1988 United States presidential election in Mississippi
The 1988 United States presidential election in Mississippi took place on November 8, 1988. All fifty states and the District of Columbia, were part of the 1988 United States presidential election. Mississippi voters chose seven electors to the Electoral College, which selected the president and vice president.
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County Results
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Mississippi was won by incumbent United States Vice President George H. W. Bush of Texas, who was running against Massachusetts Governor Michael Dukakis. Bush ran with Indiana Senator Dan Quayle as Vice President, and Dukakis ran with Texas Senator Lloyd Bentsen.
Mississippi weighed in for this election as thirteen percentage points more Republican than the national average.
Partisan background
The presidential election of 1988 was a very partisan election for Mississippi, with 99 percent of the electorate voting for either the Democratic or Republican parties,[1] although conservative pineywoods George County saw Ku Klux Klan member David Duke win his largest proportion nationally (though still only around 4%) and saw the largest proportionate third-party vote of any county nationwide.[2] As of the 2020 presidential election, this is the last presidential election where Jackson's highly populated Hinds County gave an absolute majority to the Republican candidate, although Bush would win a plurality in 1992 before the county turned solidly Democratic.[3] During this election, the vast majority of counties in Mississippi voted mainly Republican, except for the notable Democratic stronghold of counties bordering the Mississippi River itself, which tended to vote Democratic during this time.
As of the 2020 presidential election, this is the last election in which Adams County, Kemper County, Washington County, and Leflore County voted for a Republican presidential candidate.[3]
Republican victory
Bush won the election in Mississippi with a solid 20 point sweep-out landslide. During this election, Mississippi continued the trend of voting in par with its sister states in the Deep South, a trend which has continued unbroken since 1960. Though Mississippi tends to vote conservative, the election results in Mississippi for this year are also reflective of a nationwide reconsolidation of base for the Republican Party, which took place through the 1980s. Through the passage of some very controversial economic programs, spearheaded by then President Ronald Reagan (called, collectively, "Reaganomics"), the mid-to-late 1980s saw a period of economic growth and stability. The hallmark for Reaganomics was, in part, the wide-scale deregulation of corporate interests, and tax cuts for the wealthy.[4]
