Wind power in the European Union

As of December 2017, installed capacity of wind power in the European Union totaled 169.3 gigawatts (GW). In 2017, a total of 15,680 MW of wind power was installed, representing 55% of all new power capacity, and the wind power generated 336 TWh of electricity, enough to supply 11.6% of the EU's electricity consumption.[2]

Share of wind power in total electricity demand in Europe in 2017

  > 40 %

  20-30 %

  10-20 %

  < 10 %

The Fântânele-Cogealac Wind Farm is the largest onshore wind farm in Europe. Located in southeastern Romania, it consists of 240 turbines, with a capacity of 600 MW.[1]

In the future, wind power is likely to continue to grow in the European Union. According to a European Environment Agency report, wind energy can play a major role in achieving the European renewable energy targets.[3]

The European Wind Energy Association (now WindEurope) has estimated that 230 gigawatts (GW) of wind capacity will be installed in Europe by 2020, consisting of 190 GW onshore and 40 GW offshore. This would produce 14-17% of the EU's electricity, avoiding 333 million tonnes of CO₂ per year and saving Europe €28 billion a year in fuel costs.[4][5]

Research from a wide variety of sources in various European countries shows that support for wind power is consistently about 80 per cent among the general public.[6]

By country

Denmark

Offshore wind turbines near Copenhagen

In 2014 wind power in Denmark provided some 39 percent of Danish domestic electricity[7][8] and Denmark is a leading wind power nation in the world. The Danes were pioneers in developing commercial wind power during the 1970s and today almost half of the wind turbines around the world are produced by Danish manufacturers such as Vestas and Siemens Wind Power.[9]

The Danish wind turbine industry is the world's largest and 90% of the wind turbines manufactured in Denmark are sold to international markets. In 2003, the Danish manufacturers had a total world market share of approximately 38%, generating a combined turnover of almost 3 billion Euro and maintaining over 20,000 people employed in the industry, from wind turbine factories to maintenance and research.[9]

The development of wind power in Denmark has been characterised by a close collaboration between publicly financed research and industry in key areas such as research and development, certification, testing, and the preparation of standards.[8]

Estonia

Wind farm of Hanila, Lääne County

As of 2013, the installed capacity of wind power in Estonia was 269.4 MW,[10] while roughly 1466.5 MW[11] worth of projects are currently being developed and three major offshore projects with total capacity of 1490 MW are being planned. Estonia, as a country, which is widely open to the sea and has a flat territory, possesses a very high potential for the development of wind energy.[12]

According to a survey carried out by the Estonian Ministry of the Environment, 95% of the respondents considered wind power as the most environmentally friendly way to produce energy.[13]

Germany

Wind farm in Neuenkirchen

Wind power plays an important role in Germany's renewable energy mix. In October 2014, the installed domestic capacity amounted to 35,678 megawatts, of which offshore contributed 616 MW.[14]

In 2014, wind generated more than 51 terawatt-hours of electricity and contributed about 9.7% to the nations total net-generated electricity. This is 1.3% more than the year before. December 2014 was the best month, generating 8.9 TWh and on par with record-breaking month of December 2011. Along with the generated electricity of 18.5 TWh (3.5%) from hydro, 32.8 TWh (6.2%) from solar, and 54 TWh (10.0%) from biomass, all four renewable energy sources generated 154 TWh or about 30% of the nation's total net-generation. Electricity production from combined wind and solar has now achieved almost the level of nuclear power (84.2 TWh vs. 91.8 TWh).[15]

More than 21,607 wind turbines are located in the German federal area and the country has plans to build more wind turbines.[16][17] As of 2011, Germany's federal government is working on a new plan for increasing renewable energy commercialization,[18] with a particular focus on offshore wind farms.[19]

Greece

Wind power in Greece was due to expand by 352% by 2010 to meet the European target of 20% coverage of energy needs from renewable sources. Previously, there were 1,028 wind turbines installed throughout Greece and the number was set to reach 2,587 wind turbines before the end of 2010.[20]

According to the Ministry of Environment and Public Works, the system would have a nameplate capacity of 3,372MW of power from wind alone compared to 746MW at the end of 2006.[21] Greece chose to invest primarily to wind power by 77%, while the rest of renewable sources altogether comprise the remaining 23% of production with hydroelectric power being second with 11%.[22][23]

Ireland

Ireland is the best location in Europe for wind power as it is situated on the Western edge of Europe and is exposed to high winds from the Atlantic Ocean and Irish Sea. Wind power capacity factors tend to be higher in Ireland than anywhere else. By the end of 2014 the installed capacity of wind power in Ireland was 2,111 megawatts,[24] generating 19% of Ireland's electrical power.

