Urban rail transit in Canada

Urban rail transit in Canada encompasses a broad range of rail mass transit systems, including commuter rail, rapid transit, light rail, and streetcar systems.

Terminology

• Commuter rail refers to urban passenger train service between a central city and its suburbs. Three such systems exist in Canada.
• Airport rail link refers to rail transport between a central city and a nearby international airport. The Union Pearson Express is the only dedicated airport rail link in Canada. The SkyTrain light metro system also serves as an airport rail link.
• Subway refers to a rapid transit system using heavy rail with steel wheels. The Toronto subway is the only such system in Canada.
• Rubber-tired metro refers to a rapid transit system using heavy rail with rubber tires. The Montreal Metro is the only such system in Canada.
• Light metro refers to a rapid transit system using intermediate or medium-capacity rail. The SkyTrain is the only full light metro system in Canada. The Toronto subway system includes one light metro line.
• Light rail refers to a rail transit system using light rail vehicles in a dedicated right-of-way. Four such systems exist in Canada.
• Streetcar refers to a rail transit system using light rail vehicles entirely or mostly on streets providing local service in mixed traffic. The Toronto streetcar is the only such system in Canada.
• People mover refers to a small-scale automated guideway transit system. The Link Train is the only such system in Canada.

Existing systems

Italics indicate a line under construction.

Region	System	Average weekday ridership (Q4 2019)[1]	Technology	Lines	Stations	System length	Stations under construction	System length under construction
Calgary, Alberta	CTrain	313,800	Light rail	R  Red Line  B  Blue Line	45	59.9 km (37.2 mi)	–	–
Edmonton, Alberta	Edmonton LRT	110,786 (2018)[2]	Light rail	Capital Line Metro Line Valley Line	18	24.3 km (15.1 mi)	12	13.1 km (8.1 mi)
Greater Montreal, Quebec	Exo	68,500 (Q3 2019)[3]	Commuter rail	Candiac Vaudreuil-Hudson Mascouche Mont-Saint-Hilaire Saint-Jerome	52	204.6 km (127.1 mi)	1	–
	Montreal Metro	1,421,200	Rubber-tired metro	Green Line Orange Line Yellow Line Blue Line	68	69.2 km (43.0 mi)	–	–
Ottawa, Ontario	O-Train	13,000 (Q3 2019)[3]	Light rail	1 Line 1 2 Line 2 3 Line 3 4 Line 4	17	20.5 km (12.7 mi)	24	40.5 km (25.2 mi)
Greater Toronto Area, Ontario	GO Transit rail services	230,500	Commuter rail	Lakeshore West Lakeshore East Milton Kitchener Barrie Richmond Hill Stouffville	68	522.5 km (324.7 mi)	4	4 km (2.5 mi)
	Union Pearson Express	11,500 (April 2019)[4]	Airport rail link	UP Express	4	23.3 km (14.5 mi)	–	–
	Toronto subway	1,603,300	Subway	Line 1 Yonge–University Line 2 Bloor–Danforth Line 4 Sheppard	75	76.9 km (47.8 mi)	39	30 km (19 mi)
			Light metro	Line 3 Scarborough
			Light rail	Line 5 Eglinton Line 6 Finch West
	Toronto streetcar	530,600	Streetcar	10 lines (List)	685	83 km (52 mi)	–	–
	Link Train		People mover	–	3	1.5 km (0.93 mi)	–	–
Metro Vancouver, British Columbia	West Coast Express	10,300	Commuter rail	West Coast Express	8	69 km (43 mi)	–	–
	SkyTrain	512,400	Light metro	Expo Line Millennium Line Canada Line	53	79.6 km (49.5 mi)	–	–
Waterloo Region, Ontario	Ion[lower-alpha 1]	17,166 (September 2019)[5]	Light rail	301  ION Light Rail	19	19 km (12 mi)	–	–

Calgary

Siemens S200 train at the CTrain's Saddletowne station

Calgary Transit's CTrain network, which started operation in 1981, now has the second highest weekday ridership of any light rail transit system in North America, carrying over 312,000 passengers per weekday in the fourth quarter of 2018. There are 45 stations in operation in the 60-kilometre (37 mi) CTrain light rail system,[6] After starting by running on one leg in 1981, the system has expanded and now has four legs radiating out into Calgary's suburbs in different directions. The legs have been organized into two routes (identified as the Red Line and the Blue Line) that connect the four legs via shared tracks in a downtown transit mall. The existing four legs of the system, as built in chronological order, are the South leg (1981), the Northeast leg (1985), the Northwest leg (1987), and the West leg (2012).

