1957 in spaceflight
The first orbital flight of an artificial satellite, Sputnik 1, was launched in October 1957, by the Soviet Union.
 Artist's impression of Sputnik 1, the first artificial satellite, in orbit | |
| Orbital launches | |
|---|---|
| First | 4 October |
| Last | 6 December |
| Total | 3 |
| Successes | 1 |
| Failures | 1 |
| Partial failures | 1 |
| Catalogued | 2 |
| National firsts | |
| Spaceflight | .svg.png.webp){kind=small} Australia United Kingdom |
| Satellite |  Soviet Union |
| Orbital launch | Soviet Union |
| Rockets | |
| Maiden flights | Sputnik-PS Vanguard |
| Retirements | Sputnik-PS |
In November, the second orbital flight took place. The Soviet Union launched the first animal to orbit the Earth, a dog, Laika, who died in orbit a few hours after launch.
There were also 189 suborbital launches, many unsuccessful.
Launches
}}
| Date and time (UTC) | Rocket | Flight number | Launch site | LSP | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Payload (⚀ = CubeSat) |
Operator | Orbit | Function | Decay (UTC) | Outcome | ||
| Remarks | |||||||
January | |||||||
| 8 January | .svg.png.webp){kind=small} X-17 |
Cape Canaveral LC-3 |
US Air Force | ||||
| US Air Force | Suborbital | REV test | 8 January | Successful | |||
| Apogee: 140 kilometres (87 mi) | |||||||
| 15 January | X-17 |
Cape Canaveral LC-3 |
US Air Force | ||||
| US Air Force | Suborbital | REV test | 15 January | Launch failure | |||
| Apogee: 100 kilometres (62 mi) | |||||||
| 19 January | R-5M Pobeda |
Kapustin Yar |
OKB-1 | ||||
| OKB-1 | Suborbital | Nuclear test | 19 January | Successful | |||
| Apogee: 500 kilometres (310 mi) | |||||||
| 26 January | PGM-17 Thor DM-18 |
Cape Canaveral LC-17B |
US Air Force | ||||
| US Air Force | Suborbital | Missile test | 26 January | Launch failure | |||
| Maiden launch of Thor missile, exploded on launch pad | |||||||
| 29 January | X-17 |
Cape Canaveral LC-3 |
US Air Force | ||||
| US Air Force | Suborbital | REV test | 29 January | Launch failure | |||
February | |||||||
| 2 February 08:05 |
Aerobee AJ10-34 |
Holloman LC-A |
US Air Force | ||||
| Firefly |
US Air Force | Suborbital | Aeronomy | 2 February | Successful | ||
| Apogee: 143 kilometres (89 mi) | |||||||
| 7 February | X-17 |
Cape Canaveral LC-3 |
US Air Force | ||||
| US Air Force | Suborbital | REV test | 7 February | Successful | |||
| Apogee: 107 kilometres (66 mi) | |||||||
| 14 February | X-17 |
Cape Canaveral LC-3 |
US Air Force | ||||
| US Air Force | Suborbital | REV test | 14 February | Successful | |||
| Apogee: 141 kilometres (88 mi) | |||||||
March | |||||||
| 1 March 21:51 |
PGM-19 Jupiter |
Cape Canaveral LC-5 |
US Air Force | ||||
| ABMA | Suborbital | Missile test | 1 March | Launch failure | |||
| Apogee: 14 kilometres (8.7 mi), maiden flight of Jupiter missile, overheated and disintegrated | |||||||
| 1 March | X-17 |
Cape Canaveral LC-3 |
US Air Force | ||||
| US Air Force | Suborbital | REV test | 1 March | Successful | |||
| Apogee: 151 kilometres (94 mi) | |||||||
| 11 March | X-17 |
Cape Canaveral LC-3 |
US Air Force | ||||
| US Air Force | Suborbital | REV test | 11 March | Successful | |||
| Apogee: 134 kilometres (83 mi) | |||||||
| 21 March | X-17 |
Cape Canaveral LC-3 |
US Air Force | ||||
| US Air Force | Suborbital | REV test | 21 March | Successful | |||
| Apogee: 103 kilometres (64 mi) | |||||||
| 25 March | R-11M Zemlya |
Kapustin Yar |
OKB-1 | ||||
| OKB-1 | Suborbital | Missile test | 25 March | Unknown | |||
| Apogee: 200 kilometres (120 mi) | |||||||
| 29 March 04:51 |
Aerobee RTV-N-10c |
White Sands LC-35 |
US Navy | ||||
| NRL | Suborbital | UV astronomy | 29 March | Successful | |||
| Apogee: 135 kilometres (84 mi) | |||||||
April | |||||||
| 11 April 16:31 |
Aerobee-150 (Hi) |
White Sands LC-35 |
US Navy | ||||
| NRL | Suborbital | Technology | 11 April | Successful | |||
| Apogee: 204 kilometres (127 mi) | |||||||
| 11 April | R-11M Zemlya |
Kapustin Yar |
OKB-1 | ||||
| OKB-1 | Suborbital | Missile test | 11 April | Unknown | |||
| Apogee: 200 kilometres (120 mi) | |||||||
| 12 April |  R-2A |
Kapustin Yar |
OKB-1 | ||||
| OKB-1 | Suborbital | Missile test | 12 April | Successful | |||
| Apogee: 100 kilometres (62 mi) | |||||||
| 13 April | X-17 |
Cape Canaveral LC-3 |
US Air Force | ||||
| US Navy | Suborbital | REV test | 13 April | Successful | |||
| Apogee: 100 kilometres (62 mi) | |||||||
| 14 April | R-2A |
Kapustin Yar |
OKB-1 | ||||
| OKB-1 | Suborbital | Missile test | 14 April | Successful | |||
| Apogee: 100 kilometres (62 mi) | |||||||
| 20 April 04:33 |
PGM-17 Thor DM-18 |
Cape Canaveral LC-17B |
US Air Force | ||||
| US Air Force | Suborbital | Missile test | 20 April | Launch failure | |||
| Destroyed by range safety after console error gave erroneous indications that the missile was off course | |||||||
