Viceroy of Shaan-Gan

Viceroy of Shaan-Gan
Chinese name
Traditional Chinese	陝甘總督
Simplified Chinese	陜甘总督
Transcriptions
Standard Mandarin
Hanyu Pinyin	Shǎn Gān Zǒngdū
Governor-General of Shaanxi and Gansu Provinces and the Surrounding Areas; Overseeing Military Affairs and Food Production, Manager of Waterways, Director of Civil Affairs
Traditional Chinese	總督陜西甘肅等處地方，提督軍務、糧餉、管理河道兼巡撫事
Simplified Chinese	总督陕西甘肃等处地方，提督军务、粮饷、管理河道兼巡抚事
Transcriptions
Manchu name
Manchu script	ᡧᠠᠨᠰᡳ ; ᡬᠠᠨᠰᡠ ᡳ ; ᡠᡥᡝᡵᡳ ; ᡴᠠᡩᠠᠯᠠᡵᠠ ; ᠠᠮᠪᠠᠨ
Romanization	šansi gansu i uheri kadalara amban

The Viceroy of Shaan-Gan, fully referred to in Chinese as the Governor-General of Shaanxi and Gansu Provinces and the Surrounding Areas; Overseeing Military Affairs and Food Production, Manager of Waterways, Director of Civil Affairs, was one of eight regional viceroys in China proper during the Qing dynasty. The Viceroy of Shaan-Gan had jurisdiction over Shaanxi and Gansu provinces (hence the name "Shaan(xi)-Gan(su)"), as well as western Inner Mongolia.

Map of viceroys in Qing Dynasty of China

History

Ming dynasty

The office of Viceroy of Shaan-Gan originated in the early Ming dynasty with the garrisoning of military forces in three towns along the northern border of Shaanxi Province. The three garrisons were called "Xunfu of Yansui" (延綏巡撫), "Xunfu of Ningxia" (寧夏巡撫) and "Xunfu of Gansu" (甘肅巡撫), respectively.

In 1497, when the Mongols of the Northern Yuan dynasty made intrusions across the border, the Hongzhi Emperor put Wang Yue (王越) in charge of coordinating military actions in Shaanxi, Yansui, Ningxia and Gansu.

In the early reign of the Zhengde Emperor (r. 1505–1521), the Mongols invaded Guyuan. The general Cao Xiong (曹雄) rejected external help from reinforcements. Yang Yiqing (楊一清) led lightly armed cavalry to launch a surprise attack on the Mongols and succeeded in driving them back. After this incident, Yang Yiqing realized that military operations in Yansui, Ningxia and Gansu had to be better coordinated, hence he urged the imperial court to appoint a viceroy to oversee the three areas. Liu Daxia (劉大夏) nominated Yang Yiqing for that position.

The office of the viceroy was created in 1525, during the reign of the Jiajing Emperor, under the name "tidu of military affairs" (提督軍務). The office was renamed to "zongzhi" (總制) in 1528, and to "zongdu" (總督) in 1540. The headquarters were located at Huamachi (花馬池; present-day Yanchi County, Ningxia).

Qing dynasty

The office was recreated in 1645, during the reign of the Shunzhi Emperor, as "Viceroy of the Three Borders in Shaanxi" (陝西三邊總督), with the headquarters at Guyuan. In 1653, the Viceroy's jurisdiction expanded to include Sichuan Province, hence the office was renamed "Viceroy of (Si)Chuan and the Three Borders in Shaanxi" (川陝三邊總督). In 1656, the office was renamed "Viceroy of (Si)Chuan-Shaan(xi)" (川陝總督) and its headquarters were relocated to Hanzhong. In 1661, the office changed its name to "Viceroy of Shaanxi" (陝西總督) after Sichuan was removed from its jurisdiction.

In 1666, during the reign of the Kangxi Emperor, the Viceroy's jurisdiction expanded to include Shanxi Province, hence it was renamed "Viceroy of Shan(xi)-Shaan(xi)" (山陝總督), with its headquarters in Xi'an. Shanxi was removed in 1672, and Sichuan was added again in 1680.

