Bathonian

Bathonian
	168.3 ± 1.3 – 166.1 ± 1.2 Ma PreꞒ Ꞓ O S D C P T J K Pg N ↓
Chronology
	Key events in the Jurassic -200 — – -195 — – -190 — – -185 — – -180 — – -175 — – -170 — – -165 — – -160 — – -155 — – -150 — – -145 — – M; e; s; o; z; o; i; c T J; u; r; a; s; s; i; c K L; T E; a; r; l; y M; i; d; d; l; e L; a; t; e E; K Rhaetian Hettangian Sinemurian Pliensbachian Toarcian Aalenian Bajocian Bathonian Callovian Oxfordian Kimmeridgian Tithonian Berriasian how to approximate the timescale of key Jurassic events.; Vertical axis: millions of years ago.;
Etymology
Name formality	Formal
Usage information
Celestial body	Earth
Regional usage	Global (ICS)
Time scale(s) used	ICS Time Scale
Definition
Chronological unit	Age
Stratigraphic unit	Stage
Time span formality	Formal
Lower boundary definition	FAD of the Ammonite Gonolkites convergen
Lower boundary GSSP	Ravin du Bès, Bas-Auran, Alpes de Haute, France; 43.9606°N 6.3153°E
GSSP ratified	July 2008[1]
Upper boundary definition	Not formally defined
Upper boundary definition candidates	FAD of the Ammonite genus Kepplerites
Upper boundary GSSP candidate section(s)	Pfeffingen, Swabian Alb, Germany; Russia;

In the geologic timescale the Bathonian is an age and stage of the Middle Jurassic. It lasted from approximately 168.3 Ma to around 166.1 Ma (million years ago). The Bathonian age succeeds the Bajocian age and precedes the Callovian age.[2]

Stratigraphic definitions

The Bathonian stage takes its name from Bath, a spa town in England built on Jurassic limestone (the Latinized form of the town name is Bathonium). The name was introduced in scientific literature by Belgian geologist d'Omalius d'Halloy in 1843. The original type locality was located near Bath. The French palaeontologist Alcide d'Orbigny was in 1852 the first to define the exact length of the stage.

The base of the Bathonian is at the first appearance of ammonite species Parkinsonia (Gonolkites) convergens in the stratigraphic column. The global reference profile for the base of the Bathonian (a GSSP) was ratified as Ravin du Bès, Bas-Auran area, Alpes de Haute Provence, France in 2009.[3] The top of the Bathonian (the base of the Callovian stage) is at the first appearance of ammonite genus Kepplerites.

In the Tethys domain, the Bathonian contains eight ammonite biozones:

zone of Clydoniceras discus
zone of Hecticoceras retrocostatum
zone of Cadomites bremeri
zone of Morrisiceras morrisi
zone of Tulites subcontractus
zone of Procerites progracilis
zone of Procerites aurigerus
zone of Zigzagiceras zigzag

Rocks of Bathonian age are well developed in Europe: in the northwest and southwest oolite limestones are characteristically associated with coral-bearing, crinoidal and other varieties, and with certain beds of clay. In the north and northeast, Russia, etc., clays, sandstones and ferruginous oolites prevail, some of the last being exploited for iron. They occur also in the extreme north of North America and in the Arctic regions, Greenland, Franz Josef Land, etc.; in Africa, Algeria, Tanzania, Madagascar and near the Cape of Good Hope (Enon Beds); in India, Rajputana and Gulf of Kutch, and in South America.[4]

The well-known Caen stone of Normandy and "Hauptrogenstein" of Swabia, as well as the "Eisenkalk" of northwest Germany, and "Klaus-Schichten" of the Austrian Alps, are of Bathonian age.[4]

Palaeontology

Amphibia

Amphibians of the Bathonian
Taxa	Presence	Location	Description	Images
Notobatrachus Notobatrachus degiustoi		La Matilde Formation, Patagonia Argentina	An extinct genus of archaeobatrachian frog and a member of the extant family Ascaphidae. One of the oldest true frogs discovered.	Notobatrachus

†Ankylosaurs

Ankylosaurs of the Bathonian
Taxa	Presence	Location	Description	Images
Tianchisaurus Tianchisaurus nedegoapeferima			A Chinese ankylosaur which lacked a club at the end of its tail. it could possibly be a nodosaur.

