clear as to whether a claimant to the throne could be the closest female relative or not.

As the nations of Europe looked on, the numerous descendants of Helvig of Schauenburg began to vie for the Danish throne. Frederick VII belonged to the senior branch of Helvig's descendants. In 1863, Frederick, Duke of Schleswig-Holstein-Sonderburg-Augustenburg (1829–1880) (the future father-in-law of Kaiser Wilhelm II of Germany), proclaimed himself Frederick VIII, Duke of Schleswig-Holstein. Frederick of Augustenburg (as he was commonly known) had become the symbol of the nationalist German independence movement in Schleswig-Holstein after his father (in exchange for money) renounced his claims as heir to the throne of the duchies of Schleswig and Holstein. In view of the London protocol of 8 May 1852, which concluded the First War of Schleswig, and his father's concurrent renunciation to claims to the throne, Frederick's claim was not recognized by the parties to the protocol.

The closest female relatives of Frederick VII were his paternal aunt, Princess Louise Charlotte of Denmark, who had married a scion of the cadet branch of the House of Hesse, and her daughters. However, they were not agnatic descendants of the royal family, thus not eligible to succeed in Schleswig-Holstein.

The dynastic female heir reckoned most eligible according to the original law of primogeniture of Frederick III was Caroline of Denmark (1793–1881), the childless eldest daughter of the late king Frederick VI. Along with another childless daughter, Wilhelmine of Denmark (1808–1891), Duchess of Glücksburg; the next heir was Louise, sister of Frederick VI, who had married the Duke of Augustenburg. The chief heir to that line was the selfsame Frederick of Augustenburg, but his turn would have come only after the death of two childless princesses who were very much alive in 1863.

The House of Glücksburg also held a significant interest in the succession to the throne. A more junior branch of the royal clan, they were also descendants of Frederick III through the daughter of King Frederick V of Denmark. Lastly, there was yet a more junior agnatic branch that was eligible to succeed in Schleswig-Holstein. There was Christian himself and his three older brothers, the eldest of whom, Karl, was childless, but the others had produced children, and male children at that.

Prince Christian had been a foster "grandson" of the "grandchildless" royal couple Frederick VI and his Queen consort Marie (Marie Sophie Friederike of Hesse). Familiar with the royal court and the traditions of the recent monarchs, their young ward Prince Christian was great-nephew of Queen Marie and descendant of a first cousin of Frederick VI. He had been brought up as a Dane, having lived in Danish-speaking lands of the royal dynasty and not having become a German nationalist, which made him a relatively good candidate from the Danish point of view. As junior agnatic descendant, he was eligible to inherit Schleswig-Holstein, but was not the first in line. As a descendant of Frederick III, he was eligible to succeed in Denmark, although here too, he was not first-in-line.

Family of Christian IX of Denmark

Christian III of Denmark Frederick II of Denmark John II, Duke of Schleswig-Holstein-Sonderburg Christian IV of Denmark Alexander, Duke of Schleswig-Holstein-Sonderburg Frederick III of Denmark Ernest Günther August Philipp Christian V of Denmark Frederick William Frederick Louis Frederick IV of Denmark Christian August Peter August Christian VI of Denmark Frederick Christian I Karl Anton August Frederick V of Denmark Frederick Christian II m. Princess Louise Auguste of Denmark Friedrich Karl Ludwig Christian VII of Denmark Louise Frederick, Hereditary Prince of Denmark Christian August II* son of Princess Louise Auguste of Denmark Friedrich Wilhelm m. Princess Louise Caroline of Hesse-Kassel Frederick VI of Denmark Princess Louise Auguste of Denmark Louise Caroline Christian VIII of Denmark Princess Louise Charlotte of Denmark (Prince Christian) CHRISTIAN IX OF DENMARK Princess Caroline of Denmark Christian August II* (Prince Christian) CHRISTIAN IX OF DENMARK Frederick VII of Denmark Louise of Hesse-Kassel

House of Oldenburg, 1863

In 1842, Christian married Princess Louise of Hesse-Kassel, daughter of the closest female relative of Frederick VII. Louise's mother and brother, and elder sister too, renounced their rights in favor of Louise and her husband. Prince Christian's wife was now the closest female heiress of Frederick VII.

