Trams in Asia
Trams in Asia were well established at the start of the 20th century, but started to decline in use in the 1930s. By the 1960s, the majority of systems had been closed down. Extensive legacy tramways still exist in Japan. Recently, more modern systems have been built in China.
Cambodia
In Cambodia, tram networks once ran in Siem Reap and Battambang. Trams in Cambodia were known as "bamboo train" and using Werkspoor and Beijnes tram fleets.
China
Several cities in China had tram systems during the 20th century. However, by the end of the century, only Dalian, Hong Kong and Changchun continued to operate.[1]
- Beijing had the first tram system in China. It opened in 1899 and connected Ma-chai-pu Railway Station to the south gate of the city.
- Fushun city in Liaoning province had a tram system circa 1902, operated by the Manchuria Railway Company with 26 trams.
- Tianjin city had a tram system that opened in 1906. By 1933 it had 9 miles of track and operated 116 tramcars. It was closed by 1972.
- In Shanghai there were three tram systems - two operated by the colonial powers of Britain and France and one by a Chinese company. The British system opened in 1908 and was the largest of the three. It had 7 lines and ran 216 tramcars. The French system opened the same year and its 3 lines ran 60 tramcars. The Chinese system opened in 1913 and operated 52 tramcars over 4 lines of some 23.5 km in length.
- In Shenyang city, the largest city of Liaoning province, a Japanese owned electric tramway opened in 1925 and replaced an earlier horse-drawn tram system that dated from around 1907.[2]
By 1937 it had expanded to cover 12 km of track and ran 21 tramcars. It was finally closed in 1973.
- Harbin city in Heilongjiang province had a system from 1927 with 8 lines and about 40 trams. The system closed in 1987.
- The city of Anshan, in Liaoning, had a single tram line from 1956 till the late 1990s and the track was dug up in 2006.
- The Changchun tramway system started operations in 1942. By the 1950s the system covered 28 km with 98 cars. The system continues to operate today with two lines.
- Dalian city in Liaoning opened its first tram line on September 25, 1909. It was operated by South Manchuria Railway. By 1945, the system had 11 lines. Today 2 lines remain in operation covering 23.4 km. The system is in the process up being updated with a mixture of old tram cars and new modern low floor cars in operation.
However, in the 21st century, a number of tram systems started operating. Initially, Tianjin and Shanghai have introduced rubber tired trams for the TEDA Modern Guided Rail Tram and Zhangjiang Tram respectively. In 2011, Shenyang city decided to reintroduce the trams to complement its new metro network, then under construction. The first three lines of the new system were opened in the southern part of the city on August 15, 2013: Line 1 from New World International Convention & Exhibition Centre to Taoxian street, line 2 from Taoxian Airport to the Olympic Center and line 5 from the Olympic Center to Shenfu New Town. A fourth line is under construction.[3] A year later, Nanjing opened the new Hexi trams just before the 2014 Youth Olympics. After that new tram systems opened in Qingdao, Guangzhou, Shenzhen, Suzhou, Zhuhai, Wuhan, and Huai'an. As of 2017, Beijing, Chengdu, Sanya, Wuyishan, Honghe and Haikou have new tram systems under construction. While Ningbo, Quanzhou, Zhengzhou, Baotou and Kunshan are planning tram networks for the future.
Hong Kong
The tramway system was introduced in the then British colony in 1904. The Hong Kong Tramway is a traditional British Isles-style double-decker tramway with street running, along the north shore of Hong Kong Island. Since the 1980s, the MTR Light Rail system has opened in the north west New Territories. Despite its name, the famous Peak Tram is actually a funicular railway.
India
In India, the city of Kolkata has the only operational tram network. The tram network in Kolkata is the oldest operating electric tram network in Asia, with the current network operating since 1900.[4] Mumbai, Nashik, Chennai, Kanpur, Kochi, Patna and Bhavnagar formerly had tram networks but all of these were dismantled between 1930s and 1960s.
Indonesia
In Batavia (now Jakarta), the capital of the former Dutch colony of the Netherlands East Indies, a horse tram service started in 1869. A steam tram ran from 1881, and electrification followed in 1897.[5] All Jakarta trams were discontinued in the 1960 by an independent Indonesia due to pressure from Sukarno which saw tram network as "antiquated" and "relic of colonial era".[6]
The other cities in Indonesia who used to have urban tram network were Surabaya and Semarang.