• The Downtown Transit Mall along 7th Avenue South is shared by the Red and Blue lines.
• The Red Line connects the South and Northwest legs via the downtown transit mall.
• The Blue Line connects the Northeast and West legs via the downtown transit mall.

The Green Line is a planned line that would connect new Southeast and North legs via a downtown tunnel.[7]

Edmonton

Siemens SD-160 train at the Edmonton LRT's Bay/Enterprise Square station

The Edmonton Transit System's LRT system consisted of only one line from its opening in 1978 to 2015. The current 24.3-kilometre (15.1 mi) system includes the original Capital Line and the new Metro Line, sharing most of their route. The first phase of the Valley Line is under construction.

• The Capital Line runs roughly north-south, between northeast Edmonton and the Century Park community, with a mix of tunnels and at-grade track. Six stations are underground, while the remaining nine are at-grade.
• The Metro Line is interlined with the Capital Line from Century Park and through the underground portions before branching northwest towards NAIT.[8][9]
• The Valley Line is currently under construction. The low-floor line will travel southeast from downtown towards Mill Woods.[10][11]

Extensions to the Capital, Metro, and Valley lines have been approved. The construction of the new Energy and Festival lines have been proposed.[12]

Montreal

An Exo train on the Mont-Saint-Hilaire line.

Exo operates five commuter rail lines in Greater Montreal, including the Island of Montreal, Montreal, and South Shore. Each lines terminate at Montreal Central Station or Lucien-L'Allier, both in downtown Montreal with connections to the metro system. Most of the system is run on Canadian National or Canadian Pacific trackage. Exo formerly owned and operated the Mount Royal Tunnel and the Deux-Montagnes line until service was ended in 2020. The Réseau express métropolitain light metro system is set to takeover the Mount Royal Tunnel and Deux-Montagnes line.

Montreal Metro train arriving at De La Concorde station.

The Montreal Metro is Canada's second busiest rail transit system. Drawing inspiration from the Paris Métro, it uses rubber-tired metro technology, the only such system in Canada. The 69.2 km (43.0 mi) system has 68 stations on four lines, which serve the north, east, and central portions of the Island of Montreal, as well as the suburbs of Laval and Longueuil. The metro began in 1966 with the east-west Green Line and north-south Orange Line.[13] A series of expansions since 1966 have expanded the original lines and added the Yellow and Blue lines.

• The Green Line is a 22.1 km (13.7 mi) line that runs northeast to southwest between Agrignon and Honoré-Beaugrand. The two ends are connected through a central section that runs under De Maisonneuve Boulevard in downtown Montreal.
• The Orange Line is a 30.0 km (18.6 mi) U-shaped line. The central section runs through downtown Montreal, south of the Green Line's alignment. The two legs connect to Côte-Vertu in the northwest and Montmorency in Laval, northeast of Montreal.
• The Yellow Line is a 4.25 km (2.64 mi) line with three stations. It connects to the Green and Orange lines at Berri–UQAM station, the system's busiest station, and crosses under the Saint Lawrence River to connect Saint Helen's Island and Longueuil.
• The Blue Line is a 9.7 km (6.0 mi) line. It runs in a northeast to southwest alignment north of the Green Line, connecting the east island with both legs of the Orange Line.

An eastward extension of the Blue Line is planned to begin construction in 2021.

Ottawa

Trillium Line train on Ottawa's O-Train.