Most wind farms in Ireland are located in coastal regions and especially in the West of Ireland. However, the Irish Sea is getting some attention and the first offshore wind farm in Ireland is located a few kilometers north of Arklow and 10 km out to sea and is known as the Arklow Bank Wind Park. This is set to expand in the future. Other proposals are an offshore wind farm on the Kish Bank which is about 15 kilometers offshore from Dublin, the capital city. With another planned wind farm at Clogherhead (north of Drogheda, south of Dundalk), to be called the Oriel Wind Farm. The Codling windfarm, planned for the south Irish Sea, will have a capacity of 1100 MW with 330 turbines, giving a huge boost to wind generated power in Ireland.

Lithuania

The Lithuanian government is planning on mimicking Baltic neighbor Denmark, which generates 20 percent of its energy with wind turbines. Lithuanian government have plans to build 200 megawatts of renewable energy by 2010 in wind turbines.[25]

Romania

As of 2016, wind power in Romania has an installed capacity of about 3,028 MW,[26] up from the 14 MW installed capacity in 2009.[27] Romania has a high wind power potential of around 14,000 MW (second highest in the EU after Scotland) and a power generating capacity of 23 TWh. The main regions of great potential of wind are Northern Dobruja and Moldavia.

Aerial view of the Sierra de Gredos in Spain

Spain

In 2011, Spain was Europe's leading producer of wind energy and ranked second only behind Germany in terms of installed capacity. In 2012, domestic capacity amounted to 22,785 MW.[28][29] Wind power alone covered 16.6% of the total electricity demand in Spain in 2010 (according to Red Eléctrica de España, the Spanish system operator) and continues as the third technology in the system, after nuclear power and combined cycles. Wind energy's installed capacity could meet the electricity needs of two thirds of Spanish households. In 2010, the electricity sector reduced its CO₂ emissions by 26% thanks to wind energy.[30][31] "Spain holds these positions as a result of the establishment of a stable regulatory framework, better understanding of the resource, and improved technology that have afforded considerable cost reduction in terms of initial investment, maintenance, and exploitation".[30]

United Kingdom

A turbine blade convoy passing through Edenfield, UK

At the beginning of 2013, the installed capacity of wind power in the United Kingdom was 8,445 megawatts (MW), with 362 operational wind farms and 4,158 wind turbines in the United Kingdom.[32] The United Kingdom is ranked as the world's eighth largest producer of wind power.

1.8 GW of new wind power capacity was brought online during 2012, a 30% increase of the total UK installed capacity. 2012 was a significant year for the offshore wind industry with 4 large wind farms becoming operational with over 1.1 GW of generating capability coming on stream.[33]

Through the Renewables Obligation, British electricity suppliers are now required by law to provide a proportion of their sales from renewable sources such as wind power or pay a penalty fee. The supplier then receives a Renewables Obligation Certificate (ROC) for each MW·h of electricity they have purchased.[34] Within the United Kingdom, wind power is the second largest source of renewable energy after biomass.[35]

Wind power is expected to continue growing in the United Kingdom for the foreseeable future – RenewableUK estimated in 2010 that more than 2,000 MW of capacity would be deployed per year for the next five years.[36] By 2020, the United Kingdom is expected to have more than 28,000 MW of wind capacity.[37] By 2050, UK government plans to cut carbon emissions to zero by using wind power.[38]