In 1723, the Yongzheng Emperor ordered that all Viceroys who also held the position of Secretary of War (兵部尚書) would concurrently be appointed as Right Censor-in-Chief (右都御史) of the Detection Branch (都察院) in the Censorate. Those Viceroys who did not hold the position of Secretary of War would be concurrently appointed as Right Vice Secretary of War (兵部右侍郎) and Right Vice Censor-in-Chief (右副都御史). In 1725, Yue Zhongqi (岳鍾琪) became the first Han Chinese outside of the Han Military Eight Banners to become a Viceroy when he was appointed as Viceroy of Chuan-Shaan. In 1731, the office was renamed "Viceroy of Shaanxi" (陝西總督) and its jurisdiction covered Shaanxi and Gansu; a separate Viceroy of Sichuan was created for Sichuan.

In 1736, the Qianlong Emperor abolished the Viceroy of Sichuan and recreated the office of Viceroy of Chuan-Shaan. In 1748, he split the Viceroy of Chuan-Shaan into Viceroy of Sichuan and Viceroy of Shaan-Gan, but reversed the changes again in 1759 and established a separate Viceroy of Gansu, with its headquarters in Suzhou (肅州; present-day Suzhou District, Jiuquan, Gansu). In 1760, the Qianlong Emperor abolished the Viceroy of Gansu and restored the two offices of Viceroy of Sichuan and Viceroy of Shaan-Gan. The Viceroy of Shaan-Gan was headquartered in Lanzhou and concurrently held the appointment of a Provincial Governor.

In 1882, during the reign of the Guangxu Emperor, the newly established Xinjiang Province was included under the jurisdiction of the Viceroy of Shaan-Gan.

List of Viceroys of Shaan-Gan

Ming dynasty

#	Name	Start of term	End of term	Notes
1	Wang Yue 王越	1474	1498	As "Zongzhi of Military Affairs at the Three Borders" (總制三邊軍務) in 1474, then "Zongzhi and Xunfu of Affairs in Gan, Liang and the Borders" (總制甘、涼邊務兼巡撫) from 1497 to 1498
2	Qin Hong 秦紘	1501	1504	As "Zongzhi of Military Affairs at the Three Borders" (總制三邊軍務)
3	Li Yue 李鉞	1522	1523	As "Zongzhi of Military Affairs in Shaanxi and the Three Borders" (總制陝西三邊軍務)
4	Yang Yiqing 楊一清	1525	1525
5	Wang Xian 王憲	1525	1528	As "Supervisor of Military Affairs in Shaanxi and the Three Borders" (督陝西三邊軍務)
6	Wang Qiong 王瓊	1528	1532
7	Li Wen 李汶	1535
8	Zeng Xian 曾銑	1546	1548	As "Viceroy of Military Affairs in Shaanxi and the Three Borders" (總督陝西三邊軍務)
9	Gu Qizhi 顧其志	1610
10	Huang Jiashan 黃嘉善
11	Liu Minkuan 劉敏寬
12	Zhang Heming 張鶴鳴
13	Yang Yingping 楊應聘
14	Qi Guangzong 祁光宗	1615		As "Viceroy of Military Affairs in Gan, Liang and the Three Borders" (總督甘、涼三邊軍務)
15	Li Qiyuan 李起元			As "Viceroy of Military Affairs in Shaanxi and the Three Borders" (總督陝西三邊軍務)
16	Wu Zhiwang 武之望	1628
17	Yang He 楊鶴	1629
18	Hong Chengchou 洪承疇	1631
19	Zheng Chongjian 鄭崇儉	1639
20	Ding Qirui 丁啟睿	1640