In 1852, the thorny question of Denmark's succession was resolved by the London Protocol of 8 May 1852, through which Christian was chosen as next-in-line for the throne after Frederick VII and his uncle. The decision was implemented by the Danish Law of Succession of 31 July 1853—more precisely, the Royal Ordinance settling the Succession to the Crown on Prince Christian of Glücksburg[5]—which designated him as heir to the entire Danish monarchy following the extinction of the male line of Frederick III and granted him the title Prince of Denmark.

Succession and Second Schleswig War

Upon the death of Frederick VII on 15 November 1863, Christian succeeded to the throne as Christian IX. Denmark was immediately plunged into a crisis over the possession and status of Schleswig and Holstein, two provinces to Denmark's south. In November 1863 Frederick of Augustenburg claimed the twin-duchies in succession after King Frederick. Under pressure, Christian signed the November Constitution, a treaty that made Schleswig part of Denmark. This resulted in the Second Schleswig War between Denmark and a Prussian/Austrian alliance in 1864. The Peace Conference broke up without having arrived at any conclusion; the outcome of the war was unfavorable to Denmark and led to the incorporation of Schleswig into Prussia in 1865. Holstein was likewise incorporated into Austria in 1865, then Prussia in 1866, following further conflict between Austria and Prussia.

Following the loss, Christian IX went behind the backs of the Danish government to contact the Prussians, offering that the whole of Denmark could join the German Confederation, if Denmark could stay united with Schleswig and Holstein. This proposal was rejected by Bismarck, who feared that the ethnic strife in Schleswig between Danes and Germans would then stay unresolved. Christian IX's negotiations were not publicly known until published in the 2010 book Dommedag Als by Tom Buk-Swientys, who had been given access to the royal archives by Queen Margrethe II.[6]

Reign

Christian IX, on a 10 Daler coin of the Danish West Indies (1904)

The defeat of 1864 cast a shadow over Christian IX's rule for many years and his attitude to the Danish case—probably without reason—was claimed to be half-hearted. This unpopularity was worsened as he sought unsuccessfully to prevent the spread of democracy throughout Denmark by supporting the authoritarian and conservative prime minister Estrup, whose rule 1875–94 was by many seen as a semi-dictatorship. However, he signed a treaty in 1874 that allowed Iceland, then a Danish possession, to have its own constitution, albeit one under Danish rule. In 1901, he reluctantly asked Johan Henrik Deuntzer to form a government and this resulted in the formation of the Cabinet of Deuntzer. The cabinet consisted of members of the Venstre Reform Party and was the first Danish government not to include the conservative party Højre, even though Højre never had a majority of the seats in the Folketing. This was the beginning of the Danish tradition of parliamentarism and clearly bettered his reputation for his last years.

Another reform occurred in 1866, when the Danish constitution was revised so that Denmark's upper chamber would have more power than the lower. Social security also took a few steps forward during his reign. Old age pensions were introduced in 1891 and unemployment and family benefits were introduced in 1892.

Death

Queen Louise died on 29 September 1898 at Bernstorff Palace near Copenhagen. Christian died peacefully of old age, at 87, on 29 January 1906 at the Amalienborg Palace in Copenhagen after a reign of 42 years and 75 days. After lying in state at the chapel at Christiansborg Palace, he was interred beside Queen Louise in Christian IX's Chapel in Roskilde Cathedral, the traditional burial site for Danish monarchs since the 15th century.

Upon King Christian IX's death, Crown Prince Frederick ascended the throne as King Frederick VIII.