Semarang tram network was constructed between 1882 and 1883, and it was essentially the inner suburb extension of Samarang Joana Railway (SJS) network, where they already had extensive rural tram network to the east of Semarang. Unfortunately, due to financial difficulties that hampered SJS railway company, Semarang tram network was closed down in 1940 (despite public protest in Semarang) and their rolling stocks were transferred to Surabaya tram network.[7]
Surabaya tram network was first built in 1886.[8] Initially consist of steam tram only, but later another network of electric tram was added in 1923. They served Surabaya commuters well into the independence era. The electric tram bowed out from service in 1968, while its steam counterpart outlived the electrics before bowed out from service in 1978, making it as the very last urban steam tram service in the world to see service.[9]
In 2012 there is a talk of reviving Surabaya's tram network as a part of Surabaya Mass Rapid Transit project, which will see parts of the old electric tram right of way reactivated, and it will be combined with the future monorail network.[10] The project is aimed to alleviate Surabaya's traffic congestion and provide cheap public transportation for Surabaya commuters.[11] As in 2014 the project have entered tender phase.[12]
In 2018 a natural studios was inaugurated in Gamplong, Yogyakarta and was built for movie purposes. In the studio there is a tram line that is made complete with replicas and can be operated.
Israel
The 13-kilometre-long Jerusalem Light Rail system began operation in August 2011 and is being extended. The construction of the Tel Aviv Light Rail has begun and the first line is set to be completed between 2018 and 2023. A significant portion of it will be underground. A light rail system for Beersheba is also currently planned.
Japan
The first tramway in Japan was the Kyoto electric railroad built in 1895. By 1932, there were 82 street railway companies in 65 cities, with 1,479 km of track. Many Japanese cities had extensive tram systems until the 1960s, when increased motorization started to make some lines disappear. While others, particularly in the larger cities, where outright replaced by subway lines or converted to commuter railway lines. Tokyo, for instance, had 41 routes in 1962, while only two routes (Toden Arakawa Line and Tokyu Setagaya Line) still survive today.
There are still many smaller cities still have relatively well-kept networks. However, not many of them enjoy high ridership. Current tram systems include Sapporo Street Car (Sapporo) and Hakodate City Tram (Hakodate) in Hokkaidō; Tokyo Toden and Tokyu Setagaya Line in (Tokyo), Enoden (Kamakura), Toyohashi Railroad (Toyohashi), Toyama Chihō Railway (Toyama), Man'yōsen (Takaoka), Randen (Kyoto), Hankai Tramway (Osaka), Okaden (Okayama), and Hiroden (Hiroshima) on Honshū; Iyotetsu (Matsuyama) and Tosaden (Kōchi) on Shikoku; and Nagasaki Electric Tramway (Nagasaki), Kumamoto City Tram (Kumamoto), and Kagoshima City Tram (Kagoshima) on Kyūshū. Some extend into neighboring communities as interurbans.
Trams were formerly used in Sendai, Yokohama, Kobe, Fukuoka, Nagoya, among others.
North Korea
Pyongyang, the capital city of North Korea, has an extensive tram system that first opened in 1991. It is now 50 km in length running mainly ČKD/Tatra vehicles with some other trams originally from Zürich. Another tram system is present in the city of Chongjin.
South Korea
The South Korean capital Seoul had trams up until the 1960s. Some of their cars were acquired second-hand from the Los Angeles system. The trams were very useful in the Korean War where half of the trams broke down. Trams were also formerly used in Busan.
Lebanon
Tram networks existed in Beirut under the French rule. These networks were no longer functional after the Lebanese Civil War.
Malaysia
The sole tram service in present-day Malaysia operated in George Town, Penang in British Malaya between 1906 and 1936; its service was discontinued in favor of trolleybuses (which would in turn be replaced by conventional diesel buses). Due to the relatively early retirement of streetcars in the city, few traces of streetcar infrastructure remain in George Town, with the exception of a stretch of paved-over streetcar railway rediscovered during roadworks in the late 2000s. Although talks on reviving the city's tram system have taken place since, none of these plans have materialized.