| 26 April 20:12 |
PGM-19 Jupiter |
Cape Canaveral LC-5 |
US Air Force | ||||
| US Air Force | Suborbital | Missile test | 26 April | Launch failure | |||
| Apogee: 18 kilometres (11 mi) | |||||||
| 30 April 15:10 |
Aerobee-150 (Hi) |
White Sands LC-35 |
US Navy | ||||
| NRL | Suborbital | Meteorite research | 30 April | Successful | |||
| Apogee: 289 kilometres (180 mi) | |||||||
| April | R-11M Zemlya |
Kapustin Yar |
OKB-1 | ||||
| OKB-1 | Suborbital | Missile test | Unknown | ||||
| Apogee: 200 kilometres (120 mi) | |||||||
May | |||||||
| 1 May 06:29 |
Viking |
Cape Canaveral LC-18A |
US Navy | ||||
| US Navy | Suborbital | Technology | 1 May | Successful | |||
| Apogee: 195 kilometres (121 mi), final flight of Viking | |||||||
| 3 May 14:04 |
Aerobee-150 (Hi) |
White Sands LC-35 |
US Navy | ||||
| Sunfollower |
NRL | Suborbital | Solar | 3 May | Successful | ||
| Apogee: 204 kilometres (127 mi) | |||||||
| 15 May 07:55 |
Jupiter-C |
Cape Canaveral LC-6 |
ABMA | ||||
| ABMA | Suborbital | REV test | 15 May | Launch failure | |||
| Apogee: 655 kilometres (407 mi), gyroscope malfunctioned 134 seconds after launch, missed landing point by 778 kilometres (483 mi) | |||||||
| 15 May 16:01 |
R-7 Semyorka |
Baikonur Site 1/5 |
MVS | ||||
| MVS | Suborbital | Missile test | 15 May | Launch failure | |||
| Maiden flight of R-7 and first launch of an ICBM. Engine fire in Block D booster rocket at liftoff, followed by premature separation 98 seconds after launch. Apogee: 100 kilometres (62 mi) | |||||||
| 16 May 02:14 |
R-2A |
Kapustin Yar |
OKB-1 | ||||
| OKB-1/AN | Suborbital | Missile test | 16 May | Successful | |||
| Apogee: 200 kilometres (120 mi) | |||||||
| 16 May 03:18 |
R-2A |
Kapustin Yar |
OKB-1 | ||||
| OKB-1/AN | Suborbital | Missile test Biological | 16 May | Successful | |||
| Apogee: 200 kilometres (120 mi) | |||||||
| 22 May 03:00 |
PGM-17 Thor DM-18 |
Cape Canaveral LC-17B |
US Air Force | ||||
| US Air Force | Suborbital | Missile test | 22 May | Launch failure | |||
| Exploded on pad after valve malfunction caused pressure build up | |||||||
| 24 May | R-2A |
Kapustin Yar |
OKB-1 | ||||
| OKB-1/AN | Suborbital | Missile test Biological | 24 May | Successful | |||
| Apogee: 200 kilometres (120 mi) | |||||||
| 31 May 18:08 |
PGM-19 Jupiter |
Cape Canaveral LC-5 |
US Air Force | ||||
| US Air Force | Suborbital | Missile test | 31 May | Successful | |||
| Apogee: 500 kilometres (310 mi) | |||||||
June | |||||||
| 7 June | R-2A |
Kapustin Yar |
OKB-1 | ||||
| OKB-1 | Suborbital | Target | 7 June | Successful | |||
| Apogee: 100 kilometres (62 mi) | |||||||
| 10 June | R-2A |
Kapustin Yar |
OKB-1 | ||||
| OKB-1 | Suborbital | Target | 10 June | Successful | |||
| Apogee: 100 kilometres (62 mi) | |||||||
| 11 June 19:37 |
SM-65A Atlas |
Cape Canaveral LC-14 |
US Air Force | ||||
| US Air Force | Suborbital | Missile test | +23 seconds | Launch failure | |||
| Maiden flight of Atlas missile, destroyed by range safety after fuel system malfunction, apogee: 3 kilometres (1.9 mi) | |||||||
| 18 June 14:00 |
Aerobee-150 (Hi) |
Holloman LC-A |
US Air Force | ||||
| US Air Force | Suborbital | Ionospheric | 18 June | Successful | |||
| Apogee: 171 kilometres (106 mi) | |||||||
| 22 June | R-2A |
Kapustin Yar |
OKB-1 | ||||
| OKB-1 | Suborbital | Target | 22 June | Successful | |||
| Apogee: 100 kilometres (62 mi) | |||||||
| 22 June | R-12 Dvina |
Kapustin Yar |
OKB-1 | ||||
| OKB-1 | Suborbital | Missile test | 22 June | Successful | |||
| Apogee: 402 kilometres (250 mi), maiden flight of R-12 | |||||||
| 23 June | R-2A |
Kapustin Yar |
OKB-1 | ||||
| OKB-1 | Suborbital | Target | 23 June | Successful | |||
| Apogee: 100 kilometres (62 mi) | |||||||
| 25 June 14:07 |
Aerobee-150 (Hi) |
Holloman LC-A |
US Air Force | ||||
| US Air Force | Suborbital | Ionospheric | 25 June | Successful | |||
| Apogee: 202 kilometres (126 mi) | |||||||
| 27 June | X-17 |
Cape Canaveral LC-3 |
US Air Force | ||||
| US Navy | Suborbital | REV test | 27 June | Successful | |||
| Apogee: 100 kilometres (62 mi) | |||||||
| 28 June | R-2A |
Kapustin Yar |
OKB-1 | ||||
| OKB-1 | Suborbital | Target | 28 June | Successful | |||
| Apogee: 100 kilometres (62 mi) | |||||||
| 29 June | R-2A |
Kapustin Yar |
OKB-1 | ||||
| OKB-1 | Suborbital | Target | 29 June | Successful | |||
| Apogee: 100 kilometres (62 mi) | |||||||
July | |||||||
| 3 July 09:28 |
Nike-Deacon |
San Nicolas |
US Navy | ||||
| NRL | Suborbital | Solar | 3 July | Successful | |||
| Apogee: 113 kilometres (70 mi) | |||||||
| 4 July 17:15:40 |
Aerobee-150 (Hi) |
.svg.png.webp){kind=small} Churchill |
US Navy | ||||
| NRL | Suborbital | Ionospheric | 4 July | Successful | |||
| Apogee: 237 kilometres (147 mi) | |||||||
| 4 July | R-2A |
Kapustin Yar |
OKB-1 | ||||
| OKB-1 | Suborbital | Target | 4 July | Successful | |||