†Ornithopods

Ornithopods of the Bathonian
Taxa	Presence	Location	Description	Images
Agilisaurus Agilisaurus louderbacki			A 5-foot-long (1.5 m) bipedal herbivore that was built for speed. It was discovered in one of China's many Callovian deposits.	Agilisaurus
Hexinlusaurus Hexinlusaurus multidens	Bathonian to Callovian	Lower Shaximiao Formation, Sichuan, China	A small ornithischian dinosaur distinguished from all other basal ornithischians by a single autapomorphy, the presence of a marked concavity that extends over the lateral surface of the postorbital.
Xiaosaurus Xiaosaurus dashanpensis			A poorly known Chinese ornithschian that may be related to Hypsilophodon and Lesothosaurus. It was small and vegetarian.
Yandusaurus Yandusaurus hongheensis		Dashanpu Formation, Sichuan, China	A 5-foot-long (1.5 m) Chinese herbivore in the family hypsilophodontidae.

†Sauropods

Sauropods of the Bathonian
Taxa	Presence	Location	Description	Images
Abrosaurus			Abrosaurus was a small (30-foot (9.1 m) adult length) sauropod from China with an unusual skull.	Abrosaurus Cetiosaurus with Megalosaurus Shunosaurus
Atlasaurus			A sauropod named after the mountains where the mythological figure that held the world on his shoulders, it attained lengths of 15 meters (50 ft) and lived in Morocco.
"Bothriospondylus" madagascariensis
Cetiosaurus		Taynton Limestone Formation, England	Cetiosaurus was a large mid to low browsing sauropod from England reaching lengths to 16 meters (50 feet) long, it was possibly the largest dinosaur of its time. it was also hunted by Megalosaurus.
Jobaria	Bathonian-Oxfordian	Tiourarén Formation, Niger	Jobaria was one of the largest sauropods of the Bathonian, reaching 18 meters (60 feet) long, this sauropod was discovered in what is now Niger. It was also thought to have lived from the Hauterivian to Barremian of the Early Cretaceous
Lapparentosaurus
Marmarospondylus		Forest Marble Formation, Wiltshire, England	A dubious sauropod, possibly a macronarian
Shunosaurus		Lower Shaximiao Formation, Sichuan, China	A 10-meter-long, fairly short-necked sauropod with a short deep skull, with fairly robust spatulate teeth. Its tail ended in a club, probably used for fending off predators.
Zigongosaurus		Shaximiao Formation, Sichuan, China

†Stegosauria

Stegosaurs of the Bathonian
Taxa	Presence	Location	Description	Images
Huayangosaurus	Bathonian to Callovian	Lower Shaximiao Formation, Sichuan, China	A 4.5-meter herbivore with a small skull and a spiked tail. Bore the distinctive double row of plates, rising vertically along its arched back, of all the stegosaurians and two pairs of long spikes extending horizontally near the end of its tail	Huayangosaurus

†Plesiosaurians

Plesiosaurians of the Bathonian
Taxa	Presence	Location	Description	Images
Simolestes	Bajocian-Tithonian	Oxfordshire	A 6 meter long pliosaur that lived until the end of the Jurassic period	Restoration of S. vorax -

†Thalattosuchians

Thalattosuchians of the Bathonian
Taxa	Presence	Location	Description	Images
Andrianavoay	Bathonian	Madagascar	A machimosaurid teleosauroid.	Teleidosaurus Teleosaurus
Clovesuurdameredeor	Bathonian	England	A machimosaurid teleosauroid.
Deslongchampsina	Bathonian	Cornbrash Formation of England, and France	A machimosaurid teleosauroid.
Eoneustes	Bajocian-Bathonian	France	A basal metriorhynchoid.
Neptunidraco	earliest Bathonian	Italy	A geosaurine metriorhynchid.
Seldsienean	Bathonian	Cornbrash Formation and Forest Marble Formation of England, and Calcaire de Caen of France	A machimosaurid teleosauroid.
Teleidosaurus	Bathonian	France	A basal metriorhynchoid.
Teleosaurus	Bathonian	France	A teleosaurid teleosauroid.
Yvridiosuchus	Bathonian	Cornbrash Formation of England, and France	A machimosaurid teleosauroid.

