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Paleontology or palaeontology is the study of prehistoric life forms on Earth through the examination of plant and animal fossils.[1] This includes the study of body fossils, tracks (ichnites), burrows, cast-off parts, fossilised feces (coprolites), palynomorphs and chemical residues. Because humans have encountered fossils for millennia, paleontology has a long history both before and after becoming formalized as a science. This article records significant discoveries and events related to paleontology that occurred or were published in the year 2021.

Flora

Ericales

Name	Novelty	Status	Authors	Age	Type locality	Location	Notes	Images
Mecsekispermum[2]	Gen. et sp. nov	In press	Hably & Erdei	Miocene (Burdigalian)	Feked Formation	Hungary	Possibly a member of the family Theaceae. Genus includes new species M. gordonioides.

Fabales

Name	Novelty	Status	Authors	Age	Type locality	Location	Notes	Images
Leguminocarpum olmensis[3]	Sp. nov	Valid	Centeno-González et al.	Late Cretaceous (Campanian)	Olmos Formation	Mexico	A member of the family Fabaceae.

Gentianales

Name	Novelty	Status	Authors	Age	Type locality	Location	Notes	Images
Adina vastanenesis[4]	Sp. nov	In press	Shukla et al.	Early Eocene	Cambay Shale Formation	India	A species of Adina.

Malvales

Name	Novelty	Status	Authors	Age	Type locality	Location	Notes	Images
Craigia lincangensis[5]	Sp. nov	In press	Wang & Xie in Wang et al.	Late Miocene		China	A species of Craigia
Tilia asiatica[6]	Sp. nov	In press	Jia & Nam in Jia et al.	Middle Miocene	Pohang Basin	South Korea	A species of Tilia

Sapindales

Name	Novelty	Status	Authors	Age	Type locality	Location	Notes	Images
Atalantioxylon thanobolensis[7]	Sp. nov	Valid	Soomro et al.	Miocene	Manchar Formation	Pakistan	Fossil wood of a member of the family Rutaceae.

Zingiberales

Name	Novelty	Status	Authors	Age	Type locality	Location	Notes	Images
Orthogonospermum[8]	Gen. et sp. nov	In press	Smith et al.	Late Cretaceous (Maastrichtian)	Deccan Intertrappean Beds	India	A member of the family Zingiberaceae. Genus includes new species O. patanense.

Other angiosperms

Name	Novelty	Status	Authors	Age	Type locality	Location	Notes	Images
Nigericolpites[9]	Nom. nov	In press	Hernández	Late Cretaceous (Maastrichtian)		Nigeria	Pollen of a flowering plant; a replacement name for Clavatricolpites Hoeken-Klinkenberg (1964).

Pinales

Name	Novelty	Status	Authors	Age	Type locality	Location	Notes	Images
Podocarpus yunnanensis[10]	Sp. nov	In press	Wu et al.	Early Pliocene		China	A species of Podocarpus.

Other plants

Name	Novelty	Status	Authors	Age	Type locality	Location	Notes
Caulopteris ellipticus[11]	Sp. nov	In press	Wang et al.	Early Permian	Taiyuan Formation	China	A marattialean tree fern belonging to the family Psaroniaceae.
Caulopteris neimengensis[11]	Sp. nov	In press	Wang et al.	Early Permian	Taiyuan Formation	China	A marattialean tree fern belonging to the family Psaroniaceae.
Iberisetum[12]	Gen. et sp. nov	In press	Wang, Šimůnek & Sá	Carboniferous (Gzhelian)	Douro Basin	Portugal	A member of Equisetales. Genus includes new species I. wegeneri.
Mesochara dobrogeica[13]	Sp. nov	In press	Sanjuan et al.	Early Cretaceous (Berriasian)		Romania	A member of Charophyta.
Nemejcopteris haiwangii[14]	Sp. nov	In press	Pšenička et al.	Early Permian		China	A zygopterid fern.
Omniastrobus[15]	Gen. et sp. nov	In press	Bonacorsi et al.	Devonian (Emsian)	Campbellton Formation	Canada	A lycophyte. Genus includes new species O. dawsonii.
Tapelrayen[16]	Gen. et sp. nov	In press	Machado et al.	Eocene	Huitrera Formation	Argentina	Fertile remains of a fern comparable with Thelypteridaceae and Dryopteridaceae. Genus includes new species T. helgae.

