Typhoon Ida (1958)

Typhoon Ida, also known as the Kanogawa Typhoon (狩野川台風, Kanogawa Taifū), was the sixth-deadliest typhoon to hit Japan, as well as one of the strongest tropical cyclones on record. On September 20, Ida formed in the Western Pacific near Guam. It moved to the west and rapidly intensified into a 115 mph (185 km/h) typhoon by the next day. On September 22, Ida turned to the north and continued its quick rate of intensification. Two days later, the Hurricane Hunters observed a minimum barometric pressure of 877 mb (25.9 inHg), as well as estimated peak winds of 325 km/h (200 mph). This made Ida the strongest tropical cyclone on record at the time, although it was surpassed by Typhoon June 17 years later. Ida weakened as it continued to the north-northeast, and made landfall in Japan on southeastern Honshū with winds of 80 mph on September 26. It became extratropical the next day, and dissipated on the 28th to the east of the country. Ida caused torrential flooding to southeastern Japan, resulting in over 1,900 mudslides. Damage was estimated at $50 million, and there were 1,269 fatalities.

Typhoon Ida
Category 5 super typhoon (SSHWS)
The eye of Typhoon Ida at peak intensity
FormedSeptember 20, 1958
DissipatedSeptember 30, 1958
(Extratropical after September 27)
Highest winds1-minute sustained: 325 km/h (200 mph)
Lowest pressure877 hPa (mbar); 25.9 inHg
Fatalities1,269 total
Damage$50 million (1958 USD)
Areas affectedJapan
Part of the 1958 Pacific typhoon season

Meteorological history
Map plotting the track and the intensity of the storm, according to the Saffir–Simpson scale
Most intense Pacific typhoons
Typhoon Season Pressure
hPa inHg
1 Tip 1979 870 25.7
2 June 1975 875 25.8
Nora 1973
4 Forrest 1983 876[1] 25.9
5 Ida 1958 877 25.9
6 Rita 1978 878 26.0
7 Kit 1966 880 26.0
Vanessa 1984
9 Nancy 1961 882 26.4
10 Irma 1971 884 26.1
11 Nina 1953 885 26.1
Joan 1959
Megi 2010
Source:JMA Typhoon Best Track Analysis
Information for the North Western Pacific Ocean.[2]

Tropical Storm Ida formed east of Guam on September 20, 1958. The storm moved westward, crossing the island as it gradually intensified into a typhoon.[3] On September 22, Ida began a motion to the north, following a path typical of September typhoons.[4] Around that time, the Hurricane Hunters reported that the eye was obscured, and over the subsequent 24 hours the eyewall remained incomplete. However, over a 14-hour period beginning at 15:00 UTC on September 23, Typhoon Ida began undergoing rapid deepening, at times a rate of 5.8 mbar (0.17 inHg) per hour. The eye became increasingly well-defined,[5] and near 05:00 UTC on September 24, a reconnaissance aircraft deployed a dropsonde in the typhoon about 600 mi (970 km) northwest of Guam. The instrument recorded a barometric pressure of 877 mbar (25.9 inHg), which made Ida the strongest tropical cyclone on record at the time as measured by pressure.[6]

Around the time of its lowest pressure, the Hurricane Hunters estimated flight-level winds of 345 km/h (215 mph).[6] The reconnaissance flight observed a surface temperature in the eye of 33 °C (92 °F) with 50% humidity; such a warm and dry eye was rather unusual for being located over the open ocean. By less than 36 hours after its peak intensity, aircraft reported that the eye had become filled with clouds, which indicated weakening.[5] Ida's winds gradually decreased, and the typhoon struck Japan in southeastern Honshu on September 26 with winds of 190 km/h (120 mph) and a minimum pressure of 949 millibars (28.0 inHg).[7] The typhoon crossed the eastern portion of the country and emerged from Fukushima Prefecture into the Pacific Ocean. Early on September 27, Ida became extratropical, and its remnants moved through Sapporo and the Kuril Islands before dissipating late on September 28.[3]

