Trial film

Trial films is a film genre, also commonly referred to as courtroom drama.[1]

The American Bar Association's list

In 1989, the American Bar Association rated the twelve best trial films of all time, and provided a detailed and reasoned legal evaluation for its choices.[2] Ten of them are in English; M is in German and The Passion of Joan of Arc is a French silent film. The films on the ABA Journal list are here:

Title	Release year	Notes
12 Angry Men	1957	Nominated for 3 Academy Awards. (AFI)
A Man for All Seasons	1966	Nominated for 8 Academy Awards, winning 6. (AFI)[3] Based on a real trial.
Anatomy of a Murder	1959	Nominated for 7 Academy Awards. Based on a real trial. (AFI)
Inherit the Wind	1960	Nominated for 4 Academy Awards. Based on a real trial.
Judgment at Nuremberg	1961	Nominated for 11 Academy Awards, winning 2. Based on a real trial.
M	1931
Paths of Glory	1957	Based on a real trial (court martial).
The Passion of Joan of Arc	1928	Based on a real trial.
The Trial	1962
The Wrong Man	1957	Based on a real trial.
To Kill a Mockingbird	1962	Nominated for 8 Academy Awards, winning 3. (AFI)
The Verdict	1982	Nominated for 5 Academy Awards. (AFI)

Ten of the movies take place (at least in part) in courtrooms.

The American Bar Association also published a list of the 12 best trial plays, noting that the transition from film to the stage is sometimes difficult. It also has an extensive honorable mention list.[4]

Oddities

The trial in M is not in a legal courtroom. Instead, the city's crime syndicate leaders and underground elements hold proceedings in a warehouse. Despite the lack of legal trappings, "it is one of the most effective trials ever filmed, questioning our notions of justice and revenge, mob rule and order, power and responsibility. Our social orientation is flip-flopped." Wearing long leather coats instead of robes, criminals become judges. The murderer is cast as the victim, while the forces of law and order must rely on luck. Peter Lorre strikingly raises the issue of his culpability due to alleged insanity, and the imposition of ultimate retributive justice is depicted as being unsatisfying for society and the survivors of the murdered victims.[2]

Outside of the first few minutes of the film, Twelve Angry Men never enters a court room at all. It views the particular case and the system of justice through the prism of a jury's deliberations. The film explains practical explications of legal concepts basic to the American system of justice, and their effect on a particular trial and defendant. Those include the presumption of innocence, burden of proof and the requirement of proof beyond a reasonable doubt.[2]

American Film Institute

In 2008, the American Film Institute compiled its own "courtroom drama" ten best list. It includes five of the films on the ABA list — 12 Angry Men, Anatomy of a Murder, Judgment at Nuremberg, To Kill a Mockingbird and The Verdict — and adds A Cry in the Dark, A Few Good Men, In Cold Blood, Kramer vs. Kramer, and Witness for the Prosecution.[1]

Military trial films

Military trial films typically include conflicting questions of loyalty, command responsibility, ethical rules and rules of engagement, obedience to superior authority, politics and class conflict. War and trials are good foils for one another. The struggles are perennial and engaging. A partial list includes:

Title	Release year	Description
The Caine Mutiny[5]	1954	Climaxes in a strongly contested court martial, and a particularly dynamic cross examination, in which Captain Queeg, played by Humphrey Bogart, acts out one of film's most dramatic meltdowns.[6] The movie was nominated for 7 Academy Awards.
Paths of Glory	1957	Black and white depiction of a corrupt World War I French court martial leading to a firing squad, and a futility of war conclusion. Directed by Stanley Kubrick, and starred Kirk Douglas as the failed defense attorney.
Town Without Pity	1961	Dimitri Tiomkin and Ned Washington were nominated for an Academy Award for the theme song, Town Without Pity, which was sung by Gene Pitney
King and Country	1964	Directed by Joseph Losey. In the trenches in France during World War I, British captain Dirk Bogarde has to defend shell-shocked private Tom Courtenay, who is charged with desertion.
Breaker Morant	1980	A court martial of Australian soldiers (nominated for an Academy Award), including Harry Breaker Morant by their British commanders in the aftermath of the Boer War in South Africa. Breaker Morant details the trials and tribulations of the defense counsel and the defendants, as they try to throw a wrench into the administrative gears of the court martial. Anticipating the Nuremberg trials and the "defense of superior orders", the soldiers' main defense is that they were doing their duty as they understood it, and following orders and policy from above. Nevertheless, this "kangaroo court" moves to its inevitable conclusion. As one review notes, it features one of the finest (and most succinct) closing arguments in film.[7]
A Few Good Men	1992	Released after the ABA's list was compiled, contains the famous "You can't handle the truth" exchange.[8] The film was adapted from the Broadway play written by Aaron Sorkin, and acted by Tom Cruise, Demi Moore and Jack Nicholson.
Rules of Engagement	2000	Marine Colonel Terry Childers, played by Samuel L. Jackson, is brought to court-martial on charges of disobeying the rules of engagement in a military incident at an American embassy in Yemen, with flashbacks to Vietnam.
Shaurya	2008	An Indian film directed by Samar Khan starring Rahul Bose and Kay Kay Menon in lead roles. The film is based on the backdrop of Kashmir conflict.
Melvilasom	2011	An Indian film based on Soorya Krishna Moorthy's stage play of the same name, which itself was based on the play Court Martial by Swadesh Deepak.

Religious trial films

• God on Trial is a 2008 BBC/WGBH Boston television play. The play takes place in Auschwitz during World War II. The Jewish prisoners put God on trial in absentia for abandoning the Jewish people by allowing Nazi Germany to commit genocide.
• Jesus Christ (played by Jim Caviezel) in The Passion of the Christ is alternately tried by Herod Antipas and Pontius Pilate and ultimately executed by Pilate. Nominated for three Academy Awards.
• The Devil and Daniel Webster (1941) features Walter Huston as the Devil arguing for a man's soul. Huston was nominated for the Best Actor in a Leading Role Academy Award.
• The famous Judgment of Solomon from the Bible is portrayed in Solomon and Sheba.
• The Man Who Sued God (2001), an Australian film starring Billy Connolly who takes God (represented by the church) to court for compensation over the destruction of his fishing boat due to an "act of God".
• Inherit the Wind (1960), an American film set in a small religious town. A teacher begins to teach evolution, and goes to court for his right to teach evolution. starring Spencer Tracy, Fredric March, and Gene Kelly
• The Exorcism of Emily Rose is a 2005 American courtroom drama horror film directed by Scott Derrickson. The film is loosely based on the story of Anneliese Michel and follows a self-proclaimed agnostic defense lawyer representing a parish priest who is accused by the state of negligent homicide after he performed an exorcism. The film, which largely takes place in a courtroom, depicts the events leading up to and including the exorcism through flashbacks.
• The Crucible is a 1996 drama film written by Arthur Miller and based on his play of the same name. Both the play and film loosely dramatise the Salem witch trials. It was directed by Nicholas Hytner and stars Daniel Day-Lewis as John Proctor, Winona Ryder as Abigail Williams, Paul Scofield as Judge Thomas Danforth, and Joan Allen as Elizabeth Proctor.