Research

Taxonomically diverse flora from the Seafood Salad locality, found ~65 m below the Cretaceous-Paleogene boundary in the Hell Creek Formation (Montana, United States), is described by Wilson, Wilson Mantilla & Strӧmberg (2021), who study the affinities of plants of this locality and compare them with other Late Cretaceous floras of the Western Interior.[17]
A study on the timing of the origin of the flowering plants, based on data from fossil record and from the diversity of extant members of this group, is published by Silvestro et al. (2021), who interpret their findings as indicating that several flowering plant families originated in the Jurassic.[18]
A study on the fossil pollen record from New Zealand, dating from 100 million years ago to the present, is published by Prebble et al. (2021), who report evidence indicating that Cretaceous diversification was closely followed by an increase in flowering plants frequency, but their maximum frequency did not occur until the Eocene.[19]

Cnidarians

New taxa

Name	Novelty	Status	Authors	Age	Type locality	Country	Notes	Images
Palaeodiphasia[20]	Gen et comb. nov	Valid	Song et al.	Late Cambrian	Fengshan Formation	China	A member of Leptothecata belonging to the group Macrocolonia; a new genus for "Siberiograptus" simplex Lin (1985).

Research

An exceptionally preserved conulariid specimen, keeping its aperture semi-closed and making it possible to see most of the internal part of the closure with rib continuation inwards, is described from the Ordovician of southeastern Brandenburg (Germany) by Sendino & Bochmann (2021).[21]

Arthropods

Arachnids

Name	Novelty	Status	Authors	Age	Type locality	Location	Notes
Dolichocybe elongata[22]	Sp. nov	Valid	Khaustov et al.	Late Eocene	Rovno amber	Ukraine	A mite belonging to the group Heterostigmata and the family Dolichocybidae.
Hoplocheylus similis[22]	Sp. nov	Valid	Khaustov et al.	Late Eocene	Rovno amber	Ukraine	A mite belonging to the group Heterostigmata and the family Tarsocheylidae.
Paradactylidium sineunguis[22]	Sp. nov	Valid	Khaustov et al.	Late Eocene	Rovno amber	Ukraine	A mite belonging to the group Heterostigmata and the family Acarophenacidae.
Priscaleclercera christae[23]	Sp. nov	In press	Magalhaes et al.	Late Cretaceous (Cenomanian)	Burmese amber	Myanmar	A spider belonging to the family Psilodercidae.
Proadactylidium fossibilis[22]	Sp. nov	Valid	Khaustov et al.	Late Eocene	Rovno amber	Ukraine	A mite belonging to the group Heterostigmata and the family Acarophenacidae.

Malacostracans

Name	Novelty	Status	Authors	Age	Type locality	Country	Notes
Aptanacalliax[24]	Gen. et sp. nov	In press	Ferratges, Hyžný & Zamora	Early Cretaceous (Aptian)	Forcall Formation	Spain	A member of Axiidea belonging to the family Anacalliacidae. Genus includes new species A. enigma.
Aptaxiopsis[24]	Gen. et sp. nov	In press	Ferratges, Hyžný & Zamora	Early Cretaceous (Aptian)	Forcall Formation	Spain	A member of Axiidea. Genus includes new species A. longimanus.
Bavaricaris[25]	Gen. et sp. nov	Valid	Winkler	Late Jurassic (Tithonian)	Altmühltal Formation	Germany	A member of Caridea, possibly belonging to the family Palaemonidae. The type species is B. haereri.
Blaculla anjobea[25]	Sp. nov	Valid	Winkler	Late Jurassic (Tithonian)	Altmühltal Formation	Germany	A member of Caridea.
Cretacocalcinus[24]	Gen. et sp. nov	In press	Ferratges, Hyžný & Zamora	Early Cretaceous (Aptian)	Forcall Formation	Spain	A hermit crab. Genus includes new species C. josaensis.
Crosniera forcallensis[24]	Sp. nov	In press	Ferratges, Hyžný & Zamora	Early Cretaceous (Aptian)	Forcall Formation	Spain	A member of Axiidea belonging to the family Callianideidae.
Harthofia heidenreichetfauseri[25]	Sp. nov	Valid	Winkler	Late Jurassic (Tithonian)	Altmühltal Formation	Germany	A member of Caridea.
Meticonaxius gracilis[24]	Sp. nov	In press	Ferratges, Hyžný & Zamora	Early Cretaceous (Aptian)	Forcall Formation	Spain	A member of Axiidea.
Nahecaris sabineae[26]	Sp. nov	In press	Poschmann	Devonian (Emsian)		Germany	A member of Phyllocarida.
Stenodactylina shotoverigiganti[27]	Sp. nov	Valid	Devillez & Charbonnier	Late Jurassic (Oxfordian)		United Kingdom	A member of Erymoidea.