The O-Train began in 2001 as a light rail pilot project to supplement its Transitway bus rapid transit system. This original line, now known as the Trillium Line was relatively inexpensive to construct ($21 million) due to its single-track route along a little used freight-rail right of way and use of diesel multiple units (DMUs) to avoid the cost of building overhead lines along the tracks. The Confederation Line opened in September 2019, replacing portions of the Transitway with an underground tunnel through downtown.[14][15]

• The Confederation Line, (Line 1) is a light rail line which runs east–west from Blair to Tunney's Pasture connecting to the Transitway at each terminus and with the Trillium Line at Bayview. The line runs both underground and on the surface and is completely grade-separated. There is a tunnel downtown with three underground stations.[16]
• The Trillium Line, (Line 2) is an 8 km (5.0 mi) diesel light rail line running north to south from Bayview station to Greenboro station connecting with Confederation Line at its northern terminus and Transitway at its southern terminus. There are three passing sidings along the single-track line.

Stage 2 of Ottawa's O-Train expansion is currently under construction, which will expand the Confederation Line east and west and the Trillium Line in the south.

Toronto

A GO Transit train at Union Station

GO Transit operates commuter rail services in the Greater Golden Horseshoe, including the metropolitan areas of Toronto, Hamilton, Kitchener, Niagara, Oshawa, Barrie, and Guelph. Each of its seven lines terminate at Union Station in downtown Toronto. With 217,500 average weekday riders, it is Canada's busiest commuter rail service, and the fifth busiest in North America. The GO Expansion project currently underway will bring electrification, new trackage, bridges, and tunnels to the system, allowing for two-way all-day service with 15 minute frequencies to sections of five of its lines.

A UP Express train at Union Station

GO Transit's parent agency, Metrolinx, also operates the Union Pearson Express, an airport rail link between Union Station and Toronto Pearson International Airport. It opened in advance of the 2015 Pan American Games, sharing most of its routing with GO's Kitchener line before travelling along a 3.3 km (2.1 mi) rail spur to the airport. At the airport, the line connects with the Link Train, a free people mover transporting passenger between the airport's terminals and parking garage.

A Toronto Rocket subway train at St. George station

The Toronto Transit Commission's 76.9 km (47.8 mi) subway is Canada's oldest rapid transit system, having opened as the "Yonge subway" in 1954.[17] It is also Canada's busiest system, with 1,603,300 average weekday riders.[1] It is an intermodal system, with three subway lines and one light metro line, with a total of 75 stations, the most of any Canadian system. The system connects each of Toronto's community council areas and former municipalities, as well as the suburb of Vaughan.

• Line 1 Yonge–University is Toronto's oldest, longest, and busiest. It forms a U-shape, with Union station, at its base, connecting to Toronto's intercity and commuter rail hub. The eastern leg travels north along Yonge Street to Finch. The western leg travels northwest, connecting to the University of Toronto and York University, before terminating at Vaughan Metropolitan Centre.
• Line 2 Bloor–Danforth is an east–west line, running primarily along its two namesakes, Bloor Street and Danforth Avenue. The line connects the east and western suburbs with Line 1 and downtown Toronto.
• Line 3 Scarborough is a light metro line. It connects the former municipality of Scarborough with Line 2 at its terminus at Kennedy station. The line is planned to be replaced with an extension of Line 2.[18]
• Line 4 Sheppard is the shortest line on the system, with five stations along Sheppard Avenue in North York. It connects to Line 1 at Sheppard–Yonge station.

Line 5 Eglinton and Line 6 Finch West are both light rail lines under construction. The two lines will be fully integrated with the subway system upon their opening in 2022 and 2023.[18]

504 King streetcar operating along the King Street Transit Priority Corridor

Toronto also operates a streetcar system. Unlike light rail, the majority of the ten routes operate in mixed traffic and all make frequent stops. Three routes operate in a dedicated right-of-way:

• 510 Spadina running between Spadina station and Union station.
• 509 Harbourfront running between Union station and Exhibition Place via Queens Quay station.
• 512 St. Clair running along St. Clair Avenue West between St. Clair station and Gunns Loop via St. Clair West station.

The central section of the 504 King route runs along the King Street Transit Priority Corridor. The proposed East Bayfront LRT would be a fourth streetcar line operating in a dedicated right-of-way.

Vancouver

The West Coast Express is a commuter rail line operated by TransLink. The 69 km (43 mi) line runs from Waterfront station in downtown Vancouver to Mission, with six stations in between. The line only operates during peak hours on weekdays, with five trains in each direction. It is Canada's least used urban rail transit system.[1]

The longest rapid transit system in Canada by track length is the Vancouver SkyTrain.

