Usutu virus

Usutu virus (USUV), first identified in South Africa in 1959,[1] is an emerging zoonotic arbovirus of concern because of its pathogenicity to humans and its similarity in ecology with other emerging arboviruses such as West Nile virus.[2] USUV is a flavivirus belonging to the Japanese encephalitis complex.[2] The virus is named after the Maputo River, also known as the Usutu River.[3][4]

Usutu virus
Virus classification
(unranked): Virus
Realm: Riboviria
Kingdom: Orthornavirae
Phylum: Kitrinoviricota
Class: Flasuviricetes
Order: Amarillovirales
Family: Flaviviridae
Genus: Flavivirus
Species:
Usutu virus

USUV has been reported from several African countries including Senegal, Central African Republic, Nigeria, Uganda, Burkina Faso, Cote d'Ivoire, and Morocco.[2] Only two human cases have been identified in Africa, in 1981 and 2004, with one benign and one severe case described.[2] The virus was identified for the first time outside of Africa in 1996 in Italy, where it caused significant mortality among Old World blackbirds.[5] The first human case outside of Africa was reported in Italy in 2009, where an immunocompromised patient was infected, causing encephalitis.[6]

Immunohistochemistry (IHC) of USUV-uninfected (A, C) and –infected (B, D, F and F) blackbird organs using an USUV-specific murine monoclonal antibody.
(A) USUV-uninfected blackbird brain.
(B) USUV-infected blackbird brain showing a group of USUV-positive neurons (in red).
(C) USUV-uninfected blackbird heart.
(D) USUV-infected blackbird heart, USUV-positive cells are localized in the endocardium (in red).
(E) USUV-infected blackbird liver, disseminated USUV-positive Kupffer cells (in red).
(F) USUV-infected blackbird lung, disseminated USUV-positive cells (in red).

USUV's host range includes primarily Culex mosquitoes, birds, and humans.[2] A 2008-2009 survey of mosquitoes and birds in Emilia-Romagna detected USUV in 89 Culex pipiens pools and in 2 Aedes albopictus pools. Twelve wild birds, primarily European Magpies (Pica pica), Hooded Crows (Corvus cornix), and Eurasian Jays (Garrulus glandarius), were determined to be USUV-positive.[7] USUV detection in mosquito species confirms the role of Culex pipiens as the main vector and the possible involvement of Aedes albopictus in the virus cycle.[7]

References
  1. McIntosh, Bruce M. (1985). "Usutu (SA Ar 1776), nouvel arbovirus du groupe B.". International Catalogue of Arboviruses. 3: 1059–1060.
  2. Nikolay, Birgit; Diallo, Mawlouth; Boye, Cheikh Saad Bouh; Sall, Amadou Alpha (November 2011). "Usutu Virus in Africa". Vector-Borne and Zoonotic Diseases. 11 (11): 1417–1423. doi:10.1089/vbz.2011.0631. PMID 21767160.
  3. Becker, Norbert; Petrić, Dušan; Zgomba, Marija; Boase, Clive; Madon, Minoo B.; Dahl, Christine; Kaiser, Achim (2020). Mosquitoes: Identification, Ecology and Control. Cham, Switzerland: Springer. p. 41.
  4. Worth, Charles Brooke (1971). Mosquito Safari: A Naturalist in Southern Africa. New York: Simon and Schuster. p. 303.
  5. doi: 10.3201/eid1902.121191.
  6. Pecorari, M.; Longo, G.; Gennari, W.; Grottola, A.; Sabbatini, A.; Tagliazucchi, S.; Savini, G.; Monaco, F.; Simone, M. (17 December 2009). "First human case of Usutu virus neuroinvasive infection, Italy, August-September 2009". Eurosurveillance. 14 (50). PMID 20070936.
  7. Calzolari M, Gaibani P, Bellini R, Defilippo F, Pierro A, Albieri A, Maioli G, Luppi A, Rossini G, Balzani A, Tamba M, Galletti G, Gelati A, Carrieri M, Poglayen G, Cavrini F, Natalini S, Dottori M, Sambri V, Angelini P, Bonilauri P (2012). "Mosquito, bird and human surveillance of West Nile and Usutu viruses in Emilia-Romagna Region (Italy) in 2010". PLoS ONE. 7 (5): e38058. Bibcode:2012PLoSO...738058C. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0038058. PMC 3364206. PMID 22666446.
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