Ostracods

Name	Novelty	Status	Authors	Age	Type locality	Country	Notes
Aracajuia separatta[28]	Sp. nov	In press	Vázquez García et al.	Cretaceous (Albian–Cenomanian)	Riachuelo Formation	Brazil
Bythoceratina antetumida[29]	Nom. nov	Valid	Slipper	Late Cretaceous (Turonian)		United Kingdom
Candona dawenkouensis[30]	Sp. nov	In press	Wang et al.	Middle Eocene to Oligocene	Dawenkou Formation	China	A species of Candona.
Cytheropteron laranjeirensis[28]	Sp. nov	In press	Vázquez García et al.	Cretaceous (Albian–Cenomanian)	Riachuelo Formation	Brazil
Idiocythere caburnensis[29]	Sp. nov	Valid	Slipper	Late Cretaceous (Turonian)		United Kingdom
Isocythereis postelongata[29]	Sp. nov	Valid	Slipper	Late Cretaceous (Turonian)		United Kingdom
Karsteneis oculocosta[29]	Sp. nov	Valid	Slipper	Late Cretaceous (Turonian)		United Kingdom
Mauritsina? paradordoniensis[29]	Sp. nov	Valid	Slipper	Late Cretaceous (Turonian)		United Kingdom
Microxestoleberis riachuelensis[28]	Sp. nov	In press	Vázquez García et al.	Cretaceous (Albian–Cenomanian)	Riachuelo Formation	Brazil
Monoceratina minangulata[29]	Sp. nov	Valid	Slipper	Late Cretaceous (Turonian)		United Kingdom
Parahemingwayela fauthi[28]	Sp. nov	In press	Vázquez García et al.	Cretaceous (Albian–Cenomanian)	Riachuelo Formation	Brazil
Patellacythere weaveri[29]	Sp. nov	Valid	Slipper	Late Cretaceous (Turonian)		United Kingdom
Pleurocythere khapissovi[31]	Sp. nov	Valid	Glinskikh & Tesakova	Middle Jurassic (Callovian)		Russia
Pterygocythereis carolinae[29]	Sp. nov	Valid	Slipper	Late Cretaceous (Turonian)		United Kingdom
Quasihermanites? punctata[28]	Sp. nov	In press	Vázquez García et al.	Cretaceous (Albian–Cenomanian)	Riachuelo Formation	Brazil
Rehacythereis stellatus[29]	Sp. nov	Valid	Slipper	Late Cretaceous (Turonian)		United Kingdom
Schuleridea langdonensis[29]	Sp. nov	Valid	Slipper	Late Cretaceous (Turonian)		United Kingdom

Research

A study on evolutionary trends in sexual dimorphism of cytheroid ostracods from the Gulf and Atlantic coastal plain from the Late Cretaceous to the late Eocene is published by Matzke-Karasz & Smith (2021).[32]

Insects

New taxa

Name	Novelty	Status	Authors	Age	Type locality	Location	Notes	Images
Ehmaniella tupeqarfik[33]	Sp. nov	Valid	Peel	Cambrian (Wuliuan)	Telt Bugt Formation	Greenland	A member of the family Alokistocaridae.
Fieldaspis? iubilaei[33]	Sp. nov	Valid	Peel	Cambrian (Wuliuan)	Telt Bugt Formation	Greenland	A member of the family Zacanthoididae.

Research

A study on the morphology of Redlichia rex and Olenoides serratus, aiming to determine whether these trilobites were adapted for durophagy, is published by Bicknell et al. (2021).[34]
A study on the long-term evolutionary history of Devonian trilobites in North Africa is published by Bault et al. (2021).[35]

New taxa

Name	Novelty	Status	Authors	Age	Type locality	Location	Notes	Images
Myrmecodesmus antiquus[36]	Sp. nov	Valid	Riquelme & Hernández-Patricio in Riquelme, Hernández-Patricio & Álvarez-Rodríguez	Miocene	Mexican amber	Mexico	A millipede belonging to the family Pyrgodesmidae.