Europe's Wind Energy Event

In the Europe's Premier Wind Energy Event February 2013 wind was evaluated by Robert Clover from MAKE Consulting as the cheapest electricity technology after 2020 meeting 50% of electricity demand in Europe by 2050.[39] According to Fatih Birol, Chief Economist at the International Energy Agency, without phasing out fossil fuel subsidies, the EU will not reach its climate targets. The fossil fuel subsidies were half a trillion dollars in 2011. The biggest challenges of wind energy is the lack of predictability of government policies, and not the lack of predictability of wind power, according to Birol. Retroactive policy changes have also undermined investment in renewable energy projects.[40] The European wind industry needs skilled workforce.[41] The EU wind energy capacity in the end of 2012 was 105.6 GW. Renewable energy represented 69% of new power capacity in 2012, while fuel oil, coal and nuclear capacity saw negative growth due to decommissioning.[42]

Public opinion

Recent public opinion surveys about wind power at both the EU and the country level shows that wind energy, being a clean and renewable energy source, is traditionally linked to very strong and stable levels of public support. About 80 per cent of EU citizens support wind power.[6] Despite overwhelming popular support in the abstract, wind farm projects at times raise local opposition, especially in locations closer to populations or to woodland wildlife. For instance, a wind project in Ripfjallet, Sweden in 2020 has been opposed by a group of local residents who wish to maintain the historical landscape. They succeeded in arranging a local referendum scheduled for 22 June 2020 to determine the future of the project. In Germany, a government agency found that there were 325 active lawsuits against wind projects as of January 2020, often on the basis of protecting ecology and wildlife.[43]

Opinion on increase in number of wind farms, 2010 Harris Poll[5]

	Great Britain	France	Italy	Spain	Germany
	%	%	%	%	%
Strongly oppose	6	6	2	2	4
Oppose more than favour	12	16	11	9	14
Favour more than oppose	44	44	38	37	42
Strongly favour	38	33	49	53	40

Statistics

Installed wind power capacity

EU wind power Capacity (MW)[32][44][45][46][47][48][49][50][51] [52] [53]