| Apogee: 100 kilometres (62 mi) | |||||||
| 5 July 05:17:56 |
Aerobee-150 (Hi) |
Churchill |
US Navy | ||||
| NRL | Suborbital | Ionospheric | 5 July | Launch failure | |||
| Apogee: 16 kilometres (9.9 mi) | |||||||
| 5 July | R-2A |
Kapustin Yar |
OKB-1 | ||||
| OKB-1 | Suborbital | Target | 5 July | Successful | |||
| Apogee: 100 kilometres (62 mi) | |||||||
| 12 July 12:53 |
R-7 Semyorka |
Baikonur Site 1/5 |
MVS | ||||
| MVS | Suborbital | Missile test | 12 July | Launch failure | |||
| Control system short-circuited resulting in loss of control, boosters fell off 33 seconds after launch, apogee: 20 kilometres (12 mi) | |||||||
| 15 July 14:23 |
Nike-Deacon |
San Nicolas |
US Navy | ||||
| NRL | Suborbital | Solar | 15 July | Launch failure | |||
| Apogee: 28 kilometres (17 mi) | |||||||
| 16 July | X-17 |
Cape Canaveral LC-3 |
US Air Force | ||||
| US Navy | Suborbital | REV test | 16 July | Successful | |||
| Apogee: 100 kilometres (62 mi) | |||||||
| 16 July | Aerobee |
Holloman LC-A |
US Air Force | ||||
| US Air Force | Suborbital | Meteorite research | 16 July | Successful | |||
| Apogee: 100 kilometres (62 mi) | |||||||
| 18 July | Aerobee |
Holloman LC-A |
US Air Force | ||||
| US Air Force | Suborbital | Meteorite research | 18 July | Successful | |||
| Apogee: 100 kilometres (62 mi) | |||||||
| 19 July | X-17 |
Cape Canaveral LC-3 |
US Air Force | ||||
| US Navy | Suborbital | REV test | 19 July | Successful | |||
| Apogee: 100 kilometres (62 mi) | |||||||
| 22 July | X-17 |
Cape Canaveral LC-3 |
US Air Force | ||||
| US Air Force | Suborbital | REV test | 22 July | Successful | |||
| Apogee: 114 kilometres (71 mi) | |||||||
| 23 July 16:29 |
Nike-Deacon |
San Nicolas |
US Navy | ||||
| NRL | Suborbital | Solar | 23 July | Successful | |||
| Apogee: 129 kilometres (80 mi) | |||||||
| 29 July 21:59 |
Aerobee-150 (Hi) |
Churchill |
US Navy | ||||
| NRL | Suborbital | Aeronomy | 29 July | Successful | |||
| Apogee: 210 kilometres (130 mi) | |||||||
| 30 July 18:10 |
Nike-Cajun |
Churchill |
US Air Force | ||||
| US Air Force | Suborbital | Aeronomy | 30 July | Launch failure | |||
| Apogee: 25 kilometres (16 mi) | |||||||
| July | R-12 Dvina |
Kapustin Yar |
OKB-1 | ||||
| OKB-1 | Suborbital | Missile test | Successful | ||||
| Apogee: 402 kilometres (250 mi) | |||||||
| July | R-12 Dvina |
Kapustin Yar |
OKB-1 | ||||
| OKB-1 | Suborbital | Missile test | Successful | ||||
| Apogee: 402 kilometres (250 mi) | |||||||
| July | R-12 Dvina |
Kapustin Yar |
OKB-1 | ||||
| OKB-1 | Suborbital | Missile test | Successful | ||||
| Apogee: 402 kilometres (250 mi) | |||||||
August | |||||||
| 5 August 11:53 |
Loki Rockoon |
USS Plymouth Rock, IGY Atlantic Launch Site 01 LP-1 |
SUI | ||||
| SUI | Suborbital | Aeronomy | 5 August 11:53 | Successful | |||
| Apogee: 100 kilometres (62 mi) | |||||||
| 5 August 12:20 |
Nike-Deacon |
San Nicolas |
US Navy | ||||
| NRL | Suborbital | Solar | 5 August | Launch failure | |||
| Apogee: 14 kilometres (8.7 mi) | |||||||
| 5 August 16:59 |
Loki Rockoon |
USS Plymouth Rock, IGY Atlantic Launch Site 01 LP-2 |
SUI | ||||
| SUI | Suborbital | 5 August | Successful | ||||
| Apogee: 100 kilometres (62 mi) | |||||||
| 6 August 10:52 |
Loki Rockoon |
USS Plymouth Rock, IGY Atlantic Launch Site 01 LP-3 |
SUI | ||||
| SUI | Suborbital | 6 August | Successful | ||||
| Apogee: 116 kilometres (72 mi) | |||||||
| 6 August 15:30 |
Aerobee |
Holloman LC-A |
US Air Force | ||||
| US Air Force | Suborbital | Solar | 6 August | Successful | |||
| Apogee: 143 kilometres (89 mi) | |||||||
| 6 August 16:03 |
Loki Rockoon |
USS Plymouth Rock, IGY Atlantic Launch Site 01 LP-4 |
SUI | ||||
| SUI | Suborbital | 6 August | Successful | ||||
| Apogee: 117 kilometres (73 mi) | |||||||
| 7 August 03:28 |
Loki Rockoon |
USS Plymouth Rock, IGY Atlantic Launch Site 01 LP-5 |
SUI | ||||
| SUI | Suborbital | 7 August | Launch failure | ||||
| 7 August 22:04 |
Loki Rockoon |
USS Plymouth Rock, IGY Atlantic Launch Site 01 LP-6 |
SUI | ||||
| SUI | Suborbital | 7 August | Launch failure | ||||
| 8 August 06:59 |
Jupiter-C |
Cape Canaveral LC-6 |
ABMA | ||||
| ABMA | Suborbital | REV test | 8 August | Successful | |||
| Apogee: 460 kilometres (290 mi), re-entry vehicle recovered | |||||||
| 8 August 07:17 |
Loki Rockoon |
USS Plymouth Rock, IGY Atlantic Launch Site 01 LP-7 |
SUI | ||||
| SUI | Suborbital | 8 August | Successful | ||||
| Apogee: 132 kilometres (82 mi) | |||||||
| 8 August | R-11M Zemlya |
Kapustin Yar |
OKB-1 | ||||
| OKB-1 | Suborbital | Missile test | 8 August | Unknown | |||
| Apogee: 200 kilometres (120 mi) | |||||||
| 9 August | X-17 |
Cape Canaveral LC-3 |
US Air Force | ||||
| US Navy | Suborbital | REV test | 9 August | Successful | |||
| Apogee: 100 kilometres (62 mi) | |||||||
| 10 August 05:07 |
Loki Rockoon |