Research

A fossil larva lacking segmentation of the carapace, closely resembling the trilobite protaspis, is described from the Ordovician (Darriwilian) of central Siberia by Dzik (2021), found associated with other skeletal elements of the angarocaridid Girardevia.[37]

Brachiopods

Name	Novelty	Status	Authors	Age	Type locality	Location	Notes	Images
Carinagypa robecki[38]	Sp. nov	Valid	Blodgett et al.	Devonian (Emsian)		United States ( Alaska)	A member of Pentamerida belonging to the family Gypidulidae.

Molluscs

New taxa

Name	Novelty	Status	Authors	Age	Type locality	Country	Notes
Arcestes lawsi[39]	Sp. nov	Valid	Taylor, Guex & Lucas	Late Triassic (Rhaetian)	Gabbs Formation	United States ( Nevada)
Arnioceras ritterbushi[40]	Sp. nov	Valid	Taylor & Guex	Early Jurassic (Sinemurian)	Sunrise Formation	United States ( Nevada)
Arnioceras sparsum[40]	Sp. nov	Valid	Taylor & Guex	Early Jurassic (Sinemurian)	Sunrise Formation	United States ( Nevada)
Boucaulticeras hawthornensis[40]	Sp. nov	Valid	Taylor & Guex	Early Jurassic (Sinemurian)	Sunrise Formation	United States ( Nevada)	A member of the family Schlotheimiidae.
Discoscaphites mullinaxorum[41]	Sp. nov	Valid	Witts et al.	Late Cretaceous (Maastrichtian)	Corsicana Formation	United States ( Texas)
Hadrothisbites hanwangensis[42]	Sp. nov	In press	Mietto et al.	Late Triassic (Carnian)	Ma'antang Formation	China
Paracochloceras nunminensis[39]	Sp. nov	Valid	Taylor, Guex & Lucas	Late Triassic (Rhaetian)	Gabbs Formation	United States ( Nevada)
Peripleurites gabbensis[39]	Sp. nov	Valid	Taylor, Guex & Lucas	Late Triassic (Rhaetian)	Gabbs Formation	United States ( Nevada)	A member of Choristocerataceae belonging to the family Rhabdoceratidae.
Placites heggi[39]	Sp. nov	Valid	Taylor, Guex & Lucas	Late Triassic (Rhaetian)	Gabbs Formation	United States ( Nevada)	A member of the family Gymnitidae.
Rhacophyllites mulleri[39]	Sp. nov	Valid	Taylor, Guex & Lucas	Late Triassic (Rhaetian)	Gabbs Formation	United States ( Nevada)
Rhacophyllites volcanoensis[39]	Sp. nov	Valid	Taylor, Guex & Lucas	Late Triassic (Rhaetian)	Gabbs Formation	United States ( Nevada)
Sinotropites[42]	Gen. et sp. nov	In press	Mietto et al.	Late Triassic (Carnian)	Ma'antang Formation	China	Genus includes new species S. sichuanensis.

Research

A modern review of the palaeobiology of heteromorph ammonoids is published by Hoffmann et al. (2021), including details of their anatomy, buoyancy, locomotion, predators, diet, palaeoecology, and extinction.[43]
Soft parts of a perisphinctid belonging to the genus Subplanites, separated from the conch either taphonomically or during a failed predation, are described from the Tithonian conservation deposits of Wintershof (southern Germany) by Klug et al. (2021).[44]

Other cephalopods

A study on the diversity patterns and spatial structure of belemnite assemblages in Western Tethys Ocean during the Early Jurassic is published by Neige, Weis & Fara (2021).[45]
A study on chemistry, organization and genesis of circular structures (superficially resembling chromatophores) preserved in coleoid cephalopod specimens from the Jurassic of Germany and the Cretaceous of Lebanon is published by Klug et al. (2021).[46]