When the Hurricane Hunters reported Ida's lowest pressure, the measurement was 10 mb (0.30 inHg) lower than the previous record of 887 mbar (26.2 inHg), set by a typhoon in 1927.[6] Ida retained its status as the most intense typhoon until 1973, when Typhoon Nora attained the same minimum pressure. In November 1975, Typhoon June surpassed both and attained a minimum pressure of 875 mbar (25.8 inHg).[8] Typhoon Tip in October 1979 became the strongest on record with a minimum pressure of 870 mbar (26 inHg), which remains the record.[9]

Impact
Significant typhoons with special names
(from the Japan Meteorological Agency)
Name Number Japanese name
Marie T5415 Toyamaru Typhoon（洞爺丸台風）
Ida T5822 Kanogawa Typhoon（狩野川台風）
Sarah T5914 Miyakojima Typhoon（宮古島台風）
Vera T5915 Isewan Typhoon（伊勢湾台風）
Nancy T6118 2nd Muroto Typhoon（第2室戸台風）
Cora T6618 2nd Miyakojima Typhoon（第2宮古島台風）
Della T6816 3rd Miyakojima Typhoon（第3宮古島台風）
Babe T7709 Okinoerabu Typhoon（沖永良部台風）
Faxai T1915 Reiwa 1 Bōsō Peninsula Typhoon（令和元年房総半島台風）
Hagibis T1919 Reiwa 1 East Japan Typhoon（令和元年東日本台風）
Reference:[10]
Damage from Ida in Izunokuni, Shizuoka

While Typhoon Ida was striking Japan, it produced heavy rainfall that reached 748.6 mm (29.47 in) on Mount Amagi on the Izu Peninsula.[11] In the capital city of Tokyo, the storm dropped almost 430 mm (17 in) of rainfall, which was the highest daily total since record-keeping began in 1876.[12] Across the country, the rains caused flooding along the Kano, Merugo, and Arakawa rivers;[7] the flooding of the Kano River destroyed to villages along the Izu Peninsula.[4] The rains resulted in at least 1,900 landslides,[13] including 786 in the Tokyo area.[12] There was a storm tide of 1.1 m (3.6 ft) in Chiba,[14] which flooded 120,000 acres of rice fields.[7] Along the coast, there were 32 ships that were missing or sunk, and another 20 were damaged.[12] In addition to the rains, the typhoon produced winds of up to 160 km/h (100 mph), with gusts of 130 km/h (80 mph) recorded in Tokyo;[15] however, wind damage was minor.[16]

A report by Time Magazine in early October 1958 referred to Ida as the worst Japanese typhoon in 24 years, since the 1934 Muroto typhoon. In the Tokyo area, the storm caused widespread power outages and severely disrupted the transportation system.[12] During the storm, communications were severed with the Izu Peninsula,[15] where damage was heaviest. Across the country, more than 520,000 homes were flooded, which is the most on record. As a result, the Japan Meteorological Agency gave Ida the special local name of the "Kanogawa Typhoon".[17] The typhoon damaged 16,743 homes to some degree, including 2,118 that were destroyed and another 2,175 that were severely damaged.[18] Although it was initially reported that the storm left about 500,000 people homeless,[13] the total was later lowered to 12,000 people left homeless due to the storm. In addition, the typhoon destroyed more than 244 road or rail bridges. Overall damage was estimated at $50 million (1958 USD),[7] or 20.6 billion yen.[19] Overall, the typhoon injured 1,138 people and killed a total of 1,269 people. This makes Ida the sixth-deadliest storm in the country, behind Typhoon Ruth in 1951, Typhoon Marie in 1954, Typhoon Ida in 1945, the 1934 Muroto typhoon, and Typhoon Vera in 1959.[20] Included in the death toll were 381 people that were missing and presumed killed.[16]