Legacy

"Father-in-Law of Europe"

The six children of Christian IX and Queen Louise, photographed in 1882. From the left: King George I of Greece, Empress Maria Feodorovna of Russia, Alexandra, Princess of Wales, Crown Prince Frederick of Denmark, Princess Thyra and Prince Valdemar.

Christian's family links with Europe's royal families earned him the sobriquet "the father-in-law of Europe". Four of Christian's children sat on the thrones (either as monarchs or as consorts) of Denmark, Greece, the United Kingdom and Russia.

His daughter Thyra could have become Queen of Hanover had her husband, Prince Ernest Augustus, not been deprived of the throne of Hanover upon its annexation by Prussia in 1866. His youngest son, Valdemar, was offered the crown of Bulgaria, but had to decline under international pressure.

The great dynastic success of the six children was to a great extent not attributable to Christian himself, but the result of the ambitions of his wife Louise of Hesse-Kassel. Some have compared her dynastical capabilities to those of Queen Victoria of the United Kingdom. An additional factor was that Denmark was not one of the Great Powers, so the other powers did not fear that the balance of power in Europe would be upset by a marriage of one of its royalty to another royal house.

Christian's grandsons included Nicholas II of Russia, Constantine I of Greece, George V of the United Kingdom, Christian X of Denmark and Haakon VII of Norway.

Today, most of Europe's reigning and ex-reigning royal families are direct descendants of Christian IX, and most current European monarchs are descended from him, including Queen Margrethe II of Denmark, Queen Elizabeth II of the United Kingdom, King Philippe of Belgium, King Harald V of Norway, King Felipe VI of Spain and Grand Duke Henri of Luxembourg. The consort Prince Philip, Duke of Edinburgh, and former consort Queen Sofía of Spain are also agnatic descendants of Christian IX, as is Constantine II, the former and last King of the Hellenes, and his consort the former Queen Anne-Marie. King Michael I of Romania and his wife Queen Anne of Romania were also descendants of Christian IX.[7]

Honours

King Christian IX Land in Greenland is named after him.

National orders and decorations[8]

• Grand Cross of the Dannebrog, 28 June 1840; Grand Commander in Diamonds, 15 November 1863[9]
• Knight of the Elephant, 22 June 1843
• Cross of Honour of the Order of the Dannebrog

Foreign orders and decorations[10]