Gastropods

Name	Novelty	Status	Authors	Age	Type locality	Country	Notes
Ampezzogyra angulata[47]	Sp. nov	Valid	Nützel & Hausmann in Hausmann et al.	Late Triassic (Carnian)	San Cassiano Formation	Italy	A member of the family Stuoraxidae.
Anceps siminescui[48]	Nom. nov	Valid	Harzhauser	Middle-late Miocene		Moldova	A Trochidae member; a replacement name for Trochus semistriatus Siminescu & Barbu (1940).
Angulatella[47]	Gen. et sp. nov	Valid	Nützel & Hausmann in Hausmann et al.	Late Triassic (Carnian)	San Cassiano Formation	Italy	A member of the family Prostyliferidae. The type species is A. bizzarinii.
Bandellina compacta[47]	Sp. nov	Valid	Nützel & Hausmann in Hausmann et al.	Late Triassic (Carnian)	San Cassiano Formation	Italy	A member of the family Cornirostridae.
Camponaxis bandeli[49]	Sp. nov	Valid	Pieroni, Monari & Todd	Late Triassic (Carnian)	San Cassiano Formation	Italy	A Tofanellidae member
Cordieria biouesensis[50]	Sp. nov	Valid	Pacaud	Paleocene (Thanetian)		France	A species of Cordieria.
Ederazyga[49]	Gen. et sp. et comb. nov	Valid	Pieroni, Monari & Todd	Late Triassic (Carnian to Rhaetian)	Nayband Formation San Cassiano Formation Zu Limestone	Iran Italy Slovenia	A possible Zygopleuridae member. The type species is E. fanchini; genus also includes "Cerithium"? lateplicatum Klipstein (1843).
Eopleurotoma atacica[50]	Nom. nov	Valid	Pacaud	Eocene (Ypresian)		France	A species of Eopleurotoma; a replacement name for Pleurotoma (Eopleurotoma) romani Doncieux (1908).
Gemmula bearrizensis[50]	Nom. nov	Valid	Pacaud	Eocene (Priabonian)		France	A species of Gemmula; a replacement name for Drillia pellati Boussac (1911).
Gemmula osca[50]	Sp. nov	Valid	Pacaud	Eocene (Bartonian)		Spain	A species of Gemmula.
Gibbula lovellreevei[48]	Nom. nov	Valid	Harzhauser	Pliocene		United Kingdom	A Trochidae member; a replacement name for Trochus (Gibbula) reevei Harmer (1923).
Gibbula steiningeri[48]	Nom. nov	Valid	Harzhauser	Early Miocene		Austria	A Trochidae member; a replacement name for Trochus amedei bicincta Schaffer (1912).
Gibbula tavanii[48]	Nom. nov	Valid	Harzhauser	Miocene		Libya	A Trochidae member; a replacement name for Gibbula minima Tavani (1939).
Gibbuliculus[48]	Gen. et comb. et nom. nov	Valid	Harzhauser	Oligocene to Pleistocene		Europe	A Trochidae member; The type species is "Gibbula" brebioni Landau, Van Dingenen & Ceulemans (2017). Genus includes G. saccoi (a replacement name for Gibbula protumida Sacco, 1896).
?Hydrocena praecursor[51]	Sp. nov	In press	Yu & Neubauer	Late Cretaceous (Cenomanian)	Burmese amber	Myanmar	A member of the family Hydrocenidae.
Pleurotomella irminonvilla[50]	Nom. nov	Valid	Pacaud	Eocene (Bartonian)		France	A species of Pleurotomella; a replacement name for Pleurotomella cossmanni Morellet & Morellet (1946).
Truncatella jiaozhouensis[52]	Sp. nov	In press	Yu et al.	Late Cretaceous	Jiaolai Basin	China	A species of Truncatella.
Valvata jiaolaiensis[52]	Sp. nov	In press	Yu et al.	Late Cretaceous	Jiaolai Basin	China	A species of Valvata.

Bivalves

Name	Novelty	Status	Authors	Age	Country	Notes
Freneixicardia picturata[53]	Sp. nov	Valid	Berezovsky	Eocene	Ukraine	A cockle.
Loxocardium marmoreum[53]	Sp. nov	Valid	Berezovsky	Eocene	Ukraine	A cockle.
Schedocardia imperfecta[53]	Sp. nov	Valid	Berezovsky	Eocene	Ukraine	A cockle.