Dukakis ran on a socially liberal platform, and advocated for higher economic regulation and environmental protection. Bush, alternatively, ran on a campaign of continuing the social and economic policies of former President Reagan – which gained him much support with social conservatives and people living in rural areas. Additionally, while the economic programs passed under Reagan, and furthered under Bush and Clinton, may have boosted the economy for a brief period, they are criticized by many analysts as "setting the stage" for economic troubles in the United States after 2007, such as the Great Recession.[5]
Elections in Mississippi |
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Results
1988 United States presidential election in Mississippi | |||||
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Party | Candidate | Votes | Percentage | Electoral votes | |
Republican | George H. W. Bush | 557,890 | 59.89% | 7 | |
Democratic | Michael Dukakis | 363,921 | 39.07% | 0 | |
Independent | David Duke | 4,232 | 0.45% | 0 | |
Libertarian | Ron Paul | 3,329 | 0.36% | 0 | |
Independent | Lenora Fulani | 2,155 | 0.23% | 0 | |
Totals | 931,527 | 100.00% | 7 |
Results by county
County | George Herbert Walker Bush Republican |
Michael Stanley Dukakis Democratic |
David Ernest Duke[6] Independent |
Ronald Ernest Paul[6] Libertarian |
Leonora Branch Fulani[6] Independent |
Margin | Total votes cast | ||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
# | % | # | % | # | % | # | % | # | % | # | % | ||
Adams | 8,116 | 50.74% | 7,732 | 48.34% | 96 | 0.60% | 25 | 0.16% | 25 | 0.16% | 384 | 2.40% | 15,994 |
Alcorn | 6,641 | 54.88% | 5,335 | 44.08% | 38 | 0.31% | 73 | 0.60% | 15 | 0.12% | 1,306 | 10.79% | 12,102 |
Amite | 3,333 | 53.88% | 2,834 | 45.81% | 14 | 0.23% | 5 | 0.08% | 0 | 0.00% | 499 | 8.07% | 6,186 |
Attala | 4,524 | 59.87% | 2,997 | 39.66% | 21 | 0.28% | 7 | 0.09% | 7 | 0.09% | 1,527 | 20.21% | 7,556 |
Benton | 1,565 | 47.30% | 1,718 | 51.92% | 20 | 0.60% | 3 | 0.09% | 3 | 0.09% | -153 | -4.62% | 3,309 |
Bolivar | 6,105 | 43.34% | 7,606 | 54.00% | 101 | 0.72% | 204 | 1.45% | 69 | 0.49% | -1,501 | -10.66% | 14,085 |
Calhoun | 3,375 | 61.55% | 2,086 | 38.04% | 7 | 0.13% | 11 | 0.20% | 4 | 0.07% | 1,289 | 23.51% | 5,483 |
Carroll | 2,628 | 62.51% | 1,560 | 37.11% | 1 | 0.02% | 11 | 0.26% | 4 | 0.10% | 1,068 | 25.40% | 4,204 |
Chickasaw | 3,390 | 55.35% | 2,713 | 44.29% | 15 | 0.24% | 1 | 0.02% | 6 | 0.10% | 677 | 11.05% | 6,125 |
Choctaw | 2,297 | 62.98% | 1,335 | 36.61% | 10 | 0.27% | 2 | 0.05% | 3 | 0.08% | 962 | 26.38% | 3,647 |
Claiborne | 1,233 | 28.35% | 3,083 | 70.89% | 12 | 0.28% | 6 | 0.14% | 15 | 0.34% | -1,850 | -42.54% | 4,349 |
Clarke | 4,522 | 63.71% | 2,576 | 36.29% | 0 | 0.00% | 0 | 0.00% | 0 | 0.00% | 1,946 | 27.42% | 7,098 |