After the storm subsided, the United States military provided supplies and soldiers to assist in relief work.[15] About 200 firemen along the Kano River assisted in relief efforts.[21]

See also

References
  1. "World Tropical Cyclone Records". World Meteorological Organization. Arizona State University. Retrieved December 12, 2013.
  2. Japan Meteorological Agency. "RSMC Best Track Data (Text)" (TXT).
  3. Japan Meteorological Agency (1989-06-01). "RSMC Best Track Data - 1951-1959". Archived from the original (TXT) on 2012-03-22. Retrieved 2011-11-25.
  4. Emanuel M. Ballenzweig (1958). "The Weather and Circulation of September 1958" (PDF). Monthly Weather Review. 86 (9): 359–367. Bibcode:1958MWRv...86..359B. doi:10.1175/1520-0493(1958)086<0359:twacos>2.0.co;2. Retrieved 2011-11-25.
  5. C. L. Jordan (December 1961). "Marked Changes in the Characteristics of the Eye of Intense Typhoons Between the Deepening and Filling Stages". Journal of Meteorology. 18 (6): 779–789. Bibcode:1961JAtS...18..779J. doi:10.1175/1520-0469(1961)018<0779:MCITCO>2.0.CO;2.
  6. C. L. Jordan (September 1959). "A Reported Sea Level Pressure of 877 MB" (PDF). Monthly Weather Review. 87: 365–366. Bibcode:1959MWRv...87..365J. doi:10.1175/1520-0493(1959)087<0365:wnarsl>2.0.co;2. Retrieved 2011-11-23.
  7. David Longshore (2008). Encyclopedia of hurricanes, typhoons, and cyclones. Infobase Publishing. p. 255. ISBN 9781438118796.
  8. Charles R. Holiday (September 1976). "Typhoon June - Most Intense of Record". Monthly Weather Review. 104 (9): 1188–1190. Bibcode:1976MWRv..104.1188H. doi:10.1175/1520-0493(1976)104<1188:TJIOR>2.0.CO;2.
  9. George M. Dunnavan & John W. Dierks (1980). "An Analysis of Super Typhoon Tip (October 1979)". Monthly Weather Review. Joint Typhoon Warning Center. 108 (11): 1915–1923. doi:10.1175/1520-0493(1980)108<1915:AAOSTT>2.0.CO;2. ISSN 1520-0493.
  10. "気象庁が名称を定めた気象・地震・火山現象一覧" (in Japanese). Japan Meteorological Agency. Retrieved 20 February 2020.
  11. "Archived copy" 狩野川台風 １９５８年９月２６日 (in Japanese). Izu City. Archived from the original on 2012-04-26. Retrieved 2011-11-25.CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link)
  12. "220 Dead as Typhoon Crosses Japan". Lodi News-Sentinel. United Press International. 1958-09-27. Retrieved 2011-11-25.
  13. "JAPAN: Ida's Price". Time Magazine. 1958-10-06. Retrieved 2011-11-25.
  14. 高潮観測表 (in Japanese). Japan Meteorological Agency. Retrieved 2011-11-25.
  15. "Toll from Japanese Typhoon Mounts; More Than 300 Dead". The Sunday News and Tribune. Associated Press. 1958-09-28. Retrieved 2011-11-25.
  16. 狩野川台風 昭和33年（1958年） ９月26日～９月28日 (in Japanese). Japan Meteorological Organization. Retrieved 2011-11-25.
  17. "Digital Typhoon: Reference Room". National Institute of Informatics. Retrieved 2011-11-25.
  18. 台風による災害の例 (in Japanese). Japan Meteorological Agency. Retrieved 2011-11-25.
  19. "Karinogowa Memory Park History" (in Japanese). Retrieved 2011-11-26.
  20. "Digital Typhoon: Typhoon Damage List". National Institute of Informatics. Retrieved 2011-11-25.
  21. 昭和３３年 狩野川台風（昭和２０年～３９年） (in Japanese). Mishima City. 2006. Retrieved 2011-11-25.
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