Other films

• An American Tragedy, a 1931 drama directed by Josef von Sternberg.
• Judge Priest, a 1934 Will Rogers comedy directed by John Ford.
• The Prisoner of Shark Island, a 1936 biopic directed by John Ford.
• Fury, a 1936 drama directed by Fritz Lang.
• Young Mr. Lincoln, a 1939 biopic directed by John Ford.
• The Return of Frank James, a 1940 western directed by Fritz Lang.
• The Letter, a 1940 film directed by William Wyler.
• Roxie Hart, 1942 comedy directed by William Wellman.
• The Ox-Bow Incident, unusual in that the trial does not take place in a formal court room, but is a vote among a posse that turns into a lynch mob. Directed by William A. Wellman, and starring Henry Fonda (who also starred in Twelve Angry Men). It was nominated for Best Picture Oscar in 1943.
• Leave Her to Heaven, a 1945 film noir directed by John M. Stahl.
• In Miracle on 34th Street (1947) Kris Kringle (Edmund Gwenn) has his sanity examined at a hearing. The film won 4 Academy Awards, with Gwenn winning for Best Actor in a Supporting Role. The film was also nominated for Best Picture.
• The Lady from Shanghai, a 1947 film noir directed and starring Orson Welles.
• The Paradine Case, a 1947 film noir directed by Alfred Hitchcock.
• Pinky 1949, a 1949 film directed by Elia Kazan.
• Adam's Rib, a 1949 comedy directed by George Cukor.
• The Sun Shines Bright, 1953 remake directed by John Ford.
• Witness for the Prosecution, a 1957 film directed by Billy Wilder. Based on the short story by Agatha Christie.
• The Wreck of the Mary Deare is told in flashbacks as witnesses give their account of a story during an Admiralty court proceeding.
• Sergeant Rutledge, a 1960 western directed by John Ford.
• The Man Who Shot Liberty Valance, a 1962 western directed by John Ford.
• Kibar Feyzo (1978) is a Turkish comedy drama film starring Kemal Sunal, Şener Şen, Müjde Ar, Adile Naşit, İhsan Yüce, İlyas Salman and Erdal Özyağcılar.[9]
• Norman Jewison's ...And Justice for All, nominated for 2 Academy Awards, examines the flawed and human, venal and immoral side of justice, focusing on all-too-human judges. As Norman Webster wrote: "...And Justice For All is a sweeping – and somewhat simple-minded – indictment of the American justice system." The film can be seen from the perspective of Judicial Qualifications Commissions (also known as Judicial Tenure Commissions), which are judicial agencies charged with overseeing judicial performance and conduct. From that end of the telescope, the indictment of the courts and judicial system (and the examples) are not so outlandish as might be supposed.[10] Starred Al Pacino, Jack Warden, and John Forsythe.
• From the Hip (1987) is a Comedy Drama starring Judd Nelson, Elizabeth Perkins, John Hurt, and Ray Walston about a first year lawyer manipulating his way into trying a case much earlier in his career than is normal. Much of the humor took place in the first case, a simple assault case in which he garnered significant media attention and developed a high profile for himself and attention to his firm. The more dramatic second case was a murder case which tested the young attorney's ethics.
• Presumed Innocent a 1990 film directed by Alan J. Pakula, adapted from the novel of the same name by Scott Turow. Assistant district attorney, played by Harrison Ford, is on trial, framed for the murder of another assistant D.A. played by Greta Scacchi. The film received several nominations for its screenplay, written by Alan J. Pakula and Frank Pierson.
• The 1991 American conspiracy-thriller film JFK examines the events leading to the assassination of John F. Kennedy and alleged cover-up through the eyes of former New Orleans district attorney Jim Garrison. The film culminates in the 1969 trial of New Orleans businessman Clay Shaw for his alleged participation in a conspiracy to assassinate the president.
• Even though courtroom movies are mostly dramas, My Cousin Vinny, a 1992 comedy centered on an Alabama trial, resulted in Marisa Tomei winning the Best Supporting Actress Oscar.
• The Client a 1994 American legal thriller film directed by Joel Schumacher, and starring Susan Sarandon, Tommy Lee Jones and Brad Renfro in his film debut. It is based on the novel of the same name by John Grisham. The film was released in the United States on July 20, 1994. The movie features an all star cast. Sarandon nominated for an Academy Award for Best Actress and won a BAFTA Award for Best Actress in a Leading Role.
• Primal Fear a 1996 motion picture directed by Gregory Hoblit, which tells a story of a defense attorney (Richard Gere) who defends an altar boy (Edward Norton) charged with the murder of a Catholic archbishop. The movie is an adaptation of William Diehl's novel. Norton was nominated for an Academy Award for Best Supporting Actor for his career-launching role.
• A Civil Action is a 1998 film starring John Travolta and Robert Duvall for which Duvall was nominated for Best Supporting Actor. The film was based on the 1996 nonfiction novel of the same name.
• A Time to Kill a 1996 feature film adaptation of John Grisham's 1989 legal thriller of the same name.
• Amistad is a 1997 historical drama directed by Steven Spielberg and based on the true story of an uprising in 1839 by newly captured African slaves that took place aboard the ship La Amistad off the coast of Cuba, the subsequent voyage to the northeastern United States, and the legal battle that followed their capture by a U.S. revenue cutter. It was nominated for four Academy Awards.
• Chicago (2002), a 2002 remake directed by Rob Marshall.
• Bernie (2011) is a black comedy film based on the real-life murder in 1996 of an 81-year-old millionaire Marjorie Nugent in Carthage, Texas by her companion Bernhardt "Bernie" Tiede. Bernie was extremely well-liked in the local community, and the film explores the trial process and the popular support he received, which caused great difficulties for the prosecution.
• The Trial (2014) is a Filipino legal drama film starring John Lloyd Cruz, Jessy Mendiola, Gretchen Barretto, Richard Gomez and Enrique Gil. It tells the story of a mentally handicapped man who is accused of rape by the family of a teacher on whom he has a crush. It was produced by Star Cinema as part of their 20th anniversary offering.