• Ascanian duchies: Grand Cross of Albert the Bear, 18 January 1854[11]
•  Austria-Hungary: Grand Cross of St. Stephen, 1867[12]
•  Baden:[13]
  • Knight of the House Order of Fidelity, 1877
  • Knight of the Order of Berthold the First, 1877
•  Kingdom of Bavaria: Knight of St. Hubert
•  Belgium: Grand Cordon of the Order of Leopold, 10 September 1862[14]
•  Empire of Brazil: Grand Cross of the Order of Pedro I
• Ernestine duchies: Grand Cross of the Saxe-Ernestine House Order, October 1838[15]
• French Empire: Grand Cross of the Legion of Honour
• Kingdom of Greece: Grand Cross of the Redeemer
•  Kingdom of Hawaii: Grand Cross of the Order of Kamehameha I
• Electorate of Hesse: Grand Cross of the Golden Lion, 22 September 1842[16]
•  Grand Duchy of Hesse: Grand Cross of the Ludwig Order, 1 October 1863[17]
•  Kingdom of Italy: Knight of the Annunciation, 9 November 1864[18]
•  Empire of Japan: Grand Cordon of the Order of the Chrysanthemum, 24 September 1886[19]
• Mecklenburg: Grand Cross of the Wendish Crown, with Crown in Ore, 1872[20]
• Mexican Empire: Grand Cross of the Mexican Eagle, with Collar, 1865[21]
•  Monaco: Grand Cross of St. Charles
•  Principality of Montenegro: Grand Cross of the Order of Prince Danilo I
•  Nassau: Knight of the Gold Lion of Nassau, September 1859[22]
•  Netherlands: Grand Cross of the Netherlands Lion
•  Ottoman Empire: Yüksek İmtiyaz Nişanı in Diamonds, 1885[23]
• Beylik of Tunis: Husainid Family Order, in Diamonds
•  Kingdom of Portugal:
  • Grand Cross of the Military Order of Christ
  • Grand Cross of the Tower and Sword
  • Grand Cross of the Immaculate Conception of Vila Viçosa
• Kingdom of Prussia:
  • Knight of the Black Eagle, with Collar
  • Grand Cross of the Red Eagle
• United Principalities of Romania: Grand Cross of the Star of Romania
•  Russian Empire:
  • Knight of St. Andrew
  • Knight of St. Alexander Nevsky
  • Knight of the White Eagle
  • Knight of St. Anna, 1st Class
  • Knight of St. Stanislaus, 1st Class
•  Saxe-Weimar-Eisenach: Grand Cross of the White Falcon, 1878[24]
•  Kingdom of Saxony: Knight of the Rue Crown
•  Principality of Serbia: Grand Cross of the Cross of Takovo
• Siam: Grand Cross of the White Elephant
•  Spain: Knight of the Golden Fleece, 22 March 1864[25]
• Sweden-Norway:
  • Knight of the Seraphim, with Collar, 8 June 1848[26]
  • Grand Cross of St. Olav, 29 July 1869[27]
  • Knight of the Norwegian Lion, 10 September 1904[28]
•  United Kingdom:
  • Honorary Grand Cross of the Bath (civil), 20 March 1863[29]
  • Knight of the Garter, 17 June 1865[30]
  • Royal Victorian Chain, 8 April 1904[31]
•  Württemberg: Grand Cross of the Württemberg Crown, 1888[32]

Honorary military appointments

• Honorary General of the Swedish Army, 1872 (Sweden-Norway)[33]

Issue

Name	Birth	Death	Spouse	Children
Frederick VIII of Denmark	3 June 1843	14 May 1912	Princess Louise of Sweden	Christian X of Denmark Haakon VII of Norway Louise, Princess Frederick of Schaumburg-Lippe Prince Harald of Denmark Princess Ingeborg, Duchess of Västergötland Princess Thyra of Denmark Prince Gustav of Denmark Princess Dagmar, Mrs. Castenskiold
Princess Alexandra of Denmark	1 December 1844	20 November 1925	Edward VII of the United Kingdom	Prince Albert Victor, Duke of Clarence and Avondale George V of the United Kingdom Louise, Princess Royal and Duchess of Fife Princess Victoria of the United Kingdom Maud, Queen of Norway Prince Alexander John of Wales
George I of Greece	24 December 1845	18 March 1913	Grand Duchess Olga Constantinovna of Russia	Constantine I of Greece Prince George of Greece and Denmark Grand Duchess Alexandra Georgievna of Russia Prince Nicholas of Greece and Denmark Grand Duchess Maria Georgievna of Russia Princess Olga of Greece and Denmark Prince Andrew of Greece and Denmark Prince Christopher of Greece and Denmark
Princess Dagmar of Denmark	26 November 1847	13 October 1928	Alexander III of Russia	Nicholas II of Russia Grand Duke Alexander Alexandrovich of Russia Grand Duke George Alexandrovich of Russia Grand Duchess Xenia Alexandrovna of Russia Grand Duke Michael Alexandrovich of Russia Olga Alexandrovna, Duchess Peter Alexandrovich of Oldenburg
Princess Thyra of Denmark	29 September 1853	26 February 1933	Ernest Augustus, Crown Prince of Hanover and Duke of Cumberland and Teviotdale	Marie Louise, Margravine of Baden George William, Hereditary Prince of Hanover Alexandra, Grand Duchess of Mecklenburg-Schwerin Princess Olga of Hanover and Cumberland Prince Christian of Hanover and Cumberland Ernest Augustus, Prince of Hanover and Duke of Brunswick
Prince Valdemar of Denmark	27 October 1858	14 January 1939	Princess Marie of Orléans	Prince Aage, Count of Rosenborg Prince Axel of Denmark Prince Erik, Count of Rosenborg Prince Viggo, Count of Rosenborg Margaret, Princess René of Bourbon-Parma