USS Plymouth Rock, IGY Atlantic Launch Site 01 LP-8 |
SUI | ||||
| SUI | Suborbital | 10 August | Successful | ||||
| Apogee: 117 kilometres (73 mi) | |||||||
| 11 August 05:16 |
Loki Rockoon |
USS Plymouth Rock, IGY Atlantic Launch Site 01 LP-10 |
SUI | ||||
| SUI | Suborbital | 11 August | Launch failure | ||||
| 11 August 20:30 |
Loki Rockoon |
USS Plymouth Rock, IGY Atlantic Launch Site 01 LP-11 |
SUI | ||||
| SUI | Suborbital | 11 August | Successful | ||||
| Apogee: 100 kilometres (62 mi) | |||||||
| 12 August 07:48 |
Loki Rockoon |
USS Plymouth Rock, IGY Atlantic Launch Site 01 LP-12 |
SUI | ||||
| SUI | Suborbital | 12 August | Launch failure | ||||
| 12 August 13:55 |
Loki Rockoon |
USS Plymouth Rock, IGY Atlantic Launch Site 01 LP-13 |
SUI | ||||
| SUI | Suborbital | 12 August | Successful | ||||
| Apogee: 100 kilometres (62 mi) | |||||||
| 13 August 01:58 |
Loki Rockoon |
USS Plymouth Rock, IGY Atlantic Launch Site 01 LP-14 |
SUI | ||||
| SUI | Suborbital | 13 August | Successful | ||||
| Apogee: 100 kilometres (62 mi) | |||||||
| 13 August | R-2A |
Kapustin Yar |
OKB-1 | ||||
| SOI |
OKB-1 | Suborbital | Solar | 13 August | Successful | ||
| Apogee: 100 kilometres (62 mi) | |||||||
| 14 August 08:06 |
Loki Rockoon |
USS Plymouth Rock, IGY Atlantic Launch Site 01 LP-15 |
SUI | ||||
| SUI | Suborbital | 14 August | Successful | ||||
| Apogee: 100 kilometres (62 mi) | |||||||
| 14 August 20:00 |
Loki Rockoon |
USS Plymouth Rock, IGY Atlantic Launch Site 01 LP-17 |
SUI | ||||
| SUI | Suborbital | 14 August | Successful | ||||
| Apogee: 130 kilometres (81 mi) | |||||||
| 16 August | X-17 |
Cape Canaveral LC-3 |
US Air Force | ||||
| US Navy | Suborbital | REV test | 16 August | Successful | |||
| Apogee: 100 kilometres (62 mi) | |||||||
| 21 August 21:25 |
R-7 Semyorka |
Baikonur Site 1/5 |
MVS | ||||
| MVS | Suborbital | Missile test | 21 August | Successful | |||
| First successful R-7 launch. Apogee: 1,350 kilometres (840 mi) | |||||||
| 23 August 21:54 |
Nike-Cajun |
Churchill |
US Army | ||||
| BRL | Suborbital | Test flight | 23 August | Successful | |||
| Apogee: 114 kilometres (71 mi) | |||||||
| 24 August 06:00 |
Nike-Cajun |
Churchill |
US Army | ||||
| US Army | Suborbital | Aeronomy | 24 August | Launch failure | |||
| Apogee: 10 kilometres (6.2 mi) | |||||||
| 25 August 02:23 |
R-2A |
Kapustin Yar |
OKB-1 | ||||
| OKB-1 | Suborbital | Ionospheric | 25 August | Successful | |||
| Apogee: 206 kilometres (128 mi) | |||||||
| 25 August 03:27 |
R-2A |
Kapustin Yar |
OKB-1 | ||||
| OKB-1 | Suborbital | Missile test | 25 August | Successful | |||
| Apogee: 208 kilometres (129 mi) | |||||||
| 27 August 08:54 |
Nike-Deacon |
San Nicolas |
US Navy | ||||
| US Navy | Suborbital | Solar | 27 August | Launch failure | |||
| Apogee: 16 kilometres (9.9 mi) | |||||||
| 28 August 21:02 |
PGM-19 Jupiter |
Cape Canaveral LC-26A |
US Air Force | ||||
| US Air Force | Suborbital | Missile test | 28 August | Successful | |||
| Apogee: 500 kilometres (310 mi) | |||||||
| 29 August 14:12 |
Nike-Deacon |
San Nicolas |
US Navy | ||||
| US Navy | Suborbital | Solar | 29 August | Successful | |||
| Apogee: 113 kilometres (70 mi) | |||||||
| 30 August | PGM-17 Thor DM-18 |
Cape Canaveral LC-17A |
US Air Force | ||||
| US Air Force | Suborbital | Missile test | +92 seconds | Launch failure | |||
| Disintegrated 92 seconds after launch | |||||||
| 31 August 04:57 |
Nike-Cajun |
Churchill |
US Air Force | ||||
| NRL | Suborbital | Auroral | 31 August | Successful | |||
| Apogee: 115 kilometres (71 mi) | |||||||
| 31 August 05:30 |
R-2A |
Kapustin Yar |
OKB-1 | ||||
| OKB-1 | Suborbital | Ionospheric Biological | 31 August | Successful | |||
| Apogee: 185 kilometres (115 mi) | |||||||
| August | R-11M Zemlya |
Kapustin Yar |
OKB-1 | ||||
| OKB-1 | Suborbital | Missile test | Unknown | ||||
| Apogee: 200 kilometres (120 mi) | |||||||
| August | R-12 Dvina |
Kapustin Yar |
OKB-1 | ||||
| OKB-1 | Suborbital | Missile test | Successful | ||||
| Apogee: 402 kilometres (250 mi) | |||||||
| August | R-12 Dvina |
Kapustin Yar |
OKB-1 | ||||
| OKB-1 | Suborbital | Missile test | Successful | ||||
| Apogee: 402 kilometres (250 mi) | |||||||
September | |||||||
| 1 September 22:28 |
Aerobee-150 (Hi) |
Churchill |
US Air Force | ||||
| US Air Force | Suborbital | Aeronomy | 1 September | Successful | |||
| Apogee: 160 kilometres (99 mi) | |||||||
| 2 September | R-11M Zemlya |
Kapustin Yar |
OKB-1 | ||||
| OKB-1 | Suborbital | Missile test | 2 September | Unknown | |||
| Apogee: 200 kilometres (120 mi) | |||||||
| 3 September | X-17 |
Cape Canaveral LC-3 |
US Air Force | ||||
| US Navy | Suborbital | REV test | 3 September | Successful | |||
| Apogee: 100 kilometres (62 mi) | |||||||
| 7 September 11:39 |
R-7 Semyorka |
Baikonur Site 1/5 |
MVS | ||||
| MVS | Suborbital | Missile test | 7 September | Successful | |||