The SkyTrain is TransLink's fully-automated light metro system. The system opened in 1985 for the Expo 86. This original portion, now known as the Expo Line, is also joined by the Millennium and Canada lines, making it Canada's longest by track length, at 79.6 km (49.5 mi). The system serves Vancouver and many of its surrounding municipalities in the Metro Vancouver Regional District.

• The Expo Line is named after Expo 86, for which it was originally constructed. It connects Waterfront station, an intermodal transit station in Downtown Vancouver, with Surrey. Since 2016, a second branch of the line connects to the Millennium Line in Burnaby.[19][20]
• The Millenium Line is named after the 3rd millennium in which it was opened. Originally, it operated as a branch service of the Expo Line, following its alignment from Waterfront to Columbia station, before branching off. The opening of the Evergreen Extension in 2016 brought its current alignment, running roughly east-west from VCC–Clark station in Vancouver to Lafarge Lake–Douglas station in Coquitlam.[19] An additional extension is planned along Broadway to Arbutus station.
• The Canada Line was built in advance of the 2010 Winter Olympics. It uses distinct technology from the rest of the system, and runs south from Waterfront station to the airport and Richmond.

Waterloo Region

Ion LRV on Northfield Drive in Waterloo

The first phase of the 19-kilometre (12 mi) LRT system runs from Conestoga station in the City of Waterloo to Fairway station in Kitchener. It opened to the public on June 21, 2019.[21] The system operates in reserved lanes on public streets and on private rights of way. Waterloo Region, Ontario has also approved plans for a light rail extension to the Ainslie St. Transit Terminal in Cambridge, as phase two of Ion.[22]

In development

City or region	Line	Construction start	Expected opening	Stations	Line length	Status
Calgary	Green Line (stage 1)[lower-alpha 2]	2021	2026[lower-alpha 3]	14[lower-alpha 4]	20 km (12 mi)[lower-alpha 5]	Planned
Edmonton	Valley Line Southeast[lower-alpha 6]	2016[10]	2021[10]	12[11]	13.1 km (8.1 mi)[11]	Under construction[23]
Edmonton	Valley Line West	2021	2026[lower-alpha 7]	16	14 km (8.7 mi)	Planned
Gatineau	Gatineau LRT		2028	30	26 km (16 mi)	Proposed
Montreal	Réseau express métropolitain	2018	2022–2024[lower-alpha 8]	26	67 km (42 mi)	Under construction
Ottawa	Confederation Line (Stage 2)	2019	2024–2025	16[lower-alpha 9]	26.5 km (16.5 mi)[lower-alpha 10]	Under construction[24]
Ottawa	Trillium Line (Stage 2)	2019	2022	8[lower-alpha 11]	14 km (8.7 mi)[lower-alpha 12]	Under construction[25]
Peel Region	Hurontario LRT	2020[26]	2024	19	18 km (11 mi)[27]	Under construction
Quebec City	Quebec City Tramway		2026	35	23 km (14 mi)	Planned
Toronto	Line 5 Eglinton	2011	2022[28]	26	19 km (12 mi)	Under construction
Toronto	Line 6 Finch West	2019[26]	2023	18	11 km (6.8 mi)	Under construction

Gatineau

Gatineau, Quebec is proposing a 26-kilometre (16 mi) LRT system that would connect with Ottawa's O-Train system.[29]

Longueuil

In February 2020, the mayor of Longueuil, Quebec, proposed building a tramway in stages running east to west, from Hôpital Pierre Boucher in Longueuil to La Prairie. The proposed line would mostly run along a reconfigured Taschereau Boulevard passing Cégep Édouard-Montpetit, Longueuil station (terminus of the Yellow Line of the Montreal Metro), Hôpital Charles-LeMoyne and the planned Panama station of the future Réseau express métropolitain in Brossard.[30]

Montreal

The Réseau express métropolitain is a light metro line under construction in Montreal. It is set to open in phases beginning in 2022. When completed, it will consist of a central section connecting to the Green, Orange, and Blue metro lines, with four branches with service to the North Shore, West Island, airport, and South Shore.[31]