Qing dynasty

#	Name	Start of term	End of term	Notes
Viceroy of Shaanxi and the Three Borders (1645–1653)
1	Wang Wenkui 王文奎	1645
2	Meng Qiaofang 孟喬芳	1645	1653
Viceroy of Chuan-Shaan and the Three Borders (1653–1656)
3	Meng Qiaofang 孟喬芳	1653	1654
4	Jin Li 金礪	1654	1656
Viceroy of Chuan-Shaan (1656–1661)
5	Jin Li 金礪	1656	1656
6	Ma Zhixian 馬之先	1656	1657
7	Li Guoying 李國英	1657	1661
Viceroy of Shaanxi (1661–1666)
8	Bai Rumei 白如梅	1661	1666
Viceroy of Shan-Shaan (1666–1672)
9	Bai Rumei 白如梅	1666	1666
10	Lu Chongjun 盧崇峻	1666	1667
11	Moluo 莫洛	1668	1670
12	Luoduo 羅多	1671	1672
13	Ošan 鄂善	1672	1672
Viceroy of Shan-Shaan (excluding Shanxi) (1672–1680)
14	Ošan 鄂善	1672	1673
15	Hajan 哈占	1673	1680
Viceroy of Shan-Shaan (including Sichuan) (1680–1731)
16	Hajan 哈占	1680	1683
17	Hife 禧佛	1683	1686
18	Tuna 圖納	1686	1688
19	Gesitai 葛思泰	1688	1692
20	Foron 佛倫	1692	1694
21	Wuhe 吳赫	1694	1699
	Silda 席爾達	1699	1701	Acting Viceroy
22	Gioro-Huaxian 覺羅華顯	1701	1704
23	Boji 博霽	1704	1708
24	Cišiu 齊世武	1708	1709
25	Yin Tai 殷泰	1709	1713
26	Ehai 鄂海	1713	1718
27	Nian Gengyao 年羹堯	1719	1725
28	Yue Zhongqi 岳鍾琪	1725	1729
	Tulišen 圖理琛	1725	1725	Acting Viceroy
29	Yue Zhongqi 岳鍾琪	1729	1732
	Jalangga 查郎阿	1729	1731	Acting Viceroy
Viceroy of Shaanxi (1731–1736)
30	Jalangga 查郎阿	1731	1732
	Liu Yuyi 劉於義	1732	1735	Acting Viceroy
Viceroy of Chuan-Shaan (1736–1748)
31	Jalangga 查郎阿	1736	1738
	Liu Yuyi 劉於義	1736	1737	Acting Viceroy
32	Omida 鄂彌達	1738	1740
33	Yengišan 尹繼善	1740	1742
	Martai 馬爾泰	1742	1743	Acting Viceroy
34	Qingfu 慶復	1743	1747
35	Zhang Guangsi 張廣泗	1747	1748
	Huang Tinggui 黃廷桂	1747		Acting Viceroy
	Furdan 傅爾丹	1748		Acting Viceroy
	Fuheng 傅恆	1748		Acting Viceroy
36	Ts'ereng 策楞	1748
	Yengišan 尹繼善	1748		Acting Viceroy
Viceroy of Shaan-Gan (excluding Sichuan) (1748–1759)
37	Yengišan 尹繼善	1748	1749
38	Hubao 瑚寶	1749	1749
39	Yengišan 尹繼善	1750	1751
40	Huang Tinggui 黃廷桂	1751	1753
	Yengišan 尹繼善	1753	1753	Acting Viceroy
41	Yongchang 永常	1753	1754
	Liu Tongxun 劉統勛	1754	1755	Acting Viceroy
42	Huang Tinggui 黃廷桂	1755	1759
43	Wu Dashan 吳達善	1759	1759
Viceroy of Shaan-Gan (1760–1911)
44	Yang Yingju 楊應琚	1760	1766	Started his term as Viceroy of Gansu in 1759, then as Viceroy of Shaan-Gan from 1760 onwards
45	Wu Dashan 吳達善	1766	1768
46	Mingshan 明山	1769	1771
47	Wu Dashan 吳達善	1771	1771
48	Wenshou 文綬	1771	1772
49	Haiming 海明	1772	1772
	Lergiyen 勒爾謹	1772	1772	Acting Viceroy
50	Lergiyen 勒爾謹	1772	1776
	Bi Yuan 畢沅	1776	1776	Acting Viceroy
51	Lergiyen 勒爾謹	1776	1781
52	Li Shiyao 李侍堯	1781	1784
	Bi Yuan 畢沅	1783	1783	Acting Viceroy
53	Fuk'anggan 福康安	1784	1787
	Qinggui 慶桂	1785	1785	Acting Viceroy
	Yongbao 永保	1786	1786	Acting Viceroy
	Lebao 勒保	1787	1787	Acting Viceroy