Echinoderms

Name	Novelty	Status	Authors	Age	Type locality	Country	Notes	Images
Cantabrigiaster[54]	Gen. et sp. nov		Hunter & Ortega-Hernández	Early Ordovician	Fezouata Formation	Morocco	A somasteroid asterozoan. The type species is C. fezouataensis.
Trecrinus[55]	Gen. et sp. nov	Valid	Semenov et al.	Ordovician (Darriwilian)		Russia	A hybocrinid crinoid. Genus includes new species T. schmidti.

Conodonts

Name	Novelty	Status	Authors	Age	Type locality	Country	Notes	Images
Ozarkodina huenickeni[56]	Sp. nov	In press	Gómez et al.	Silurian (Ludfordian) to Devonian (Lochkovian)	Los Espejos Formation	Argentina

Fish

Placoderms

Name	Novelty	Status	Authors	Age	Type locality	Country	Notes	Images
Leptodontichthys[57]	Gen. et sp. nov		Jobbins et al.	Devonian (Givetian)	Taboumakhlouf Formation	Morocco	A member of Arthrodira belonging to the family Plourdosteidae. The type species is L. ziregensis.

Ray-finned fishes

Name	Novelty	Status	Authors	Age	Type locality	Country	Notes	Images
Saurichthys sceltrichensis[58]	Sp. nov	Valid	Renesto, Magnani & Stockar	Middle Triassic (Ladinian)	Meride Limestone	Switzerland

Research

A study on the morphological and functional diversity of osteostracan and galeaspid headshields, and on its implications for the knowledge of the ecology of the immediate jawless relatives of jawed vertebrates, is published by Ferrón et al. (2021).[59]
Zhu et al. (2021) use CT scanning to reveal the endocast of Brindabellaspis stensioi, and evaluate the implications of its anatomy for the knowledge of the phylogenetic relationships of early jawed vertebrates.[60]
Description of the first known skull remains of Onchopristis numidus from the Cretaceous Kem Kem Group (Morocco), and a study on the anatomy and phylogenetic relationships of this species, is published by Villalobos-Segura et al. (2021), who name a new family Onchopristidae.[61]
New, exceptionally well‐preserved skeleton of Asteracanthus ornatissimus, preserved with teeth that markedly differ from other teeth referred to Asteracanthus, is described from the Tithonian Altmühltal Formation (Germany) by Stumpf et al. (2021), who interpret this specimen as indicating that Asteracanthus and Strophodus represent two valid genera distinct from all other hybodontiforms.[62]
A study on the biomechanics of teeth of five species of Otodus, aiming to assess the functional significance of morphological trends in otodontid teeth and to test whether the morphology of otodontid teeth enabled the transition from piscivory to predation on marine mammals and the evolution of titanic body sizes, is published by Ballell & Ferrón (2021)[63]
A study on growth patterns, reproductive biology and likely lifespan of Otodus megalodon is published by Shimada et al. (2021).[64]
A review of the fossil record of Early–Middle Triassic marine bony fishes, aiming to determine the implications of poor fossil record from the late Olenekian-early middle Anisian interval on the knowledge of the Triassic radiation of bony fishes, is published by Romano (2021).[65]
A diverse assemblage of late Maastrichtian and Paleocene ray-finned fishes is described from Evrytania (Greece) by Argyriou & Davesne (2021).[66]
A study on the morphological diversity and evolution of pycnodontiforms is published by Cawley et al. (2021).[67]
An ossified lung of a mawsoniid coelacanth is described from the Maastrichtian of Oued Zem (Morocco) by Brito et al. (2021), representing the last known record of a Mesozoic coelacanth and the first known occurrence of coelacanths in the phosphate deposits of North Africa.[68]
A study on the evolution of feeding modes among tetrapodomorphs, as indicated by the anatomy of the skull of Tiktaalik roseae, is published by Lemberg, Daeschler & Shubin (2021), who report the simultaneous occurrence of anatomical modifications of the skull for prey capture through biting, as well as joint morphologies suggestive of cranial kinesis that is also present in suction-feeding fish.[69]

Amphibians

A study on the function and evolution of forelimbs of early tetrapods, based on data from three-dimensional models of bones and muscles of forelimbs of Eusthenopteron foordi, Acanthostega gunnari and Pederpes finneyae, is published by Molnar et al. (2021).[70]
A study on the anatomy and phylogenetic relationships of Macrerpeton huxleyi is published by Schoch & Milner (2021).[71]