Pakistan
In Pakistan, Karachi was the first and only city where trams were introduced by the British Raj in 1885.[13] After almost 90 years, the network was closed in 1975 as trams were involved in many accidents and there was an attempt to decongest the city's traffic.[14] Trams are under construction at DHA City, Karachi which is going to be a planned city of 1 million people.[15]
A 35 km Tramway has been approved in the city of Lahore and construction will start in February 2020.[16][17][18][19]
Philippines
The Philippines once had a tram network in the capital, Manila, which first started in the 1880s using horse-drawn streetcars owned by Spanish-Filipino businessman Jacobo Zóbel de Zangroniz through the Companía de Tranvias y Ferrocarriles de Manila. These streetcars are known as the tranvía, or trambiya in the Filipino language. At the turn of the 20th century, horse-drawn tranvías of the Companía de los Tranvías de Filipinas were replaced by electric-powered streetcars as it changed ownership to the Manila Electric Railroad and Light Company, now known as the Manila Electric Company. The tranvía network ran throughout the city of Manila and its outskirts, Pasay, Makati, and Pasig. Much of the system was destroyed during the Battle of Manila in 1945.
The trams were superseded in the late 20th century by a still-growing urban rail network, beginning with the Line 1 in the late 1980s, followed by the Line 3 a decade later. Trams were also formerly used on the island of Corregidor.
Singapore
Singapore has historically operated two tram services, the first a steam tramway existing between 1886 and 1894, and the second an electric-powered system between 1905 and 1927.
Sri Lanka
The northern and central areas of the city of Colombo had an electric tram system. This system commenced operations around 1900 and was discontinued by 1960. The original operator was the Colombo Electric Tram Car and Lighting Company Ltd. (represented by Boustead Brothers), and after an infamous tram car Strike, the Colombo Municipal Council took over operations. Subsequently, the tram system was phased out.
Taiwan
During the Japanese colonial period in Taiwan from the 1890s to 1945, the Japanese administration in Taiwan planned for extensive tramway networks across various Taiwanese metropolitan areas. None of such plans materialised however.[20]
The first serious attempt on light rail in contemporary Taiwan was the development of two demonstration light rail vehicles (LRVs) by the Taiwan Rolling Stock Company and the National Chung-Shan Institute of Science & Technology in 2001; the two LRVs were built to the 1067mm Cape gauge to be tested on Taiwan Railway Administration tracks.[21] In 2004, Siemens built a demonstration track in Kaohsiung to evaluate the suitability of light rail in Kaohsiung and operated a Melbourne D-class tram there.[22] However the first revenue-earning light rail line only came about with the start of construction of the Kaohsiung LRT Circular line in June 2013.;[23] the first phase began trial operations in 2016 with a fleet of catenary-free low floor CAF Urbos LRVs. The Danhai LRT began operations in December 2018 with a fleet of locally-built light rail vehicles.
The demonstration LRV as built by the Taiwan Rolling Stock Company and the National Chung-Shan Institute of Science & Technology
The demonstration Siemens Combino LRV as used in Kaohsiung in 2004
CAF Urbos as operated on Kaohsiung Circular Light Rail
Danhai LRT train as built by the Taiwan Rolling Stock Company
Thailand
The Bangkok electric tramway system was first introduced in 1893. It serviced Bangkok with 48.7 km of track and 206 trams. The tramway service was discontinued in 1968.
United Arab Emirates
The Dubai Tram opened in 2014 and became the first tramway system in the world to use platform screen doors at its stations[24] and the first tram system outside Europe to be powered by ground-based electric supply system.[25]
Uzbekistan
The Tashkent electrical tramway system was introduced in 1912 as a replacement of the horse-driven trams that were running since 1901. Tashkent tram system is the oldest in Central Asia, and was one of the biggest in the former Soviet Union. In the beginning of the 21st century the system has lost many of its routes, due to removal of track from the city center. The last route close on begin of May 2016.
However, in 2017 a new tram system in Samarkand came into operation. All the rolling stock (21 streetcars) were transferred from Tashkent.
Vietnam
In Vietnam, tram networks once ran in Hanoi and Ho Chi Minh City (formerly Saigon).