Peel Region

The Hurontario LRT is an approved 17.6-kilometre (10.9 mi) light rail line largely financed by the province of Ontario to run on the surface along Hurontario Street from Port Credit GO Station in Mississauga to Steeles Avenue in Brampton. On October 28, 2015, Brampton City Council cancelled the proposed 5.6-kilometre (3.5 mi) section of the line along Main Street in Brampton to Brampton GO Station.[27] On March 21, 2019, Metrolinx announced that the most of the downtown loop would be deferred to a later date due to financial restrictions, although a short spur to a stop at Square One Shopping Centre would remain.[32]

Quebec City

The Quebec City Tramway is a planned light rail transit line in Quebec City set to open in 2026. It will link Charlesbourg to Cap Rouge, passing through Quebec Parliament Hill. The 23-kilometre (14 mi) line will include a 3.5-kilometre (2.2 mi) underground segment, with the rest of the line being on the surface.[33]

Cancelled

Hamilton

Hamilton, Ontario's B-Line route, part of the region's BLAST rapid transit network, was a proposed light rail line to run east–west along King and Main streets, with McMaster University and Eastgate Square as its termini.[34] However, in announcing the financing for the line, the Government of Ontario changed the eastern terminus to Queenston Circle instead of Eastgate Square but added a branch to the new West Harbour GO Station.[35] After uncertainty among Hamilton's city council, and poor ridership projections in provincially funded studies, the provincial government announced that they would abandon the spur line down James North, and a previously announced BRT system along James, in favour of reinstating Eastgate Square as the terminal station of the B-Line.[36] In December 2019, the Ontario government announced that the project would be abandoned, in part due to higher than anticipated costs.[37]

Surrey

A 27-kilometre (17 mi) light rail network was to consist of three lines radiating from Skytrain stations had been proposed for construction in Surrey, BC. The planned lines were:[38][39]

• Surrey City Centre to Guildford Town Centre along 104 Avenue (travel time: 10 minutes).
• Surrey City Centre to Newton Town Centre along King George Boulevard (travel time: 15 minutes).
• Surrey City Centre via Fleetwood Town Centre to Langley along the Fraser Highway (travel time: 24.5 minutes).

The lines on 104 Avenue and King George Boulevard would be built in seven years while the Surrey-Langley Line on the Fraser Highway would be finished five years later.[38] A report on the economic benefits of the project was produced by a consulting firm in May 2015.[40]

This project (among others major transit infrastructure initiatives, including the extension of the Millennium Line under Broadway in Vancouver) was originally made contingent, by the governing BC Liberal party, on the approval, by plebiscite in 2015, of a sales tax increase to generate new funds for public transit. The electorate voted against the tax increase, leaving the project unfunded.[41] Subsequently, the project was included in the second phase of TransLink's 10-Year Investment Plan, which was approved in late 2017.[42][43] However, in 2018, more than 80% of the city's residents objected to the line and potential problems prompting several parties to adopts its cancellation as part of that year's civic election.[44] A mayor and council who objected to LRT were elected and their first order of business was to vote unanimously to cancel the LRT line in favour of extending the existing SkyTrain line to Langley.[45] The LRT was "indefinitely suspended" by the regional Mayors' Council on November 15.[46]

Toronto

The Sheppard East LRT was a proposed 13-kilometre (8.1 mi) light rail transit line that will run along the surface of Sheppard Avenue from Don Mills subway station to east of Morningside Avenue.[47] It was cancelled in April 2019 by the Ontario provincial government under Premier Doug Ford.[48]

Victoria region

In August 2011, Victoria Regional Transit System announced that light rail transit was recommended as the preferred technology to connect Victoria to Saanich and the West Shore communities.[49][50] In 2018, British Columbia premier John Horgan rejected the idea of light rail service in the Victoria area because the area's low population would not justify light rail.[51]

See also

• List of bus rapid transit systems in the Americas#Canada
• Public transport in Canada