| Apogee: 1,350 kilometres (840 mi) | |||||||
| 9 September 15:50 |
R-2A |
Kapustin Yar |
OKB-1 | ||||
| OKB-1 | Suborbital | Ionospheric Biological | 9 September | Successful | |||
| Apogee: 212 kilometres (132 mi) | |||||||
| 12 September 16:20 |
Nike-Deacon |
San Nicolas |
US Navy | ||||
| US Navy | Suborbital | Solar | 12 September | Launch failure | |||
| Apogee: 3 kilometres (1.9 mi) | |||||||
| 15 September 13:27 |
Nike-Deacon |
San Nicolas |
US Navy | ||||
| US Navy | Suborbital | Solar | 15 September | Launch failure | |||
| 18 September 18:42 |
Nike-Deacon |
San Nicolas |
US Navy | ||||
| US Navy | Suborbital | Solar | 18 September | Launch failure | |||
| Apogee: 21 kilometres (13 mi) | |||||||
| 19 September 16:30 |
Aerobee |
Holloman LC-A |
US Air Force | ||||
| US Air Force | Suborbital | Aeronomy | 19 September | Successful | |||
| Apogee: 100 kilometres (62 mi), released caesium | |||||||
| 20 September | PGM-17 Thor DM-18 |
Cape Canaveral LC-17B |
US Air Force | ||||
| US Air Force | Suborbital | Missile test | 20 September | Successful | |||
| First successful Thor launch, apogee: 520 kilometres (320 mi) | |||||||
| 21 September | Aerobee |
Holloman LC-A |
US Air Force | ||||
| US Air Force | Suborbital | Aeronomy | 21 September | Successful | |||
| Apogee: 100 kilometres (62 mi) | |||||||
| 25 September 19:57 |
SM-65A Atlas |
Cape Canaveral LC-14 |
US Air Force | ||||
| US Air Force | Suborbital | Missile test | 25 September | Launch failure | |||
| Destroyed by range safety following fuel system malfunction, apogee: 4 kilometres (2.5 mi) | |||||||
| 25 September | Farside |
 Eniwetak |
US Air Force | ||||
| US Air Force | Suborbital | Ionospheric | 25 September | Launch failure | |||
| Apogee: 20 kilometres (12 mi), maiden flight of Farside, stage zero malfunction | |||||||
| 26 September 17:05 |
Loki Rockoon |
USS Glacier, IGY Atlantic Launch Site 02 |
SUI | ||||
| SUI | Suborbital | 26 September | Successful | ||||
| Apogee: 100 kilometres (62 mi) | |||||||
| 26 September 20:00 |
Nike-Asp |
San Nicolas |
US Navy | ||||
| US Navy | Suborbital | Test flight | 26 September | Launch failure | |||
| Apogee: 16 kilometres (9.9 mi) | |||||||
| 27 September 13:12 |
Loki Rockoon |
USS Glacier, IGY Atlantic Launch Site 03 |
SUI | ||||
| SUI | Suborbital | 27 September | Successful | ||||
| Apogee: 119 kilometres (74 mi) | |||||||
| September | R-12 Dvina |
Kapustin Yar |
OKB-1 | ||||
| OKB-1 | Suborbital | Missile test | Successful | ||||
| Apogee: 402 kilometres (250 mi) | |||||||
October | |||||||
| 1 October | Long Tom |
Woomera LA-2 |
WRE | ||||
| WRE | Suborbital | Test flight | 1 October | Successful | |||
| Apogee: 100 kilometres (62 mi), maiden flight of Long Tom, first Australian spaceflight | |||||||
| 3 October 17:13 |
PGM-17 Thor DM-18 |
Cape Canaveral LC-17A |
US Air Force | ||||
| US Air Force | Suborbital | Missile test | 3 October | Launch failure | |||
| 3 October | Farside |
Eniwetak |
US Air Force | ||||
| US Air Force | Suborbital | Ionospheric | 3 October | Launch failure | |||
| Apogee: 800 kilometres (500 mi) | |||||||
| 4 October 19:16 |
Loki Rockoon |
USS Glacier, IGY Atlantic Launch Site 04 |
SUI | ||||
| SUI | Suborbital | 4 October | Successful | ||||
| Apogee: 113 kilometres (70 mi) | |||||||
| 4 October 19:28:34 |
Sputnik-PS (8K71PS) |
Baikonur Site 1/5 |
MVS | ||||
| Sputnik 1 (PS-1) |
MVS | Orbital | Technology | 4 January 1958 | Successful | ||
| First orbital launch, first artificial satellite of Earth, maiden flight of Sputnik rocket | |||||||
| 7 October | Farside |
Eniwetak |
US Air Force | ||||
| US Air Force | Suborbital | Ionospheric | 7 October | Launch failure | |||
| Apogee: 700 kilometres (430 mi) | |||||||
| 11 October 16:33 |
PGM-17 Thor DM-18 |
Cape Canaveral LC-17B |
US Air Force | ||||
| US Air Force | Suborbital | Missile test | 11 October | Partial launch failure | |||
| Apogee: 520 kilometres (320 mi), turbopump gearbox malfunctioned, still met primary test objectives | |||||||
| 11 October | Farside |
Eniwetak |
US Air Force | ||||
| US Air Force | Suborbital | Ionospheric | 11 October | Launch failure | |||
| Apogee: 30 kilometres (19 mi) | |||||||
| 13 October 18:15 |
Loki Rockoon |
USS Glacier, IGY Pacific Launch Site 05 |
SUI | ||||
| SUI | Suborbital | 13 October | Successful | ||||
| Apogee: 100 kilometres (62 mi) | |||||||
| 14 October 01:04 |
Aerobee |
Holloman LC-A |
US Air Force | ||||
| US Air Force | Suborbital | Meteorite research | 14 October | Successful | |||
| Apogee: 100 kilometres (62 mi) | |||||||
| 14 October 21:16 |
Loki Rockoon |
USS Glacier, IGY Pacific Launch Site 06 |
SUI | ||||
| SUI | Suborbital | 14 October | Successful | ||||
| Apogee: 113 kilometres (70 mi) | |||||||
| 16 October 20:02 |
Loki Rockoon |
USS Glacier, IGY Pacific Launch Site 07 |
