Hongzhi Emperor

The Hongzhi Emperor (Chinese: 弘治; pinyin: Hóngzhì) (30 July 1470 – 9 June 1505) was the 10th Emperor of the Ming dynasty, reigned from 1487 to 1505. Born Zhu Youcheng,[1][2] he was the eldest surviving son of the Chenghua Emperor and his reign as emperor of China is called the "Hongzhi Silver Age". His era name, "Hongzhi", means "great government." A peace-loving emperor, the Hongzhi Emperor also had only one empress and no concubines, granting him the distinction of being the sole perpetually monogamous emperor in Chinese history, besides Emperor Fei. He was emperor during the middle years of the Ming dynasty.[3]

Hongzhi Emperor 弘治帝
10th Emperor of the Ming dynasty
Reign	22 September 1487 – 8 June 1505
Coronation	22 September 1487
Predecessor	Chenghua Emperor
Successor	Zhengde Emperor
Born	30 July 1470
Died	8 June 1505 (aged 34)
Burial	Tailing, Ming tombs, Beijing
Consorts	Empress Xiaochengjing ​ ​ (m. 1487⁠–⁠1505)​
Issue	Zhengde Emperor
Full name Family name: Zhu (朱) Given name: Youcheng[1][2] (祐樘) Era name and dates Hongzhi (弘治): 14 January 1488 – 23 January 1506 Posthumous name Emperor Datian Mingdao Chuncheng Zhongzheng Shengwen Shenwu Zhiren Dade Jing 達天明道純誠中正聖文神武至仁大德敬皇帝 Temple name Ming Xiaozong 明孝宗
House	House of Zhu
Father	Chenghua Emperor
Mother	Empress Xiaomu

Early years

Zhu Youcheng was born to Lady Ji (紀氏) and was raised in secret by his mother, the abandoned Empress Wu, and various eunuchs who swore secrecy not to expose Zhu Youcheng and upset Emperor Chenghua's favourite concubine Consort Wan, who was trying to conceive a child of her own. Lady Wan's own child died shortly after birth; Lady Wan would order any pregnancies to be forcibly aborted and eliminated any concubines. Zhu Youcheng was only then reunited with his father at the age of five in 1475 and was created crown prince. He had been a brilliant child early on and he received the best education offered at that time. He was immersed in Confucian schooling and he excelled in his studies.

Reign as emperor

A stele with the Hongzhi Emperor's inscription regarding the repair of the Temple of Confucius, Qufu. 1504 (17th year of the Hongzhi era)

After the Hongzhi Emperor ascended the throne in 1487, his administration was modeled after Confucian ideology and he became a hardworking and diligent emperor. He closely supervised all affairs of state, lowered taxes, reduced government spending and made wise decisions when employing ministers to government post. Individuals such as Liu Jian, Xie Qian and Wang Shu worked hand in hand with the Hongzhi Emperor, thus creating a seldom-witnessed atmosphere of cooperation within the government. In addition, the emperor also encouraged his ministers to be up front about all issues, even acknowledging criticisms directed towards the emperor himself. This created a more transparent government and introduced fresh energy into the Ming dynasty. As a result, the populace once again prospered under his rule. It was said that individual eunuchs' power was curtailed and palace intrigues, prevalent in previous reigns, were absent during his reign. The Hongzhi Emperor has been compared to the Hongwu Emperor and Yongle Emperor as one of the most brilliant emperors of the Ming dynasty.

In the spring of 1488, the shipwrecked Joseon crew of the Jeju Island official Choe Bu (1454–1504) were traveling up the Grand Canal while escorted by the Ming courier service en route back to Korea. Choe observed ferry ships passing by holding officials who were from the Ministries of War, Justice, and Personnel.[4] When he asked what was going on, it was explained to him that the new Hongzhi Emperor was ridding his government of corrupt and incompetent officials, and this was a final gesture of good will by the emperor by providing them with a comfortable passage back home by ship.[4]

The Hongzhi’s policies characterized with much tolerance with Islam and Chinese Muslims; Ali Akbar Khata'i, the Ottoman geographer, recorded the relationship between the emperor and the Muslim community in China, Akbar said “he has many Muslims in his court”.[5]

Succession crisis

The Tailing（泰陵）mausoleum where the Hongzhi emperor was buried.

Unlike almost all of his predecessors and successors who took up many concubines who bore many children to the emperor, the Hongzhi Emperor had only one Empress during his lifetime. Coupled with the fact that Empress Zhang had only two sons (one of whom died in infancy), the Hongzhi Emperor was left with only one nominee to succeed him. After the emperor died in 1505, he was succeeded by his son, the Zhengde Emperor. Unfortunately, the Zhengde Emperor died childless in 1521 and the throne had to be passed to a cousin from Hubei named Zhu Houcong, effectively ending the Hongzhi Emperor's own line of succession.

Family

Consorts and Issue:

• Empress Xiaochengjing, of the Zhang clan (孝成敬皇后 張氏; 1471–1541)
  • Zhu Houzhao, the Zhengde Emperor (武宗 朱厚㷖; 27 October 1491 – 20 April 1521), first son
  • Princess Taikang (太康公主; 1494 – 1 October 1498), personal name Xiurong (秀榮), first daughter
  • Zhu Houwei, Prince Weidao (蔚悼王 朱厚煒; 1 January 1495 – 9 March 1496), second son

Ancestry

Hongxi Emperor (1378–1425)

Xuande Emperor (1399–1435)

Empress Chengxiaozhao (1379–1442)

Emperor Yingzong of Ming (1427–1464)

Sun Zhong (1368–1452)

Empress Xiaogongzhang (1399–1462)

Lady Dong

Chenghua Emperor (1447–1487)

Zhou Fushan

Zhou Neng

Lady Guo

Empress Xiaosu (1430–1504)

Lady Zhen

Hongzhi Emperor (1470–1505)

Empress Xiaomu (1451–1475)

See also

• Chinese emperors family tree (late)

References

Citations

1. 汉典——“樘”
2. 海词——樘
3. 中国历代悬案疑案奇案 page 176, second story
4. Brook, 50.
5. Hagras, Hamada (2019). "The ming court as patron of the Chinese islamic architecture: The case study of the daxuexi mosque in Xi'an" (PDF). Shedet. 6: 134–158. doi:10.36816/SHEDET.006.08.

Sources

• Brook, Timothy. (1998). The Confusions of Pleasure: Commerce and Culture in Ming China. Berkeley, CA: University of California Press. ISBN 0-520-22154-0.