Zhu Yujian

Zhu Yujian (Chinese: 朱聿鍵; pinyin: Zhū Yùjiàn; 1602 – 6 October 1646), the Prince of Tang, reigned as the Longwu Emperor (Chinese: 隆武; pinyin: Lóngwǔ) of the Southern Ming dynasty from 18 August 1645, when he was enthroned in Fuzhou, to 6 October 1646, when he was captured and executed by a contingent of the Qing army.[1] He was an eighth generation descendant of Zhu Jing, Prince Ding of Tang, who was the 23rd son of Ming founder Zhu Yuanzhang.[2]

Longwu Emperor 隆武帝
Emperor of the Southern Ming dynasty
Reign	August 1645 – October 1646
Predecessor	Hongguang Emperor
Successor	Shaowu Emperor Yongli Emperor
Prince of Tang
Tenure	18 July 1632 – 17 December 1632 (1st tenure) 21 July 1645 – 18 August 1645 (2nd tenure)
Predecessor	Zhu Shuohuang, Prince Duan (as 1st tenure) Zhu Yuse, Prince Min (as 2nd tenure)
Successor	Zhu Yuse, Prince Min (as 1st tenure) Zhu Yuyue (as 2nd tenure)
Commendery Prince of Nanyang under Prince of Tang line
Tenure	1644 – 21 July 1645
Born	25 June 1602
Died	6 October 1646 (aged 44)
Spouse	Empress Xiaoyixiang
Issue	Zhu Linyuan, Crown Prince Zhuangjing
Full name Zhu Yujian (朱聿鍵) Era name and dates Longwu (隆武; 1645–1646): August 1645 – October 1646 Posthumous name Emperor Peitian Zhidao Hongyi Sumu Siwen Lie Wu Minren Guangxiao Xiang 配天至道弘毅肅穆思文烈武敏仁廣孝襄皇帝 Temple name Shaozong (紹宗)
House	House of Zhu
Father	Zhu Qisheng
Mother	Lady Mao

Early life

Before ascending to the throne, he followed his father as the Prince of Tang, their fief being situated in Nanyang prefecture, in Henan province. In 1636, he was stripped of his title by the Chongzhen Emperor and put under house arrest in Fengyang. His former title was transferred to his younger brother Zhu Yumo (朱聿鏌). In 1641, the latter committed suicide when Li Zicheng invaded Nanyang. After the death of the Chongzhen Emperor 1644, his successor on the Ming throne, the Hongguang Emperor, released the Prince of Tang from his arrest.

As emperor

When Qing forces captured Nanjing in June 1645, he fled to Hangzhou. In August of the same year, at the behest of several high officials, he ascended to the Ming throne in Fuzhou, taking the reign title Longwu (隆武; pinyin: Lóngwǔ). His era name means "Plentiful and martial". After a promising start, Fujian's geographical position on the margin of the empire, cut off from the heartland by several mountain ranges, as well as his lack of effective troops and the failure on part of the officialdom to find a united stance doomed the Longwu government. When Qing forces invaded Fujian in the late summer of 1646, Zheng Zhilong, the emperor's strongest ally, surrendered while his son Zheng Chenggong (the famous Koxinga) retreated to the sea.

The Prince of Tang was left with a dwindling court. On 6 October 1646, he was captured and immediately executed.

Personality

Against the Ming policy of keeping imperial princes out of politics, the Prince of Tang early on showed interest in the government of the empire and strove for a larger role of the princes in it. His initiatives had brought him under house arrest during the reign of the Chongzhen Emperor, but his knowledge of history and of Ming institutions, paired with a diligent personality, made him take his imperial role seriously.[3]

Zhu Yujian is said to have had a very close relationship with his wife, who had shared his hardship when he was incarcerated.[3] Contrary to Chinese custom, he steadfastly declined to take any concubines.

Ancestry

Patrilineal descent

Zhu Yujian was the senior-most male-line descendants of Zhu Jing, Prince Ding of Tang, the 23rd son of Zhu Yuanzhang, after his father's death. Therefore, he was an eighth cousin of Wanli Emperor. This chart only showed the latest actual title of the person(s). Zhu Yuanzhang, the Hongwu Emperor, 1328-1398 Zhu Jing, Prince Ding of Tang, 1386-1415 (23rd son) Zhu Qiongda, Prince Xian of Tang, 1412-1475 (4th son & 2nd son as son by primary consort) Zhu Zhizhi, Prince Zhuang of Tang, 1432-1485 (2nd son) Zhu Miqian, Comm. Prince Gongjing of Wencheng, d.1516 (3rd son) Zhu Yuwen, Prince Jing of Tang, 1490-1560 Zhu Zhouyong, Prince Shun of Tang, 1538-1564 Zhu Shuohuang, Prince Duan of Tang, d.1630 Zhu Qisheng, the Hereditary Prince of Tang, d.1629 (1st son) Zhu Yujian, the Longwu Emperor, 1602-1646 (1st son)

References

Citations

1. Struve 1988, pp. 665 (date of enthronement) and 676 (date of capture and execution).
2. Struve 1988, p. 665, note 24.
3. Struve 1988, p. 669.

Bibliography

• Struve, Lynn A. (1988). "The Southern Ming, 1644–1662". In Frederick W. Mote and Denis Twitchett (ed.). The Cambridge History of China, Volume 7, The Ming Dynasty, 1368–1644, Part I. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.CS1 maint: ref=harv (link)