Reptiles

Synapsids

New taxa

Name	Novelty	Status	Authors	Age	Type locality	Country	Notes
Acratophorus[72]	Gen. et comb. nov	Valid	Kammerer & Ordoñez	Middle Triassic (Anisian)?	Río Seco de la Quebrada	Argentina	A kannemeyeriid dicynodont, the type species is "Kannemeyeria" argentinensis.
Borealestes cuillinensis[73]	Sp. nov	Valid	Panciroli et al.	Middle Jurassic (Bathonian)	Kilmaluag Formation	United Kingdom	A docodont.
Dobunnodon[73]	Gen. et comb. nov	Valid	Panciroli et al.	Middle Jurassic (Bathonian)	Forest Marble Formation	United Kingdom	A docodont; a new genus for "Borealestes" mussettae Sigogneau−Russell (2003).
Kannemeyeria aganosteus[72]	Sp. nov	Valid	Kammerer & Ordoñez	Middle Triassic (Anisian)?	Quebrada de los Fósiles	Argentina	A species of Kannemeyeria.
Mobaceras[74]	Gen. et sp. nov	Valid	Kammerer & Sidor	Middle Permian	Madumabisa Mudstone	Zambia	A burnetiid therapsid. The type species is G. zambeziense.

Research

New specimen of the Middle Jurassic haramiyidan Vilevolodon diplomylos with well-preserved malleus, incus and ectotympanic is described by Wang et al. (2021).[75]

Mammals

Other animals

New taxa

Name	Novelty	Status	Authors	Age	Type locality	Country	Notes
Arienigraptus balticus[76]	Sp. nov	In press	Maletz & Ahlberg	Ordovician (Darriwilian)		Sweden	A graptolite.
Arienigraptus delicatus[76]	Sp. nov	In press	Maletz & Ahlberg	Ordovician (Darriwilian)		Sweden	A graptolite.
Arienigraptus robustus[76]	Sp. nov	In press	Maletz & Ahlberg	Ordovician (Dapingian)		Sweden	A graptolite.
Buccaspinea[77]	Gen. et sp. nov	Valid	Pates et al.	Cambrian (Drumian)	Marjum Formation	United States ( Utah)	A member of Radiodonta belonging to the family Hurdiidae. The type species is B. cooperi.
Cornulites spinosus[78]	Sp. nov	Valid	Vinn & Eyzenga	Late Ordovician		Netherlands	A cornulitid tubeworm.
Dailyatia icari[79]	Sp. nov	Valid	Claybourn et al.	Cambrian Series 2		Antarctica	A camenellan tommotiid.

Research

Shore et al. (2021) report the first three-dimensional, pyritized preservation of soft tissue in Namacalathus hermanastes from the Nama Group (Namibia), and evaluate the implications of this finding for the knowledge of the phylogenetic relationships of this animal.[80]

Other organisms

New taxa

Name	Novelty	Status	Authors	Age	Type locality	Location	Notes
Bleximothyrium[81]	Gen. et sp. nov	Valid	Le Renard et al.	Early Cretaceous (Aptian)	Potomac Group	United States ( Virginia)	A fungus belonging to the group Dothideomycetes. Genus includes new species B. ostiolatum.
Columnomyces electri[82]	Sp. nov	Valid	Haelewaters & Perreau in Perreau, Haelewaters & Tafforeau	Miocene	Dominican amber	Dominican Republic	A fungus, a species of Columnomyces.
Rhizophydites[83]	Gen. et sp. nov	In press	Krings, Serbet & Harper	Early Devonian	Rhynie chert	United Kingdom	A fungus belonging to the group Chytridiomycota. Genus includes new species R. matryoshkae.

Research

Well-preserved communities of large unbranched filamentous microorganisms, bearing morphological and ecological similarities with large sulfide-oxidizing bacteria such as Beggiatoa, are described from the Ediacaran Itajaí Basin (Brazil) by Becker-Kerber et al. (2021).[84]
Microfossils which may represent early terrestrial fungi are described from the Ediacaran Doushantuo Formation (China) by Gan et al. (2021).[85]
A Rhynie chert fossil Mycokidstonia sphaerialoides, originally interpreted as an ascomycete, is reclassified as a member of Glomeromycota belonging to the family Ambisporaceae by Walker et al. (2021).[86]