Clay | 3,645 | 48.26% | 3,849 | 50.96% | 39 | 0.52% | 10 | 0.13% | 10 | 0.13% | -204 | -2.70% | 7,553 |
Coahoma | 4,939 | 43.79% | 6,139 | 54.43% | 86 | 0.76% | 76 | 0.67% | 38 | 0.34% | -1,200 | -10.64% | 11,278 |
Copiah | 5,100 | 54.64% | 4,175 | 44.73% | 28 | 0.30% | 23 | 0.25% | 8 | 0.09% | 925 | 9.91% | 9,334 |
Covington | 4,005 | 60.38% | 2,591 | 39.06% | 24 | 0.36% | 7 | 0.11% | 6 | 0.09% | 1,414 | 21.32% | 6,633 |
DeSoto | 14,681 | 72.50% | 5,449 | 26.91% | 57 | 0.28% | 43 | 0.21% | 20 | 0.10% | 9,232 | 45.59% | 20,250 |
Forrest | 14,249 | 66.84% | 6,953 | 32.62% | 52 | 0.24% | 38 | 0.18% | 26 | 0.12% | 7,296 | 34.22% | 21,318 |
Franklin | 2,376 | 59.97% | 1,563 | 39.45% | 14 | 0.35% | 6 | 0.15% | 3 | 0.08% | 813 | 20.52% | 3,962 |
George | 4,545 | 58.40% | 2,435 | 31.29% | 328 | 4.21% | 253 | 3.25% | 221 | 2.84% | 2,110 | 27.11% | 7,782 |
Greene | 2,837 | 57.08% | 1,637 | 32.94% | 195 | 3.90% | 187 | 3.74% | 144 | 2.88% | 1,200 | 24.14% | 4,970 |
Grenada | 5,352 | 59.10% | 3,683 | 40.67% | 4 | 0.04% | 9 | 0.10% | 8 | 0.09% | 1,669 | 18.43% | 9,056 |
Hancock | 7,763 | 66.42% | 3,760 | 32.17% | 104 | 0.90% | 31 | 0.27% | 29 | 0.25% | 4,003 | 34.25% | 11,687 |
Harrison | 32,892 | 68.88% | 14,439 | 30.24% | 191 | 0.40% | 162 | 0.34% | 70 | 0.15% | 18,453 | 38.64% | 47,754 |
Hinds | 52,749 | 55.52% | 41,058 | 43.22% | 593 | 0.62% | 315 | 0.33% | 291 | 0.31% | 11,691 | 12.31% | 95,006 |
Holmes | 2,737 | 33.68% | 5,350 | 65.84% | 18 | 0.22% | 8 | 0.10% | 13 | 0.16% | -2,613 | -32.16% | 8,126 |
Humphreys | 2,018 | 42.98% | 2,644 | 56.32% | 12 | 0.26% | 11 | 0.23% | 10 | 0.21% | -626 | -13.33% | 4,695 |
Issaquena | 424 | 43.58% | 511 | 52.52% | 17 | 1.75% | 11 | 1.13% | 10 | 1.03% | -87 | -8.94% | 973 |
Itawamba | 4,535 | 58.95% | 3,143 | 40.86% | 7 | 0.09% | 6 | 0.08% | 2 | 0.03% | 1,392 | 18.09% | 7,693 |
Jackson | 29,830 | 73.90% | 10,328 | 25.59% | 85 | 0.21% | 76 | 0.19% | 45 | 0.11% | 19,502 | 48.32% | 40,364 |
Jasper | 3,368 | 51.25% | 3,184 | 48.45% | 8 | 0.12% | 5 | 0.08% | 7 | 0.11% | 184 | 2.80% | 6,572 |
Jefferson | 702 | 20.64% | 2,693 | 79.18% | 1 | 0.03% | 1 | 0.03% | 4 | 0.12% | -1,991 | -58.54% | 3,401 |
Jefferson Davis | 2,745 | 47.92% | 2,948 | 51.47% | 20 | 0.35% | 6 | 0.10% | 9 | 0.16% | -203 | -3.54% | 5,728 |
Jones | 16,764 | 69.07% | 7,383 | 30.42% | 65 | 0.27% | 27 | 0.11% | 33 | 0.14% | 9,381 | 38.65% | 24,272 |
Kemper | 2,128 | 50.25% | 2,069 | 48.85% | 16 | 0.38% | 12 | 0.28% | 10 | 0.24% | 59 | 1.39% | 4,235 |
Lafayette | 5,841 | 59.29% | 3,967 | 40.27% | 18 | 0.18% | 17 | 0.17% | 9 | 0.09% | 1,874 | 19.02% | 9,852 |
Lamar | 9,145 | 77.86% | 2,535 | 21.58% | 42 | 0.36% | 13 | 0.11% | 11 | 0.09% | 6,610 | 56.27% | 11,746 |