See also

• Legal drama

References

1. "American Film Institute, Court Room drama top ten". 2008. Retrieved August 16, 2015.
2. "Verone, Patric M. "The 12 Best Trial Movies" from the ABA Journal. November 1989 reprinted in Nebraska Law Journal".
3. Also on the American Film Institute list. American Film Institute, Court Room drama top ten.
4. Chanen, Jill Schachner (August 1, 2012). "The Theater's 12 Greatest Courtroom Dramas". ABA Journal. Retrieved July 27, 2012.
5. From the 1951 Pulitzer Prize winning novel The Caine Mutiny by Herman Wouk, ISBN 0-89577-414-3
6. "Review noting Captain Queeg cross examination".
7. "'Breaker' Morant, A film review by Christopher Null".
8. Excerpt of cross examination in A Few Good Men.
9. "Kemal Sunal all films" (in Turkish). Retrieved October 25, 2014.
10. "Apollo Guide Review "And Justice for All" by Norman Webster".

Further reading

• Asimow, Michael (August 1, 2008). "How I Learned to Litigate at the Movies: 5 Lawyers Share Silver Screen Secrets!!!". American Bar Association Journal. Retrieved February 22, 2013.
• Bergman, Paul; Asimow, Michael (2006). Reel justice: the courtroom goes to the movies. Kansas City: Andrews and McMeel. ISBN 0-7407-5460-2. ISBN 978-0-7407-5460-9; ISBN 0-8362-1035-2; ISBN 978-0-8362-1035-4.
• Freedman, David (January 27, 2011). "The Law Movie Review".
• Machura, Stefan; Robson, Peter, eds. (2001). Law and Film: Representing Law in Movies. Cambridge: Blackwell Publishing. p. 176. ISBN 0-631-22816-0.CS1 maint: extra text: authors list (link) ISBN 978-0-631-22816-5
• Chanen, Jill Schachner (August 1, 2012). "The Theater's 12 Greatest Courtroom Dramas". ABA Journal. Retrieved February 24, 2013.
• Vesper, Thomas J. (2012). Uncle Anthony's Unabridged Analogies, Quotes, Proverbs, Blessings & Toasts for Lawyers, Lecturers & Laypeople (3rd ed.). St. Paul, Minnesota: West Publishing, Thomson Reuters. ISBN 9780314283214. (includes a section on movies about lawyers)

External links

• 807 "Best trial movies" at Internet Movie Database, which brings a worldwide perspective, but also lumps in some movies that do not quickly come to mind as "trial movies".
• Brust, Richard (August 1, 2008). "25 Greatest Legal Movies". American Bar Association Journal. Retrieved February 24, 2012.
• Brust, Richard (August 1, 2008). "The 25 Greatest Legal Movies: Honorable Mentions Among the Other Legal Films Our Jury Cited (in alphabetical order)". American Bar Association Journal. Retrieved February 22, 2013.
• "Lawyers and the Legal Process: A Bibliography of Books and Articles in the UC Berkeley Libraries". University of California at Berkeley. Retrieved August 28, 2012.