Theropods

Theropods of the Bathonian
Taxa	Presence	Location	Description	Images
Afrovenator	Bathonian-Oxfordian	Tiourarén Formation, Niger	Afrovenator was a megalosaurid and the largest carnivorous dinosaur of the Bathonian, reaching 8.5 meters (28 feet) long, this theropod was discovered in what is now Niger. It was also thought to have lived from the Hauterivian to Barremian of the Early Cretaceous	Afrovenator Dubreuillosaurus Gasosaurus Megalosaurus Proceratosaurus Spinostropheus Yangchuanosaurus
Cruxicheiros	Lower Bathonian	Chipping Norton Limestone Formation, England	A basal tetanuran only known from a few remains.
Dubreuillosaurus		Calcaire de Caen Formation, France	A megalosaurid theropod from France.
Gasosaurus	Bathonian- Callovian	Lower Shaximiao Formation, Sichuan, China	An 11–13 foot predator from China whose discovery was assisted by the petroleum industry. It may be the most basal coelurosaurian yet known, a carnosaur or may even be close to the common ancestor of the two groups.
Iliosuchus		Stonesfield Slate, Oxfordshire	A 6-foot-long (1.8 m) European tetanuran theropod of uncertain affinities. Possibly a small megalosaurid or the earliest known tyrannosauroid.
Kileskus		Itat Formation, Sharypovsky District, Krasnoyarsk Krai, Russia	One of the earliest tyrannosauroid dinosaurs. Similar but somewhat larger than its contemporary and closely related Proceratosaurus.
Megalosaurus	Lower/Middle Bathonian	Taynton Limestone Formation, England	The first dinosaur to receive a formal scientific description, Megalosaurus was a 27-foot (8.2 m) carnivore which prowled Jurassic England.
Poekilopleuron		Calcaire de Caen Formation	A carnosaurian theropod from France.
Proceratosaurus[5]	Bathonian[6]	Forest Marble Formation	Proceratosaurus was the earliest definite tyrannosauroid to ever be discovered. It was around 3 meters long.
Spinostropheus	Bathonian-Oxfordian	Tiourarén Formation, Niger	A large ceratosaurian which coexsisted with Afrovenator.
Yangchuanosaurus zigongensis		Lower Shaximiao Formation	A 26-foot Chinese theropod. Yangchuanosaurus' specimens from this time period were formerly classed in a separate later genus, Szechuanosaurus.

†Ammonitida

†Ammonitids of the Bathonian
Taxa	Presence	Location	Description	Images
Asphinctites	Confirmed.[7]			Life restorations of two different ammonite genera.
Cadomites
Cranocephalites	Confirmed.[7]
Epistrenoceras	Confirmed.[7]
Garantiana	Confirmed.[7]
Lissoceras	Confirmed.[7]
Nannolytoceras	Confirmed.[7]
Oecoptychius
Oecotraustes	Confirmed.[7]
Okribites	Confirmed.[7]
Oxycerites
Parkinsonia	Confirmed.[7]
Procerites	Confirmed.[7]
Siemiradzkia	Confirmed.[7]
Somalinautilus

†Belemnites

Belemnites of the Bathonian
Taxa	Presence	Location	Description	Images
Produvalia				Belemnite fossils