SUI | ||||
| SUI | Suborbital | 16 October | Successful | ||||
| Apogee: 100 kilometres (62 mi) | |||||||
| 17 October 00:09 |
Loki Rockoon |
USS Glacier, IGY Pacific Launch Site 08 |
SUI | ||||
| SUI | Suborbital | 17 October | Successful | ||||
| Apogee: 100 kilometres (62 mi) | |||||||
| 17 October 02:18 |
Loki Rockoon |
USS Glacier, IGY Pacific Launch Site 09 |
SUI | ||||
| SUI | Suborbital | 17 October | Successful | ||||
| Apogee: 100 kilometres (62 mi) | |||||||
| 17 October 20:01 |
Loki Rockoon |
USS Glacier, IGY Pacific Launch Site 10 |
SUI | ||||
| SUI | Suborbital | 17 October | Launch failure | ||||
| Apogee: 41 kilometres (25 mi) | |||||||
| 17 October 23:44 |
Loki Rockoon |
USS Glacier, IGY Pacific Launch Site 11 |
SUI | ||||
| SUI | Suborbital | 17 October | Successful | ||||
| Apogee: 127 kilometres (79 mi) | |||||||
| 18 October 09:35 |
Loki Rockoon |
USS Glacier, IGY Pacific Launch Site 12 |
SUI | ||||
| SUI | Suborbital | 18 October | Successful | ||||
| Apogee: 100 kilometres (62 mi) | |||||||
| 18 October 19:43 |
Loki Rockoon |
USS Glacier, IGY Pacific Launch Site 13 |
SUI | ||||
| SUI | Suborbital | 18 October | Successful | ||||
| Apogee: 121 kilometres (75 mi) | |||||||
| 18 October 23:43 |
Loki Rockoon |
USS Glacier, IGY Pacific Launch Site 14 |
SUI | ||||
| SUI | Suborbital | 18 October | Successful | ||||
| Apogee: 121 kilometres (75 mi) | |||||||
| 19 October 18:50 |
Loki Rockoon |
USS Glacier, IGY Pacific Launch Site 15 |
SUI | ||||
| SUI | Suborbital | 19 October | Successful | ||||
| Apogee: 122 kilometres (76 mi) | |||||||
| 20 October 01:06 |
Loki Rockoon |
USS Glacier, IGY Pacific Launch Site 16 |
SUI | ||||
| SUI | Suborbital | 20 October | Successful | ||||
| Apogee: 104 kilometres (65 mi) | |||||||
| 20 October 03:57 |
Loki Rockoon |
USS Glacier, IGY Pacific Launch Site 17 |
SUI | ||||
| SUI | Suborbital | 20 October | Successful | ||||
| Apogee: 100 kilometres (62 mi) | |||||||
| 20 October 20:11 |
Loki Rockoon |
USS Glacier, IGY Pacific Launch Site 18 |
SUI | ||||
| SUI | Suborbital | 20 October | Successful | ||||
| Apogee: 100 kilometres (62 mi) | |||||||
| 20 October | Farside |
Eniwetak |
US Air Force | ||||
| US Air Force | Suborbital | Ionospheric | 20 October | Spacecraft failure | |||
| Apogee: 5,000 kilometres (3,100 mi), returned no data due to transmitter malfunction[1] | |||||||
| 22 October | Farside |
Eniwetak |
US Air Force | ||||
| US Air Force | Suborbital | Ionospheric | 22 October | Spacecraft failure | |||
| Apogee: 5,000 kilometres (3,100 mi), returned no data due to transmitter malfunction[1] | |||||||
| 22 October 22:31 |
Loki Rockoon |
USS Glacier, IGY Pacific Launch Site 19 |
SUI | ||||
| SUI | Suborbital | 22 October | Successful | ||||
| Apogee: 100 kilometres (62 mi) | |||||||
| 23 October 01:07 |
PGM-19 Jupiter |
Cape Canaveral LC-26B |
US Air Force | ||||
| US Air Force | Suborbital | Missile test | 23 October | Successful | |||
| Apogee: 500 kilometres (310 mi) | |||||||
| 23 October 19:22:54 |
Vanguard |
Cape Canaveral LC-18A |
US Navy | ||||
| US Navy | Suborbital | Test flight | 23 October | Successful | |||
| Maiden flight of Vanguard, battleship upper stages, apogee: 175 kilometres (109 mi) | |||||||
| 23 October | X-17 |
Cape Canaveral LC-3 |
US Air Force | ||||
| US Navy | Suborbital | REV test | 23 October | Successful | |||
| Apogee: 100 kilometres (62 mi) | |||||||
| 23 October | Aerobee |
Holloman LC-A |
US Air Force | ||||
| US Air Force | Suborbital | Aeronomy | 23 October | Successful | |||
| Apogee: 100 kilometres (62 mi) | |||||||
| 24 October 16:32 |
PGM-17 Thor DM-18 |
Cape Canaveral LC-17A |
US Air Force | ||||
| US Air Force | Suborbital | Missile test | 24 October | Successful | |||
| Apogee: 520 kilometres (320 mi) | |||||||
| 24 October | X-17 |
Cape Canaveral LC-3 |
US Air Force | ||||
| US Navy | Suborbital | REV test | 24 October | Successful | |||
| Apogee: 100 kilometres (62 mi) | |||||||
| 25 October | Aerobee |
Holloman LC-A |
US Air Force | ||||
| US Air Force | Suborbital | Ionospheric | 25 October | Successful | |||
| Apogee: 100 kilometres (62 mi) | |||||||
| 26 October 19:47 |
Loki Rockoon |
USS Glacier, IGY Pacific Launch Site 20 |
SUI | ||||
| SUI | Suborbital | 26 October | Successful | ||||
| Apogee: 100 kilometres (62 mi) | |||||||
| 27 October 02:46 |
Loki Rockoon |
USS Glacier, IGY Pacific Launch Site 21 |
SUI | ||||
| SUI | Suborbital | 27 October | Successful | ||||
| Apogee: 100 kilometres (62 mi) | |||||||
| 29 October 00:13 |
Loki Rockoon |
USS Glacier, IGY Pacific Launch Site 22 |
SUI | ||||
| SUI | Suborbital | 29 October | Successful | ||||
| Apogee: 100 kilometres (62 mi) | |||||||
| 30 October 21:40 |
Loki Rockoon |
USS Glacier, IGY Pacific Launch Site 23 |
SUI | ||||
| SUI | Suborbital | 30 October | Successful | ||||