Rank	Country	2019	2018	2017	2016	2015	2014	2013	2012	2011	2010	2009	2008	2007	2006	2005	2004	2003	2002	2001	2000	1999	1998
-	EU-28	192,231	178,826	169,319	153,641	142,042	128,751	117,289	105,696	93,957	84,074	74,767	64,712	56,517	48,069	40,511	34,383	28,599	23,159	17,315	12,887	9,678	6,453
1	Germany	61,357	59,311	56,132	50,019	44,942	39,165	33,730	31,332	29,060	27,214	25,777	23,897	22,247	20,622	18,415	16,629	14,609	11,994	8,754	6,113	4,442	2,875
2	Spain	25,808	23,494	23,170	23,026	22,987	22,986	22,959	22,796	21,674	20,676	19,149	16,689	15,131	11,623	10,028	8,264	6,203	4,825	3,337	2,235	1,812	834
3	UK	23,515	20,970	18,872	15,030	14,291	12,440	10,531	8,445	6,540	5,204	4,051	2,974	2,406	1,962	1,332	904	667	552	474	406	362	333
4	France	16,646	15,309	13,759	11,670	10,324	9,285	8,254	7,196	6,800	5,660	4,492	3,404	2,454	1,567	757	390	257	148	93	66	25	19
5	Italy	10,512	9,958	9,479	9,255	8,973	8,663	8,551	8,144	6,747	5,797	4,850	3,736	2,726	2,123	1,718	1,266	905	788	682	427	277	180
6	Sweden	8,985	7,407	6,691	6,519	6,029	5,425	4,470	3,745	2,907	2,163	1,560	1,048	788	571	509	442	399	345	293	231	220	174
7	Denmark	6,128	5,758	5,476	5,242	5,075	4,845	4,772	4,162	3,871	3,752	3,465	3,163	3,125	3,136	3,128	3,118	3,116	2,889	2,489	2,417	1,771	1,443
8	Poland	5,917	5,864	6,397	5,782	5,100	3,834	3,390	2,497	1,616	1,107	725	544	276	153	83	63	63	27	0	0	0	0
9	Portugal	5,437	5,380	5,316	5,269	5,034	4,914	4,724	4,525	4,083	3,898	3,535	2,862	2,150	1,716	1,022	522	296	195	131	100	61	60
10	Netherlands	4,600	4,471	4,341	4,180	3,391	2,805	2,693	2,391	2,328	2,245	2,229	2,225	1,747	1,558	1,219	1,079	910	693	486	446	433	361
11	Ireland	4,155	3,564	3,127	2,765	2,440	2,272	2,037	1,738	1,631	1,428	1,260	1,027	795	746	496	339	190	137	124	118	74	73
12	Belgium	3,879	3,360	2,843	2,400	2,169	1,959	1,651	1,375	1,078	911	563	415	287	194	167	96	68	35	32	13	6	6
13	Greece	3,576	2,844	2,651	2,374	2,136	1,980	1,865	1,749	1,629	1,208	1,087	985	871	746	573	473	383	297	272	189	112	39
14	Austria	3,159	3,045	2,828	2,632	2,404	2,095	1,684	1,378	1,084	1,011	995	995	982	965	819	606	415	140	94	77	34	30
15	Romania	3,029	3,029	3,029	3,028	2,976	2,954	2,599	1,905	982	462	14	11	8	3	2	1	1	0	0	0	0	0
16	Finland	2,284	2,041	2,113	1,533	1,005	627	448	288	197	197	146	143	110	86	82	82	52	43	39	39	39	17
17	Bulgaria	691	691	691	691	691	691	681	674	612	375	177	120	57	36	10	10	0	0	0	0	0	0
18	Croatia	652	583	583	466	462	347	339[54]	180	131	89	28	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0
19	Lithuania	548	439	421	421	421	279	279	225	179	163	91	54	54	51	48	6	6	0	0	0	0	0
20	Czech Republic	337	317	308	281	281	281	269	260	217	215	192	150	116	54	28	17	9	3	0	0	0	0
21	Hungary	329	329	329	329	329	329	329	329	329	295	201	127	65	61	17	3	3	3	0	0	0	0
22	Estonia	320	310	310	310	302	302	280	269	184	149	142	78	59	32	32	6	2	2	0	0	0	0
23	Cyprus	158	158	158	158	158	147	147	147	134	82	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0
24	Luxembourg	136	120	120	100	58	58	58	58	44	44	35	35	35	35	35	35	22	17	15	10	10	9
25	Latvia	66	66	66	70	69	62	62	60	31	30	28	27	27	27	27	27	27	24	0	0	0	0
26	Slovenia	3	3	3	3	5	2	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0
27	Slovakia	3	3	3	3	3	3	3	3	3	3	5	5	5	5	3	0	0	0	0	0	0	0
28	Malta	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0
-	EU-28 Offshore	22,069	18,441	15,780	12,406	10,994	8,045	6,562	4,993	3,810	2,944	2,061	1,471	1,088
-	Turkey	8,056	7,369	6,857	6,101	4,718	3,763	2,956	2,312	1,691	1,329	801	458
-	Norway	2,444	1,675	1,162	838	822	819	768	703	520	441	431	429	333	314	267	160	101
-	Ukraine	1,170	533	593	526	514	498	371	278	151	87	94	90	89	86	77	0	0	0	0	0	0	0
-	Russia	191	139	104	15	15	15	15	15	15	9	9	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0
-	Switzerland	75	75	75	75	60	60	60	50	46	42	18	14	12	12	12	0	0	0	0	0	0	0
-	North Macedonia	37	37	37	37	37	37	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0
-	Faroe Islands	18	18	18	18	18	18	7	7	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0
-	Belarus	3	3	3	3	3	3	3	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0
-	Iceland	3	3	3	3	3	3	1.8	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0
-	Europe (MW)	204,814	189,229	178,096	161,261	148,240	133,968	121,474	109,238	96,607	86,075	76,152	65,741	57,136	48,563	40,898

Per capita capacity

Wind power today, in an average wind year, generates the equivalent of over 20% of Denmark's electricity use and 25–30% of that in three German Länder, and on windy days with light loads, over 100% of the load in certain regions, particularly in West Denmark, North Germany, and northern Spain.[55]