References

Notes

Fernández-López, Sixto Rafael; Pavia, Giulio; Erba, Elisabetta; Guiomar, Myette; Maria Helena Henriques; Lanza, Roberto; Mangold, Charles; Morton, Nicol; Olivero, Davide; Daniele Tiraboschi (2009). "The Global Boundary Stratotype Section and Point (GSSP) for base of the Bathonian Stage (Middle Jurassic), Ravin du Bès Section, SE France" (PDF). Episodes. 32 (4): 222–248. doi:10.18814/epiiugs/2009/v32i4/001.
For a detailed geologic timescale, see Gradstein et al. (2004)
López, Fernández; Rafael, Sixto; Pavia, Giulio; Erba, Elisabetta; Guiomar, Myette; Paiva Henriques, María Helena; Lanza, Roberto; Mangold, Charles; Morton, Nicol; Olivero, Davide; Tiraboschi, Daniele (2009). "The Global Boundary Stratotype Section and Point (GSSP) for base of the Bathonian Stage (Middle Jurassic), Ravin du Bès Section, SE France" (PDF). Episodes. 32 (4): 222–248. doi:10.18814/epiiugs/2009/v32i4/001. Archived from the original (PDF) on 4 March 2016. Retrieved 5 June 2015.
One or more of the preceding sentences incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain: Howe, John Allen (1911). "Bathonian Series". In Chisholm, Hugh (ed.). Encyclopædia Britannica. 3 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. p. 513. That article further references A. de Lapparent, Traité de géologie (5th ed., 1906), vol ii.
"Type specimen: BMNH 4860, a partial skull. Its type locality is Minchinhampton reservoir (BMNH R4860), which is in a Bathonian marine limestone in the White Limestone Formation of the United Kingdom".
"Cranial osteology and phylogenetic position of the theropod dinosaur Proceratosaurus bradleyi (Woodward, 1910) from the Middle Jurassic of England".
Sepkoski, Jack (2002). "A compendium of fossil marine animal genera (entry on cephalopoda)". Bulletins of American Paleontology. 364: 560. Archived from the original on 7 May 2008. Retrieved 3 April 2008.

Literature

Gradstein, F.M.; Ogg, J.G. & Smith, A.G.; 2004: A Geologic Time Scale 2004, Cambridge University Press.
d'Omalius d'Halloy, J.B.J.; 1843: Précis élémentaire de géologie, Bertrand, Paris. (in French)

External links

GeoWhen Database - Bathonian
Jurassic-Cretaceous timescale, at the website of the subcommission for stratigraphic information of the ICS
Stratigraphic chart of the Upper Jurassic, at the website of Norges Network of offshore records of geology and stratigraphy

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[1] Fernández-López, Sixto Rafael; Pavia, Giulio; Erba, Elisabetta; Guiomar, Myette; Maria Helena Henriques; Lanza, Roberto; Mangold, Charles; Morton, Nicol; Olivero, Davide; Daniele Tiraboschi (2009). "The Global Boundary Stratotype Section and Point (GSSP) for base of the Bathonian Stage (Middle Jurassic), Ravin du Bès Section, SE France" (PDF). Episodes. 32 (4): 222–248. doi:10.18814/epiiugs/2009/v32i4/001.

[2] For a detailed geologic timescale, see Gradstein et al. (2004)

[3] López, Fernández; Rafael, Sixto; Pavia, Giulio; Erba, Elisabetta; Guiomar, Myette; Paiva Henriques, María Helena; Lanza, Roberto; Mangold, Charles; Morton, Nicol; Olivero, Davide; Tiraboschi, Daniele (2009). "The Global Boundary Stratotype Section and Point (GSSP) for base of the Bathonian Stage (Middle Jurassic), Ravin du Bès Section, SE France" (PDF). Episodes. 32 (4): 222–248. doi:10.18814/epiiugs/2009/v32i4/001. Archived from the original (PDF) on 4 March 2016. Retrieved 5 June 2015.

[EB1911-4] One or more of the preceding sentences incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain: Howe, John Allen (1911). "Bathonian Series". In Chisholm, Hugh (ed.). Encyclopædia Britannica. 3 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. p. 513. That article further references A. de Lapparent, Traité de géologie (5th ed., 1906), vol ii.

[5] "Type specimen: BMNH 4860, a partial skull. Its type locality is Minchinhampton reservoir (BMNH R4860), which is in a Bathonian marine limestone in the White Limestone Formation of the United Kingdom".

[6] "Cranial osteology and phylogenetic position of the theropod dinosaur Proceratosaurus bradleyi (Woodward, 1910) from the Middle Jurassic of England".

[Sepkoski_Ceph-7] Sepkoski, Jack (2002). "A compendium of fossil marine animal genera (entry on cephalopoda)". Bulletins of American Paleontology. 364: 560. Archived from the original on 7 May 2008. Retrieved 3 April 2008.