Notes

1. The Ion system also includes a bus rapid transit line not included in this table.
2. Only phase 1 which spans from 16 Avenue N to 126 Avenue SE (About 14 stations and 20 kilometres (12 mi)).
3. Depends on delivery of funding promised by federal and provincial governments during recent elections.
4. When fully complete the Green Line will have 28 Stations
5. When the Green Line is complete it will be 48 kilometres (30 mi) long.
6. Data for Valley Line phase 1 only from Mill Woods to 102 Street.
7. Council is looking into the possibility of opening the line in phases between 2020 and 2025. For example the first parts of the line closer to downtown could open in 2020 while sections near the end of line could open closer to 2025 .
8. To be opened in phases with stations opening in 2022, 2023, and 2024
9. When Stage 2 is complete, the Confederation Line will have 29 stations.
10. When Stage 2 is complete, the Confederation Line will be 39 kilometres (24 mi) long.
11. When Stage 2 is complete, the Trillium Line will have 13 stations.
12. When Stage 2 is complete, the Trillium Line will be 22 kilometres (14 mi) long.

References

1. "PUBLIC TRANSPORTATION RIDERSHIP REPORT: Fourth Quarter 2019" (PDF). American Public Transit Association. February 27, 2020. Retrieved April 22, 2020.
2. "2018 LRT Passenger Count Report" (PDF). City of Edmonton. March 2019. Retrieved April 22, 2020.
3. "PUBLIC TRANSPORTATION RIDERSHIP REPORT: Fourth Quarter 2019" (PDF). American Public Transit Association. November 27, 2019. Retrieved April 22, 2020.
4. "YEAR-OVER-YEAR (YoY) RIDERSHIP PERFORMANCE: GO Train and UP Express April 2019 Compared to April 2018" (PDF). Metrolinx. Retrieved April 22, 2020.
5. "Public transit numbers on the rise since Ion launch in June". Waterloo Region Record. October 15, 2019. Retrieved October 25, 2019.
6. "Northwest LRT extension to Rocky Ridge/Tuscany". Calgary Transit. The City of Calgary. 2014. Archived from the original on August 24, 2012. Retrieved August 4, 2014.
7. "Vision for Green Line". Calgary Transit. Retrieved May 2, 2016.
8. "Edmonton's Metro Line now set to open in spring". Retrieved April 12, 2017.
9. Dykstra, Matt (May 9, 2013). "Edmonton city crews promise to finish north extension of LRT line to NAIT by next spring". Edmonton Sun. Retrieved August 26, 2013.
10. "Valley Line (SE to West LRT): Mill Woods to Lewis Farms". Edmonton Transit System. 2015. Archived from the original on May 15, 2015. Retrieved June 16, 2015.
11. "Valley Line LRT Animation". City of Edmonton. December 3, 2013. Retrieved June 16, 2015.
12. "Building LRT". City of Edmonton. Retrieved April 21, 2020.
13. "An underground railway project in 1910". Société de transport de Montréal. Archived from the original on September 1, 2007.
14. "O-Train name approved for Ottawa light rail system". CBC News Network. September 17, 2014. Retrieved December 29, 2014.
15. "Confederation Line LRT service to start in September: Watson". Ottawa Business Journal. Retrieved July 16, 2019.
16. "Confederation Line". City of Ottawa. 2015. Archived from the original on June 13, 2015. Retrieved June 15, 2015.
17. "Canada's First Subway". City of Toronto. Retrieved February 25, 2007.
18. Hall, Joseph (March 5, 2020). "Eight major transit projects are underway in the GTA — here's where they're at right now". Toronto Star. Retrieved April 20, 2020.
19. "Vancouver SkyTrain, Canada". Railway-Technology.com. Retrieved April 14, 2015.
20. "Evergreen Extension opening today". NEWS 1130. December 2, 2016. Retrieved December 2, 2016.
21. "ION light rail". grt.ca. April 16, 2019. Retrieved April 26, 2019.