54	Lebao 勒保	1788	1795
55	Yimian 宜綿	1795	1796
	Lu Youren 陸有仁	1796	1797	Acting Viceroy
	Yingshan 英善	1797	1797	Acting Viceroy
56	Yimian 宜綿	1797	1799
	Hengrui 恆瑞	1799	1799	Acting Viceroy
57	Songyun 松筠	1799	1800
58	Changlin 長麟	1800	1801
59	Huiling 惠齡	1801	1804
	Nayancheng 那彥成	1804	1804	Acting Viceroy
60	Wesibu 倭什布	1804	1806
61	Quanbao 全保	1806	1807
	Fang Weidian 方維甸	1806	1806	Acting Viceroy
62	Changling 長齡	1807	1809
	Cai Tingheng 蔡廷衡	1807	1807	Acting Viceroy
	Hening 和寧	1809	1809
63	Songyun 松筠	1809	1809
64	Nayancheng 那彥成	1810	1813
65	Changling 長齡	1813	1814
66	Xianfu 先福	1814	1817
	Gao Qi 高杞	1814	1814	Acting Viceroy
	Hening 和寧	1817	1817	Acting Viceroy
67	Changling 長齡	1817	1822
	Zhu Xun 朱勳	1821	1821	Acting Viceroy
68	Nayancheng 那彥成	1822	1825
69	Changling 長齡	1825	1825
	Ošan 鄂山	1825	1825	Acting Viceroy
	Yang Yuchun 楊遇春	1825	1826	Acting Viceroy
	Ošan 鄂山	1826	1826	Acting Viceroy
70	Yang Yuchun 楊遇春	1827	1835
	Ošan 鄂山	1830	1830	Acting Viceroy
71	Hūsungge 瑚松額	1835	1840
72	Nergingge 訥爾經額	1840	1840
	Hūsungge 瑚松額	1840	1840	Acting Viceroy
	Enteheng'e 恩特亨額	1840	1841	Acting Viceroy
73	Enteheng'e 恩特亨額	1841	1842
74	Funiyang'a 富呢揚阿	1842	1845
75	Huiji 惠吉	1845	1845
	Deng Tingzhen 鄧廷楨	1845	1845	Acting Viceroy
76	Buyantai 布彥泰	1845	1849
	Lin Zexu 林則徐	1845	1845	Acting Viceroy
	Yang Yizeng 楊以增	1847	1847	Acting Viceroy
	Qishan 琦善	1849	1849	Acting Viceroy
77	Qishan 琦善	1849	1851
	Saying'a 薩迎阿	1851	1851	Acting Viceroy
78	Yutai 裕泰	1851	1851
	Šuhingga 舒興阿	1851	1851	Acting Viceroy
79	Šuhingga 舒興阿	1851	1853
	Yi Tang 易棠	1853	1853	Acting Viceroy
80	Yi Tang 易棠	1854	1856
81	Yue Bin 樂斌	1856	1860
	Changji 常績	1856	1856	Acting Viceroy
	Lin Yangzu 林揚祖	1859	1860	Acting Viceroy
	Fuji 福濟	1860	1860	Acting Viceroy
82	Yue Bin 樂斌	1860	1861
83	Linkui 麟魁	1862	1862
	Shen Zhaolin 沈兆霖	1862	1862	Acting Viceroy
	Enlin 恩麟	1862	1862	Acting Viceroy
84	Xilin 熙麟	1862	1864
85	Yang Yuebin 楊岳斌	1864	1866
	Duxing'a 都興阿	1864	1864	Acting Viceroy
	Enlin 恩麟	1864	1864	Acting Viceroy
85	Zuo Zongtang 左宗棠	1866	1866
	Mutushan 穆圖善	1866	1866	Acting Viceroy
86	Mutushan 穆圖善	1867	1869
87	Zuo Zongtang 左宗棠	1869	1880
88	Yang Changjun 楊昌濬	1880	1881
89	Zeng Guoquan 曾國荃	1881	1881
90	Tan Zhonglin 譚鍾麟	1881	1888
91	Yang Changjun 楊昌濬	1888	1895
	Tao Mo 陶模	1895	1895	Acting Viceroy
92	Tao Mo 陶模	1896	1899
	Wei Guangtao 魏光燾	1899	1899	Acting Viceroy
93	Wei Guangtao 魏光燾	1900	1900
94	Songfan 崧蕃	1900	1905
	He Fukun 何福堃	1900	1901	Acting Viceroy
	Li Tingxiao 李廷簫	1900	1900	Acting Viceroy
95	Shengyun 升允	1905	1909
96	Changgeng 長庚	1909	1911

References

Zhao, Erxun (1928). Draft History of Qing (Qing Shi Gao) (in Chinese). Volumes 197–199.

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