Christian IX with family gathered in the Garden Hall of Fredensborg Palace in 1883 by Laurits Tuxen

Ancestry

Ancestors of Christian IX of Denmark

8. Prince Karl Anton August of Schleswig-Holstein-Sonderburg-Beck 4. Frederick Charles Louis, Duke of Schleswig-Holstein-Sonderburg-Beck 9. Countess Charlotte of Dohna-Leistenau 2. Frederick William, Duke of Schleswig-Holstein-Sonderburg-Glücksburg 10. Count Karl Leopold von Schlieben 5. Countess Friederike von Schlieben 11. Countess Marie Eleonore von Lehndorff 1. Christian IX of Denmark 12. Frederick II, Landgrave of Hesse-Kassel 6. Prince Charles of Hesse-Kassel 13. Princess Mary of Great Britain 3. Princess Louise Caroline of Hesse-Kassel 14. Frederick V of Denmark 7. Princess Louise of Denmark 15. Princess Louisa of Great Britain

See also

• Danish royal family tree
• Royal descendants of Queen Victoria and King Christian IX

References

1. "Schleswig-Holstein-Sonderburg-Glücksburg Royal Family". Monarchies of Europe. Retrieved 15 August 2016.
2. "HM King Christian IX of Denmark". European Royal History. Retrieved 15 August 2016.
3. "Welcome To Schloss Glücksburg". Schloss Glücksburg. Retrieved 15 August 2016.
4. "HM King Christian IX of Denmark". Henry Poole & Co. 17 June 2013. Retrieved 15 August 2016.
5. Royal Ordinance settling the Succession to the Crown on Prince Christian of Glücksburg. from Hoelseth's Royal Corner. Retrieved 7 November 2011.
6. Hemmeligt arkiv: Kongen tilbød Danmark til tyskerne efter 1864 18 August 2010 (politiken.dk)
7. Hein Bruins. "Descendants of King Christian IX of Denmark". heinbruins.nl. Retrieved 15 August 2016.
8. Bille-Hansen, A. C.; Holck, Harald, eds. (1863) [1st pub.:1801]. Statshaandbog for Kongeriget Danmark for Aaret 1863 [State Manual of the Kingdom of Denmark for the Year 1863] (PDF). Kongelig Dansk Hof- og Statskalender (in Danish). Copenhagen: J.H. Schultz A.-S. Universitetsbogtrykkeri. pp. 3, 5. Retrieved 30 April 2020 – via da:DIS Danmark.
9. Levin, Sergey (15 June 2018). "Order of the Dannebrog (Dannebrogordenen). Denmark". Tallinn Museum of Orders of Knighthood. Retrieved 6 September 2019.
10. Bille-Hansen, A. C.; Holck, Harald, eds. (1906) [1st pub.:1801]. Statshaandbog for Kongeriget Danmark for Aaret 1906 [State Manual of the Kingdom of Denmark for the Year 1906] (PDF). Kongelig Dansk Hof- og Statskalender (in Danish). Copenhagen: J.H. Schultz A.-S. Universitetsbogtrykkeri. pp. 2–3. Retrieved 30 April 2020 – via da:DIS Danmark.
11. Hof- und Staats-Handbuch des Herzogtum Anhalt (1867) "Herzoglicher Haus-orden Albrecht des Bären" p. 17
12. "A Szent István Rend tagjai" Archived 22 December 2010 at the Wayback Machine
13. Hof- und Staats-Handbuch des Großherzogtum Baden (1888), "Großherzogliche Orden" pp. 61, 73
14. "Liste des Membres de l'Ordre de Léopold", Almanach Royal Officiel (in French), 1863, p. 52 – via Archives de Bruxelles