Wind power share of electricity demand and per capita capacity

	2007[56]		2008[57]	2009[58]	2010[59]	2011	2012	2013	2014	2015	2016	2017
Country	% electricity	W/person	W/person	W/person	W/person	W/person	W/person	W/person	W/person	W/person	W/person	W/person
Denmark	21.3	579	581	627.5	686.6	706.2	745.8	837.3	850.1	894.6	911.8	947.2
Germany	7.0	270	291	315.3	332.7	355.7	382.8	415.9	483.0	553.7	608.7	679.8
Sweden	1.3	88	111	166.9	231.6	308.7	394.8	454.0	551.0	618.1	647.7	661.6
Ireland	8.4	193	228	283.1	319.6	364.0	375.0	439.5	490.1	537.4	580.7	652.5
Portugal	9.3	203	270	332.5	366.4	403.4	429.2	471.2	471.3	489.6	511.1	515.6
Spain	11.8	367	370	415.5	449.6	469.2	490.8	494.3	495.0	495.8	495.6	497.8
Finland	0.3	21	27	27.3	36.8	36.6	53.4	81.7	114.3	182.8	278.6	383.1
Average	3.8	116	131	149.2	168.3	187.2	209.7	230.8	253.3	278.6	300.2	330.8
Austria	3.3	120	119	118.8	120.7	128.2	163.2	195.3	243.0	281.0	299.3	320.5
United Kingdom	1.8	40	54	65.3	83.9	105.0	132.4	162.7	192.2	210.0	228.9	287.5
Netherlands	3.4	107	136	134.0	135.4	139.1	145.3	158.7	165.3	203.0	245.3	252.6
Belgium	0.7	28	36	52.0	81.9	98.4	124.5	147.5	175.1	198.0	212.3	249.4
Greece	3.7	78	88	96.1	106.9	143.6	154.9	170.2	180.1	199.0	212.3	246.4
Estonia	1.8	45	58	111.3	111.0	137.2	200.8	213.4	230.2	230.7	229.2	235.1
France	1.2	40	53	69.9	87.5	104.0	114.6	123.9	139.3	156.1	174.2	204.8
Luxembourg	1.1	71	90	86.2	86.2	84.6	106.7	106.7	106.7	106.7	173.5	203.2
Cyprus	0	0	0	0	102.1	166.6	170.5	170.5	170.5	186.5	185.7	184.8
Lithuania	1.1	15	19	27.3	46.3	55.2	74.8	96.6	96.6	145.1	180.4	175.6
Poland	0.4	7	12	18.5	31.0	42.3	64.9	88.1	99.6	134.2	149.7	166.5
Italy	1.7	47	63	80.3	96.1	111.1	133.9	140.7	142.5	147.3	152.7	156.7
Romania	0.0	0	1	1	19.5	45.9	90.9	133.2	151.4	157.5	154.2	154.3
Bulgaria	0.5	10	21	23.4	49.6	81.6	89.7	92.5	93.8	93.8	93.8	97.3
Latvia	0.9	12	12	12.5	13.8	13.9	33.3	33.5	33.5	33.5	33.5	34.2
Hungary	0.4	6	12	20.1	29.3	32.9	33.0	33.0	33.0	33.0	33.0	33.6
Czech Republic	0.4	11	14	18.4	20.5	20.6	24.6	25.6	26.8	26.8	26.8	29.1

Leading EU countries by wind power production

Leading EU countries by wind power production (2019)[60]

Country	Production (GWh)
Germany	126,000
United Kingdom	63,468
Spain	54,212
France (w/o overseas)	34,100
Italy	20,200
Sweden	19,902
Denmark	16,149
Poland	15,000
Portugal	13,732
Netherlands	11,458
Ireland	9,354
Belgium	8,119
Greece	7,279
Austria	7,269
Romania	6,745
Finland	5,987

See also

• Installed wind power capacity
• European Wind Energy Association (EWEA)
• Global Wind Energy Council
• Renewable energy in the European Union
• Renewable-energy economy
• Wind power by country
• European countries by fossil fuel use (% of total energy)

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External links

• The European Wind Energy Association
• European Wind Energy Conference and Exhibition
• Wind Power Seen As Key Part Of Europe’s 20% Renewable Energy Target
• EWEA: 180 GW of Wind Power Possible in Europe by 2020
• Europe’s biggest onshore wind farm plugs into the national grid
• Offshore wind to take EU by storm?