| Apogee: 100 kilometres (62 mi) | |||||||
| 31 October 00:29 |
Loki Rockoon |
USS Glacier, IGY Pacific Launch Site 24 |
SUI | ||||
| SUI | Suborbital | 31 October | Successful | ||||
| Apogee: 100 kilometres (62 mi) | |||||||
| 31 October 19:51 |
Loki Rockoon |
USS Glacier, IGY Pacific Launch Site 25 |
SUI | ||||
| SUI | Suborbital | 31 October | Successful | ||||
| Apogee: 100 kilometres (62 mi) | |||||||
November | |||||||
| 1 November 01:00 |
Loki Rockoon |
USS Glacier, IGY Pacific Launch Site 26 |
SUI | ||||
| SUI | Suborbital | 1 November | Successful | ||||
| Apogee: 100 kilometres (62 mi) | |||||||
| 3 November 02:30:42 |
Sputnik-PS (8K71PS) |
Baikonur Site 1/5 |
MVS | ||||
| Sputnik 2 (PS-2) |
MVS | Low Earth | Biological | 14 April 1958 | Partial spacecraft failure | ||
| Carried Laika, the first animal in orbit. Laika died prior to completion of experiments. Final flight of Sputnik-PS. | |||||||
| 3 November 20:08 |
Loki Rockoon |
USS Glacier, IGY Pacific Launch Site 27 |
SUI | ||||
| SUI | Suborbital | 3 November | Successful | ||||
| Apogee: 100 kilometres (62 mi) | |||||||
| 3 November 23:24 |
Loki Rockoon |
USS Glacier, IGY Pacific Launch Site 28 |
SUI | ||||
| SUI | Suborbital | 3 November | Successful | ||||
| Apogee: 100 kilometres (62 mi) | |||||||
| 4 November 01:41 |
Loki Rockoon |
USS Glacier, IGY Pacific Launch Site 29 |
SUI | ||||
| SUI | Suborbital | 4 November | Successful | ||||
| Apogee: 113 kilometres (70 mi) | |||||||
| 4 November 03:47 |
Loki Rockoon |
USS Glacier, IGY Pacific Launch Site 30 |
SUI | ||||
| SUI | Suborbital | 4 November | Successful | ||||
| Apogee: 100 kilometres (62 mi) | |||||||
| 4 November 07:16 |
Loki Rockoon |
USS Glacier, IGY Pacific Launch Site 31 |
SUI | ||||
| SUI | Suborbital | 4 November | Successful | ||||
| Apogee: 100 kilometres (62 mi) | |||||||
| 4 November 18:52 |
Loki Rockoon |
USS Glacier, IGY Pacific Launch Site 32 |
SUI | ||||
| SUI | Suborbital | 4 November | Successful | ||||
| Apogee: 100 kilometres (62 mi) | |||||||
| 5 November 01:25 |
Loki Rockoon |
USS Glacier, IGY Pacific Launch Site 33 |
SUI | ||||
| SUI | Suborbital | 5 November | Successful | ||||
| Apogee: 100 kilometres (62 mi) | |||||||
| 5 November 21:59 |
Loki Rockoon |
USS Glacier, IGY Pacific Launch Site 35 |
SUI | ||||
| SUI | Suborbital | 5 November | Successful | ||||
| Apogee: 100 kilometres (62 mi) | |||||||
| 7 November 16:05 |
Aerobee |
Holloman LC-A |
US Air Force | ||||
| US Air Force | Suborbital | Ionospheric | 7 November | Successful | |||
| Apogee: 100 kilometres (62 mi) | |||||||
| 8 November 14:57 |
Aerobee |
Holloman LC-A |
US Air Force | ||||
| US Air Force | Suborbital | Ionospheric | 8 November | Launch failure | |||
| Apogee: 100 kilometres (62 mi) | |||||||
| 8 November 20:43 |
Loki Rockoon |
USS Glacier, IGY Pacific Launch Site 36 |
SUI | ||||
| SUI | Suborbital | 8 November | Successful | ||||
| Apogee: 110 kilometres (68 mi) | |||||||
| 8 November 23:15 |
Loki Rockoon |
USS Glacier, IGY Pacific Launch Site 37 |
SUI | ||||
| SUI | Suborbital | 8 November | Successful | ||||
| Apogee: 110 kilometres (68 mi) | |||||||
| 8 November | X-17 |
Cape Canaveral LC-3 |
US Air Force | ||||
| US Navy | Suborbital | REV test | 8 November | Successful | |||
| Apogee: 100 kilometres (62 mi) | |||||||
| 9 November 16:54 |
A-1 |
Kapustin Yar |
OKB-1 | ||||
| OKB-1 | Suborbital | Ionospheric Aeronomy | 9 November | Successful | |||
| Apogee: 330 kilometres (210 mi) | |||||||
| 10 November | Aerobee |
Holloman LC-A |
US Air Force | ||||
| US Air Force | Suborbital | Aeronomy | 10 November | Successful | |||
| Apogee: 100 kilometres (62 mi) | |||||||
| 13 November 11:52 |
Skylark-1 |
Woomera LA-2 |
RAE | ||||
| RAE | Suborbital | 13 November | Successful | ||||
| Apogee: 127 kilometres (79 mi), first British spaceflight | |||||||
| 15 November | X-17 |
Cape Canaveral LC-3 |
US Air Force | ||||
| US Navy | Suborbital | REV test | 15 November | Successful | |||
| Apogee: 100 kilometres (62 mi) | |||||||
| 19 November 16:29:56 |
Aerobee |
Holloman LC-A |
US Air Force | ||||
| Smoke Puff |
US Air Force | Suborbital | Aeronomy | 19 November | Successful | ||
| Apogee: 121 kilometres (75 mi), released potassium nitrate and aluminium | |||||||
| 26 November | Aerobee |
Holloman LC-A |
US Air Force | ||||
| US Air Force | Suborbital | Aeronomy | 26 November | Successful | |||
| Apogee: 100 kilometres (62 mi) | |||||||
| 27 November 02:10 |
PGM-19 Jupiter |
Cape Canaveral LC-26B |
US Air Force | ||||
| US Air Force | Suborbital | Missile test | 27 November | Launch failure | |||
| Apogee: 20 kilometres (12 mi) | |||||||
December | |||||||
| 6 December 16:44:35 |
Vanguard TV3 |
Cape Canaveral LC-18A |
US Navy | ||||
| 6.5in Satellite 1 |
NRL | Intended: Medium Earth | Geodesy | +2 seconds | Launch failure | ||