Lauderdale | 18,302 | 68.99% | 7,967 | 30.03% | 77 | 0.29% | 138 | 0.52% | 45 | 0.17% | 10,335 | 38.96% | 26,529 |
Lawrence | 3,682 | 59.17% | 2,517 | 40.45% | 12 | 0.19% | 6 | 0.10% | 6 | 0.10% | 1,165 | 18.72% | 6,223 |
Leake | 4,168 | 59.86% | 2,787 | 40.03% | 2 | 0.03% | 3 | 0.04% | 3 | 0.04% | 1,381 | 19.83% | 6,963 |
Lee | 13,767 | 66.42% | 6,604 | 31.86% | 56 | 0.27% | 261 | 1.26% | 40 | 0.19% | 7,163 | 34.56% | 20,728 |
Leflore | 6,409 | 50.95% | 5,830 | 46.35% | 129 | 1.03% | 147 | 1.17% | 64 | 0.51% | 579 | 4.60% | 12,579 |
Lincoln | 8,710 | 65.50% | 4,534 | 34.10% | 42 | 0.32% | 5 | 0.04% | 6 | 0.05% | 4,176 | 31.41% | 13,297 |
Lowndes | 11,258 | 64.96% | 5,993 | 34.58% | 29 | 0.17% | 27 | 0.16% | 24 | 0.14% | 5,265 | 30.38% | 17,331 |
Madison | 11,399 | 57.50% | 8,242 | 41.57% | 99 | 0.50% | 41 | 0.21% | 44 | 0.22% | 3,157 | 15.92% | 19,825 |
Marion | 7,019 | 61.87% | 4,240 | 37.38% | 50 | 0.44% | 17 | 0.15% | 18 | 0.16% | 2,779 | 24.50% | 11,344 |
Marshall | 4,668 | 39.72% | 6,982 | 59.42% | 47 | 0.40% | 32 | 0.27% | 22 | 0.19% | -2,314 | -19.69% | 11,751 |
Monroe | 6,447 | 57.70% | 4,669 | 41.79% | 33 | 0.30% | 14 | 0.13% | 10 | 0.09% | 1,778 | 15.91% | 11,173 |
Montgomery | 2,504 | 56.79% | 1,893 | 42.93% | 6 | 0.14% | 4 | 0.09% | 2 | 0.05% | 611 | 13.86% | 4,409 |
Neshoba | 6,363 | 68.08% | 2,942 | 31.48% | 19 | 0.20% | 17 | 0.18% | 6 | 0.06% | 3,421 | 36.60% | 9,347 |
Newton | 5,658 | 70.70% | 2,332 | 29.14% | 6 | 0.07% | 5 | 0.06% | 2 | 0.02% | 3,326 | 41.56% | 8,003 |
Noxubee | 1,870 | 40.38% | 2,722 | 58.78% | 17 | 0.37% | 12 | 0.26% | 10 | 0.22% | -852 | -18.40% | 4,631 |
Oktibbeha | 7,126 | 57.99% | 5,100 | 41.50% | 19 | 0.15% | 22 | 0.18% | 22 | 0.18% | 2,026 | 16.49% | 12,289 |
Panola | 5,382 | 50.46% | 5,222 | 48.96% | 28 | 0.26% | 17 | 0.16% | 16 | 0.15% | 160 | 1.50% | 10,665 |
Pearl River | 10,220 | 71.30% | 3,939 | 27.48% | 124 | 0.87% | 33 | 0.23% | 17 | 0.12% | 6,281 | 43.82% | 14,333 |
Perry | 2,983 | 68.62% | 1,326 | 30.50% | 27 | 0.62% | 6 | 0.14% | 5 | 0.12% | 1,657 | 38.12% | 4,347 |
Pike | 7,637 | 53.63% | 6,531 | 45.87% | 43 | 0.30% | 18 | 0.13% | 10 | 0.07% | 1,106 | 7.77% | 14,239 |
Pontotoc | 4,939 | 63.81% | 2,772 | 35.81% | 17 | 0.22% | 11 | 0.14% | 1 | 0.01% | 2,167 | 28.00% | 7,740 |
Prentiss | 4,348 | 55.09% | 3,429 | 43.45% | 43 | 0.54% | 45 | 0.57% | 27 | 0.34% | 919 | 11.64% | 7,892 |
Quitman | 1,832 | 42.11% | 2,497 | 57.39% | 10 | 0.23% | 4 | 0.09% | 8 | 0.18% | -665 | -15.28% | 4,351 |
Rankin | 22,937 | 78.41% | 6,201 | 21.20% | 46 | 0.16% | 39 | 0.13% | 31 | 0.11% | 16,736 | 57.21% | 29,254 |
Scott | 5,522 | 65.06% | 2,939 | 34.63% | 15 | 0.18% | 6 | 0.07% | 6 | 0.07% | 2,583 | 30.43% | 8,488 |
Sharkey | 1,277 | 43.00% | 1,609 | 54.18% | 35 | 1.18% | 27 | 0.91% | 22 | 0.74% | -332 | -11.18% | 2,970 |