History of life in general

A study on the taphonomy of eukaryotic organelles, assessing the basis of the view that organelles decay too rapidly to be fossilized and evaluating the plausibility of the claims of organelles preserved in Proterozoic fossils, is published by Carlisle et al. (2021).[87]
Geyer & Landing (2021) report a hitherto unknown Cambrian Stage 3 Lagerstätte from the Amouslek Formation (Morocco), preserving the first relatively abundant fossils with exceptional preservation from the Cambrian of Morocco (and Africa).[88]
Marchetti et al. (2021) revise the tetrapod (including dinosauromorph) footprint assemblage from the Quarziti del Monte Serra Formation (Ladinian of Italy), and interpret this assemblage and other findings of Ladinian dinosauromorph footprints as evidence of wide dispersal of dinosauromorphs as early as the Middle Triassic.[89]
A study on the age of the most recent Pleistocene megafaunal specimens from Cloggs Cave (Australia), and on its implications for the knowledge of the timing and causes of Late Pleistocene extinctions of Australian megafauna, is published by David et al. (2021).[90]
A study aiming to determine how observed extinctions in the geological past can be predicted from the interaction of long-term temperature trends with short-term climate change is published by Mathes et al. (2021).[91]
A study on correlations between fossilization potential and food web features, aiming to determine how fossilization impacts inferences of ancient community structure, is published by Shaw et al. (2021).[92]

Other research

A study on the 3.4-billion-year old organic films from the Buck Reef Chert (Kaapvaal Craton, South Africa) is published by Alleon et al. (2021), who interpret their findings as indicating that early Archean organic films carry chemical information directly related to their original molecular compositions, and evaluate the implications of their finding for the knowledge of the initial chemical nature of organic microfossils found in ancient rocks.[93]
Evidence of prolonged and repeated oxygen stress in the Appalachian Basin associated with the Late Devonian extinctions is presented by Boyer et al. (2021).[94]
Evidence from the southern Karoo Basin of South Africa indicative of at least four atmospheric carbon dioxide spikes coinciding with extinctions on land and at sea from the Late Permian to the Middle Triassic is presented by Retallack (2021).[95]
A study evaluating whether fuel-driven changes to fire activity during the Cretaceous period had the ability to counteract rising atmospheric oxygen at this time is published by Belcher et al. (2021), who argue that alteration of fire feedbacks driven by the rise of the flowering plants likely lowered atmospheric oxygen levels from ~30% to 25% by the end of the Cretaceous.[96]
White & Campione (2021) describe a workflow in which three-dimensional surface profiles of fragmentary fossils can be quantitatively compared to better-known exemplars in order to identify fragmentary fossils, and apply this workflow to megaraptorid theropod unguals from the Cretaceous of Australia.[97]
Alleon et al. (2021) revise reports of organic molecules in animal fossils, and argue that purported signatures of organic molecules are in reality instrumental artefacts resulting from intense background luminescence.[98]

Paleoclimate

Scotese et al. (2021) estimate how global temperatures have changed during the last 540 million years.[99]
Vento et al. (2021) estimate parameters of the Paleogene to Neogene climate on the basis of data from fossil leaves from the Río Turbio and Río Guillermo formations in southern South America (Argentina).[100]
A study aiming to reconstruct summer and winter temperatures in the Late Pleistocene when Neanderthals were using the site of La Ferrassie (France), based on data from oxygen isotope measurements of bovid tooth enamel, is published by Pederzani et al. (2021).[101]

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Argyriou, T.; Davesne, D. (2021). "Offshore marine actinopterygian assemblages from the Maastrichtian–Paleogene of the Pindos Unit in Eurytania, Greece". PeerJ. 9: e10676. doi:10.7717/peerj.10676. PMC 7825367.
Cawley, J. J.; Marramà, G.; Carnevale, G.; Villafaña, J. A.; López‐Romero, F. A.; Kriwet, J. (2021). "Rise and fall of †Pycnodontiformes: Diversity, competition and extinction of a successful fish clade". Ecology and Evolution. in press. doi:10.1002/ece3.7168.
Brito, P. M.; Martill, D. M.; Eaves, I.; Smith, R.; Cooper, S. L. A. (2021). "A marine Late Cretaceous (Maastrichtian) coelacanth from North Africa". Cretaceous Research. in press: Article 104768. doi:10.1016/j.cretres.2021.104768.
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