22. Bowen, Douglas John (July 12, 2013). "Waterloo opts for Bombardier LRVs". International Railway Journal. Archived from the original on July 13, 2013. Retrieved July 13, 2013. The first of the Flexity Freedom LRV are due to be delivered in mid-2016, and will be used on the 19km, 16-station line from Conestoga Mall in Waterloo to Fairview Park Mall in Kitchener. The $C 92.4m ($US 89.2m) contract will include an option for 16 additional vehicles.
23. "Archived copy". Archived from the original on February 9, 2016. Retrieved June 16, 2015.CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link)
24. "Stage 2 O-Train Light Rail Transit Project Construction Summary". City of Ottawa. September 17, 2019.
25. "City of Ottawa receives update on the latest of Stage 2 of LRT". CTV News. September 10, 2019.
26. https://www.railwayage.com/news/ontario-lrt-update/
27. "Brampton council votes to reject provincially approved LRT". Metro News. October 28, 2015. Archived from the original on December 8, 2015. Retrieved October 28, 2015.
28. "Eglinton Crosstown LRT won't be ready until 'well into 2022,' Metrolinx says". CBC News. February 18, 2020. Retrieved February 18, 2020.
29. "Gatineau reveals $2.1B LRT plan, eyes 2028 launch". CBC News. June 20, 2018. Retrieved December 20, 2018.
30. Gerbet, Thomas (February 26, 2020). "Tramway Longueuil–La Prairie : ça se concrétise" (in French). Radio Canada. Retrieved February 28, 2020.
31. Noakes, Taylor (November 13, 2019). "The Réseau Express Métropolitain: the multi-billion dollar light rail project Montreal never asked for". CityMetric. Retrieved April 20, 2020.
32. "Metrolinx scraps portion of Hurontario LRT in effort to cut costs". Toronto Star. Retrieved March 30, 2019.
33. "Mayor, premier unveil plans for $3-billion tramway for Quebec City". Montreal Gazette. Presse Canadienne. March 16, 2018. Retrieved July 8, 2019.
34. "Rapid Transit". City of Hamilton. Archived from the original on March 25, 2010. Retrieved June 30, 2010.
35. "Hamilton to get a new LRT and GO Train station - Toronto Star". Retrieved April 12, 2017.
36. Van Dongen, Matthew (April 27, 2017). "LRT to Eastgate Square reborn after council nod". Hamilton Spectator. Retrieved May 12, 2017.
37. https://www.chch.com/hamiltons-lrt-cancelled-project-to-cost-five-times-more/
38. "Light Rail Transit". City of Surrey. 2015. Archived from the original on June 18, 2015. Retrieved June 15, 2015.
39. "City of Surrey's Vision for Rapid Transit -- LRT". video. City of Surrey. August 23, 2011. Retrieved June 15, 2015.
40. Shirocca Consulting (2015). "Economic Benefits of Surrey LRT" (PDF). City of Surrey. Retrieved June 15, 2015.
41. Bula, Francis (July 2, 2015). "Vancouver-region tax hike transit referendum voted down by 62 per cent". The Globe and Mail. Retrieved July 2, 2015.
42. "Phase Two of the 10-Year Vision: Preparing for Growth". TransLink. Retrieved March 20, 2017.
43. Chan, Kenneth (March 16, 2018). "It's official: Broadway Subway and Surrey LRT will be built in $7-billion transit plan". Daily Hive Vancouver. Retrieved March 17, 2018.
44. "Surrey mayoral candidate says majority of residents oppose LRT". Retrieved September 8, 2018.
45. "Surrey council passes motions to scrap LRT, start municipal police force - CBC News". Retrieved November 6, 2018.
46. "Metro Vancouver mayors agree to suspend Surrey LRT, start process for SkyTrain to Langley". CBC News. Retrieved November 16, 2018.
47. "Toronto Light Rail Transit Projects". Metrolinx. June 4, 2015. Retrieved June 4, 2015.
48. "How Doug Ford's $28.5-billion transit overhaul compares with Toronto's existing plans". Toronto Star. April 10, 2019. Retrieved October 16, 2019.
49. "April 2011: Light Rail Recommendation". BC Transit. 2011. Retrieved June 12, 2015.
50. "Regional Transit Local Funding Options - Technical Analysis". BC Transit. August 22, 2012. Retrieved June 12, 2015.
51. McCracken, Erin (May 20, 2018). "Editorial: No case for light rail". Times Colonist. Archived from the original on May 22, 2018. Retrieved February 28, 2020.