Simpson | 6,151 | 66.69% | 3,016 | 32.70% | 25 | 0.27% | 26 | 0.28% | 5 | 0.05% | 3,135 | 33.99% | 9,223 |
Smith | 4,573 | 72.76% | 1,660 | 26.41% | 36 | 0.57% | 13 | 0.21% | 3 | 0.05% | 2,913 | 46.35% | 6,285 |
Stone | 3,007 | 66.84% | 1,452 | 32.27% | 26 | 0.58% | 13 | 0.29% | 1 | 0.02% | 1,555 | 34.56% | 4,499 |
Sunflower | 4,362 | 46.96% | 4,898 | 52.73% | 14 | 0.15% | 12 | 0.13% | 3 | 0.03% | -536 | -5.77% | 9,289 |
Tallahatchie | 2,633 | 47.47% | 2,881 | 51.94% | 15 | 0.27% | 15 | 0.27% | 3 | 0.05% | -248 | -4.47% | 5,547 |
Tate | 4,553 | 61.12% | 2,872 | 38.56% | 10 | 0.13% | 9 | 0.12% | 5 | 0.07% | 1,681 | 22.57% | 7,449 |
Tippah | 4,593 | 60.41% | 2,958 | 38.91% | 20 | 0.26% | 15 | 0.20% | 17 | 0.22% | 1,635 | 21.50% | 7,603 |
Tishomingo | 3,646 | 51.70% | 3,378 | 47.90% | 14 | 0.20% | 12 | 0.17% | 2 | 0.03% | 268 | 3.80% | 7,052 |
Tunica | 896 | 36.87% | 1,510 | 62.14% | 18 | 0.74% | 3 | 0.12% | 3 | 0.12% | -614 | -25.27% | 2,430 |
Union | 5,511 | 64.15% | 3,044 | 35.43% | 15 | 0.17% | 12 | 0.14% | 9 | 0.10% | 2,467 | 28.72% | 8,591 |
Walthall | 3,103 | 56.40% | 2,354 | 42.78% | 29 | 0.53% | 11 | 0.20% | 5 | 0.09% | 749 | 13.61% | 5,502 |
Warren | 12,507 | 62.01% | 7,437 | 36.87% | 79 | 0.39% | 68 | 0.34% | 79 | 0.39% | 5,070 | 25.14% | 20,170 |
Washington | 10,229 | 49.45% | 10,222 | 49.41% | 84 | 0.41% | 87 | 0.42% | 65 | 0.31% | 7 | 0.03% | 20,687 |
Wayne | 4,496 | 60.64% | 2,889 | 38.97% | 12 | 0.16% | 12 | 0.16% | 5 | 0.07% | 1,607 | 21.68% | 7,414 |
Webster | 3,061 | 66.08% | 1,550 | 33.46% | 14 | 0.30% | 5 | 0.11% | 2 | 0.04% | 1,511 | 32.62% | 4,632 |
Wilkinson | 1,528 | 36.18% | 2,678 | 63.41% | 6 | 0.14% | 9 | 0.21% | 2 | 0.05% | -1,150 | -27.23% | 4,223 |
Winston | 5,317 | 57.61% | 3,851 | 41.73% | 15 | 0.16% | 28 | 0.30% | 18 | 0.20% | 1,466 | 15.88% | 9,229 |
Yalobusha | 2,660 | 52.23% | 2,402 | 47.16% | 19 | 0.37% | 7 | 0.14% | 5 | 0.10% | 258 | 5.07% | 5,093 |
Yazoo | 5,538 | 48.03% | 4,989 | 43.27% | 391 | 3.39% | 314 | 2.72% | 298 | 2.58% | 549 | 4.76% | 11,530 |
Totals | 557,890 | 59.89% | 363,921 | 39.07% | 4,232 | 0.45% | 3,329 | 0.36% | 2,155 | 0.23% | 193,969 | 20.82% | 931,527 |
See also
References
- "1988 Presidential General Election Results – Mississippi". Dave Leip's Atlas of U.S. Presidential Elections. Retrieved 2018-02-23.
- Dave Leip's U.S. Election Atlas; 1988 Presidential Election Statistics
- Sullivan, Robert David; ‘How the Red and Blue Map Evolved Over the Past Century’; America Magazine in The National Catholic Review; June 29, 2016
- "Since 1980s, the Kindest of Tax Cuts for the Rich". The New York Times. 2012-01-18. Retrieved 2013-07-21.
- Jerry Lanson (2008-11-06). "A historic victory. A changed nation. Now, can Obama deliver?". Christian Science Monitor. Retrieved 2013-07-21.
- "MS US President Race, November 08, 1988". Our Campaigns.