15. Adreß-Handbuch des Herzogthums Sachsen-Coburg und Gotha (1843), "Herzogliche Sachsen-Ernestinischer Hausorden" p. 6
16. Hof- und Staats-Handbuch des Großherzogtum Hessen (1879), "Großherzogliche Orden und Ehrenzeichen" p. 44
17. Hof- und Staats-Handbuch ... Hessen (1879), "Großherzogliche Orden und Ehrenzeichen" p. 11
18. Cibrario, Luigi (1869). Notizia storica del nobilissimo ordine supremo della santissima Annunziata. Sunto degli statuti, catalogo dei cavalieri (in Italian). Eredi Botta. p. 120. Retrieved 4 March 2019.
19. 刑部芳則 (2017). 明治時代の勲章外交儀礼 (PDF) (in Japanese). 明治聖徳記念学会紀要. p. 144.
20. Daniel Corston. "Unofficial website dedicated to the Grand Ducal House of Mecklenburg-Strelitz". mecklenburg-strelitz.org.
21. "Seccion IV: Ordenes del Imperio", Almanaque imperial para el año 1866 (in Spanish), 1866, pp. 214–236, 242–243, retrieved 29 April 2020
22. Staats- und Adreß-Handbuch des Herzogthums Nassau (1866), "Herzogliche Orden" p. 8
23. Türkiye Cumhuriyeti Başbakanlık Osmanlı Arşivi: İ.DH. 957-75653, HR.TO.336–89
24. Staatshandbuch für das Großherzogtum Sachsen / Sachsen-Weimar-Eisenach (1900), "Großherzogliche Hausorden" p. 16
25. "Caballeros de la insigne orden del toisón de oro", Guóa Oficial de España (in Spanish), 1900, p. 167, retrieved 4 March 2019
26. Sveriges statskalender (in Swedish), 1905, p. 440, retrieved 6 January 2018 – via runeberg.org
27. Norges Statskalender (in Norwegian), 1890, pp. 593–594, retrieved 6 January 2018 – via runeberg.org
28. "The Order of the Norwegian Lion", The Royal House of Norway. Retrieved 10 August 2018.
29. Shaw, Wm. A. (1906) The Knights of England, I, London, p. 209
30. Shaw, p. 63
31. Shaw, p. 415
32. Hof- und Staats-Handbuch des Königreich Württemberg (1907), "Königliche Orden" p. 28
33. Sveriges statskalender (in Swedish), 1905, p. 123, retrieved 6 January 2018 – via runeberg.org

Other sources

• Aronson, Theo (2014) A Family of Kings: The descendants of Christian IX of Denmark (Thistle Publishing) ISBN 978-1910198124
• Beéche, Arturo E. (2014) APAPA: King Christian IX of Denmark and His Descendants (Eurohistory) ISBN 978-0985460341

Bibliography

• Bramsen, Bo (1993). Huset Glücksborg. Europas svigerfader og hans efterslægt (in Danish) (2nd ed.). Copenhagen: Forum. ISBN 87-553-1843-6.
• Fabricius-Møller, Jes (2013). Dynastiet Glücksborg, en Danmarkshistorie (in Danish). Copenhagen: Gad. ISBN 9788712048411.
• Olden-Jørgensen, Sebastian (2003). Prinsessen og det hele kongerige. Christian IX og det glücksborgske kongehus (in Danish). Copenhagen: Gad. ISBN 8712040517.
• Scocozza, Benito (1997). Politikens bog om danske monarker (in Danish). Copenhagen: Politikens Forlag. ISBN 87-567-5772-7.

External links

• The Danish Monarchy's official site
• Christian IX at the website of the Royal Danish Collection at Amalienborg Palace
• "Christian IX." . Encyclopædia Britannica (11th ed.). 1911.