Saigon
Compagnie française des tramways de l’Indochine (CFTI) began tram services in Saigon in 1881, using cars towed by a steam locomotive designed by Deauville on a 0.5m gauge line.[26] The system went bankrupt in 1896, but the system managed to survive using 14 new cars (trailers and locomotives) that CFTI ordered from Borsig, Germany and expanded with two more lines in 1904 and 1913. Electric car service began in 1923 with new electric cars and the line became 72 kilometres (45 mi) with 2 lines in service. Tram service ceased in 1953-1954 and the system was dismantled by 1957.[27]
Hanoi
Hanoi's tram system, Compagnie des tramways électriques d’Hanoï et extensions, began service in 1900 and was acquired by Société des Tramways du Tonkin in 1929 (renamed Société des Transports en Commun de la Région de Hanoi in 1952). By 1943, the system had 5 lines and a spur line in 1968.[28] The system's demise began with line closure in 1982 and survived until the last line closed in 1989,[29] and continued as a trolley bus system until 1993. All the tram cars were imported from France.
Hanoi Tram Lines
- Line 1 - Petit Lac (Hoàn Kiếm Lake)-Bạch Mai (1901-1982)
- Line 2 - Giấy (Bưởi Market) (1901-1989)
- Line 3 - Petit Lac-Pagode des Corbeaux-Thái Hà Ấp (1904-after 1982)
- extended to Hà Đông 1914 and Cầu Đơ market 1938
- Line 4 - Place des Cocotiers-Pagode des Corbeaux-Pont du Papier (Cầu Giấy) (1907-1986)
- became trolleybus line 1986-1993
- Line 5 - Mandarine-Kim Liên-Place Neyret-Yên Phụ (1930-after 1982)
- extended to René Robin Hospital 1943
References
- "China's Old Tram Systems - A Quick Round Up". China Rhyming. 25 February 2009. Retrieved 19 September 2013.
- Crush, Peter. "Kaiping Railway -China's second "first" railway". Hong Kong Railway Society. Retrieved 19 September 2013.
- "Shenyang tramway opens". www.railwaygazette.com. Railway Gazette. 15 August 2013. Retrieved 19 September 2013.
- "Timeline – CTC". Retrieved 2020-06-07.
- Teeuwen, Dirk. From Horsepower to Electrification: Tramways in Batavia-Jakarta 1869-1962, 2010
- "Archived copy". Archived from the original on 2014-04-13. Retrieved 2014-04-11.CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link)
- http://tjahjonorailway.blogspot.com/2009/06/semarang-city-tram.html
- http://ayorek.org/en/2013/07/trails-life-behind-surabaya-tram/
- http://www.internationalsteam.co.uk/trams/steamtram22.htm
- http://smart.surabaya.go.id/?lang=en
- http://www.thejakartapost.com/news/2013/12/20/surabaya-gearing-rp-86-trillion-mrt-project.html
- http://www.indonesia-investments.com/doing-business/business-columns/international-tender-surabaya-monorail-and-tram-project-in-december-2013/item1336
- Jang 4 April 2010
- Karachi Tramway of Yesteryears
- http://dhatoday.com/sustainable-transportation-in-dha-city-karachi-dck-all-you-need-to-know/
- https://propakistani.pk/2019/10/23/lahore-is-getting-a-tram-service-soon/amp/
- https://www.geo.tv/amp/252314-mou-signed-for-tram-service-in-lahore
- https://www.dawn.com/news/amp/1511430
- https://www.parhlo.com/lahore-british-era-tram-service/amp/
- 楊, 啟正 (2017). 臺灣市街電車夢. Taiwan: 玉山社. ISBN 9789862941645.
- 蘇, 昭旭 (2017). 世界捷運與輕軌百科. Taiwan: 人人出版. ISBN 9789864610877.
- 蘇, 昭旭 (2008). 台灣鐵路火車百科：台鐵·高鐵·捷運 完整版. Taiwan: 人人出版. ISBN 9789867112989.
- "Kaohsiung begins circular light rail construction". Focus Taiwan. 2013-06-04. Retrieved 2013-07-23.
- "Al Safouh tram project consortium selected". Railway Gazette International. 29 April 2008. Archived from the original on 7 November 2009. Retrieved 12 March 2015.
- http://www.khaleejtimes.com/kt-article-display-1.asp?xfile=data/transport/2014/April/transport_April19.xml§ion=transport
- http://www.historicvietnam.com/sai-gon-tramway-network/
- http://www.historicvietnam.com/sai-gon-tramway-network/
- http://www.historicvietnam.com/ha-noi-tramway-network/
- http://www.historicvietnam.com/ha-noi-tramway-network/