| First all up Vanguard test, first US orbital launch attempt, and first outright orbital failure of an orbital launch attempt. Exploded on launch pad after loss of thrust | |||||||
| 7 December 22:11 |
PGM-17 Thor DM-18 |
Cape Canaveral LC-17B |
US Air Force | ||||
| US Air Force | Suborbital | Missile test | 7 December | Successful | |||
| Apogee: 520 kilometres (320 mi) | |||||||
| 10 December 17:35 |
Nike-Cajun |
White Sands |
US Air Force | ||||
| US Air Force | Suborbital | Ionospheric | 10 December | Successful | |||
| Apogee: 145 kilometres (90 mi) | |||||||
| 10 December 18:10 |
Nike-Asp |
San Nicolas |
US Navy | ||||
| US Navy | Suborbital | Test flight | 10 December | Successful | |||
| Apogee: 169 kilometres (105 mi) | |||||||
| 10 December 21:36 |
Nike-Cajun |
.svg.png.webp){kind=small} Churchill |
US Army | ||||
| US Army | Suborbital | Aeronomy | 10 December | Launch failure | |||
| Apogee: 2 kilometres (1.2 mi) | |||||||
| 11 December | X-17 |
Cape Canaveral LC-3 |
US Air Force | ||||
| US Navy | Suborbital | REV test | 11 December | Successful | |||
| Apogee: 100 kilometres (62 mi) | |||||||
| 16 December 00:38 |
Nike-Cajun |
Churchill |
US Air Force | ||||
| US Air Force | Suborbital | Aeronomy | 16 December | Launch failure | |||
| Apogee: 9 kilometres (5.6 mi) | |||||||
| 17 December 17:39 |
SM-65A Atlas |
Cape Canaveral LC-14 |
US Air Force | ||||
| US Air Force | Suborbital | Missile test | 17 December | Successful | |||
| First successful Atlas launch, apogee: 120 kilometres (75 mi) | |||||||
| 19 December 00:07 |
PGM-19 Jupiter |
Cape Canaveral LC-26B |
US Air Force | ||||
| US Air Force | Suborbital | Missile test | 27 November | Launch failure | |||
| Apogee: 92 kilometres (57 mi) | |||||||
| 19 December 20:12 |
PGM-17 Thor DM-18 |
Cape Canaveral LC-17A |
US Air Force | ||||
| US Air Force | Suborbital | Missile test | 19 December | Successful | |||
| Apogee: 520 kilometres (320 mi) | |||||||
| 23 December | Nike-Cajun |
Wallops Island |
NACA | ||||
 HUGO |
NACA | Suborbital | Aeronomy Imaging | 23 December | Launch failure | ||
| Apogee: 10 kilometres (6.2 mi) | |||||||
| Unknown | Terrapin |
Wallops Island |
NACA | ||||
| NACA | Suborbital | Test flight | Successful | ||||
| Apogee: 100 kilometres (62 mi) | |||||||
| Unknown | Terrapin |
Wallops Island |
NACA | ||||
| NACA | Suborbital | Test flight | Successful | ||||
| Apogee: 100 kilometres (62 mi) | |||||||
| Unknown | Terrapin |
Wallops Island |
NACA | ||||
| NACA | Suborbital | Test flight | Successful | ||||
| Apogee: 100 kilometres (62 mi) | |||||||
| Unknown | Terrapin |
Wallops Island |
NACA | ||||
| NACA | Suborbital | Test flight | Successful | ||||
| Apogee: 100 kilometres (62 mi) | |||||||
Orbital launch summary
 |
| |||||
| Orbital launch attempts by country in 1957 | ||||||
By country
| Country | Launches | Successes | Failures | Partial failures | Remarks |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Soviet Union |
2 | 1 | 0 | 1 | First orbital launch |
| United States |
1 | 0 | 1 | 0 | |
By rocket
| Rocket | Country | Type | Family | Launches | Successes | Failures | Partial failures | Remarks |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Sputnik-PS 8K71PS | Soviet Union |
Sputnik | R-7 | 2 | 1 | 0 | 1 | Maiden and final flights |
| Vanguard | United States |
Vanguard | Viking | 1 | 0 | 1 | 0 | Maiden flight |
By launch site
| Site | Country | Launches | Successes | Failures | Partial failures | Remarks |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Baikonur | Soviet Union | 2 | 1 | 0 | 1 | |
| Cape Canaveral | United States | 1 | 0 | 1 | 0 | |
By orbit
| Orbital regime | Launches | Successes | Failures | Accidentally Achieved |
Remarks |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Failed to orbit | N/A | N/A | N/A | 1 | |
| Low Earth | 2 | 2 | 0 | 0 | |
| Medium Earth | 1 | 0 | 1 | 0 |
References
Generic references:
Spaceflight portal
Spaceflight portal- Bergin, Chris. "NASASpaceFlight.com".
- Clark, Stephen. "Spaceflight Now".
- Kelso, T.S. "Satellite Catalog (SATCAT)". CelesTrak.
- Krebs, Gunter. "Chronology of Space Launches".
- Kyle, Ed. "Space Launch Report".
- McDowell, Jonathan. "Jonathan's Space Report".
- Pietrobon, Steven. "Steven Pietrobon's Space Archive".
- Wade, Mark. "Encyclopedia Astronautica".
- Webb, Brian. "Southwest Space Archive".
- Zak, Anatoly. "Russian Space Web".
- "ISS Calendar". Spaceflight 101.
- "NSSDCA Master Catalog". NASA Space Science Data Coordinated Archive. NASA Goddard Space Flight Center.
- "Space Calendar". NASA Jet Propulsion Laboratory.
- "Space Information Center". JAXA.
- "Хроника освоения космоса" [Chronicle of space exploration]. CosmoWorld (in Russian).
Footnotes
- "Aeronautics Farside". Designation-Systems. 27 November 2004. Retrieved 27 February 2009.
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