Timeline of Mecca

The following is a timeline of the history of the city of Mecca, Saudi Arabia.

Prior to 20th century

• 100 BCE - "Yemeni tribes of Jurham rule Mecca."[1]
• 570 CE - Year of the Elephant and the birth of prophet Muhammad.
• 605 CE - Quraish rebuild Kaaba after it was damaged in floods.[2]
• 613 CE - "Prophet Muhammad begins public preaching in Mecca."[3]
• 622 CE / 0-1 H - Muhammad migrates from Mecca to Medina, with followers (muhajirun).[4]
• 625-629 : Pilgrim Mosques built in numerous countries like (Kerala) India & in China by first disciples of Prophet.
  • Pilgrimage of Muslims to Mecca per Treaty of Hudaybiyyah.[3]
  • 11 December: Liberation of Mecca.
• 683 / 63-64 H - Siege of Mecca (683); Kaaba burnt.[5]
• 692 - Siege of Mecca (692).[6]
• 751 - Milestones installed along the Darb Zubaidah (Baghdad-Mecca road).
• 793 - Harun al-Rashid visits city.[5]
• 810 - Aqueduct built.[1]
• 930 - City sacked by Qarmatians; Black Stone taken out of Mecca.[5]
• 951 - Black Stone returned to Mecca.[5]
• 1184 - Traveller Ibn Jubayr visits city.[7]
• 1265 - Egyptian Mamluks in power.[5]
• 1326 - Traveller Ibn Battuta visits Mecca.[7]
• 1517 - Ottomans in power;[8] Selim I becomes Custodian of the Two Holy Mosques.
• 1630 - Flood.[8]
• 1631 - Kaaba rebuilt.[9]
• 1802/1803 - Mecca "captured by the Sa'udi-Wahhabi army."[10]
• 1812/1813 - Wahhabis ousted by Egyptian forces.[8]
• 1840 - Ottomans in power again.[8]
• 1880 - 21 March: Sharif assassinated.[6]
• 1885 - Population: 45,000 (estimate).[11]
• 1886 - Printing press in use (approximate date).[12]

20th century

• 1908 / 1325-1326 H
  • September: Hejaz Railway (Damascus-Mecca) begins operating.[6]
  • Hussein bin Ali becomes sharif.[1]
  • Al-Hijaz government newspaper begins publication.[12]
• 1912 - Madrasat al-Falah established.[12]
• 1916 / 1334-1335 H
  • June–July: Battle of Mecca (1916).[5]
  • Hashimite al-Qibla government newspaper begins publication.[12]
• 1921 - Population: 80,000 (approximate estimate).[13]
• 1924 / 1342-1343 H
  • Battle of Mecca (1924).[12]
  • 12 December: Umm al-Qura government newspaper begins publication.[12]
  • Population: 60,000 (approximate estimate).[14]
  • Ali of Hejaz becomes sharif.
• 1925 - City becomes part of the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia.[5]
• 1926 - Al Adl cemetery and al-Mahad al-Ilmi Suudi (school)[12] established.
• 1929 - Amanat al-Asima (municipality) established.[12]
• 1931 / 1349-1350 H - Public library founded (approximate date).[12]
• 1932 - Dar al-Hadith (school) established.[12]
• 1930s - Aziziyya, Faysaliyya, Khayriyya, and Suudiyya schools established (approximate date).[12]
• 1938 - Maktabat al-Haram (library) active.[12]
• 1941 - Flood[15][16]
• 1945 - Al-Wehda Club (sport club) formed.
• 1949 / 1368-1369 H - Kulliyyat al-Sharia (college) established.[12]
• 1951 - College of Education established.[12]
• 1958 - Al Nadwa newspaper begins publication.[17]
• 1960 - Police academy established.[12]
• 1962
  • Slavery abolished.[12]
  • Population: 158,908.[18]
• 1964 / 1383-1384 H
  • Malcolm X visits city.[1]
  • Masjid al-Haram expanded.[1]
• 1966 - Mahad al-Nur (school) established.[12]
• 1969 - Flood.[19]
• 1972 - Hajj televised.[20]
• 1973 - "Master Plan for the Holy City of Mecca" launched.[1]
• 1974 - Population: 366,801.[21]
• 1975 - Fire in Mina.[1]
• 1979 - 20 November-4 December: Grand Mosque seizure.[22]
• 1981 - Umm al-Qura University established.[12]
• 1986 - King Abdul Aziz Stadium opens.
• 1987 - 31 July: 1987 Mecca incident.
• 1992 - Population: 965,697.[17]
• 1997 - 16 April: Mecca fire of 1997.

21st century

• 2005 - April: 2005 Islamic Solidarity Games held in city.
• 2006 / 1426-1427 H
  • 5 January: 2006 Mecca hostel collapse.
  • 12 January: 2006 Hajj stampede.[22]
  • December: Abraj al Bait Mall in business.[23]
• 2007 - Jamaraat Bridge for pedestrians rebuilt.
• 2010
  • Al Mashaaer Al Mugaddassah Metro begins operating.
  • Makkah Clock Royal Tower Hotel in business.
  • 1,534,731.[24]
• 2012
  • August: Fourth Extraordinary Session of the Islamic Summit Conference held in city.
  • Abraj Al Bait built.
• 2013 - Mishaal bin Abdullah Al Saud becomes governor of Mecca Province.
• 2014 / 1435-1436 H - Raffles Makkah Palace hotel and Swissôtel Makkah in business.
• 2015
  • 13 July: City visible via Snapchat imagery.[25][26]
  • September: Mecca crane collapse.

See also

• Mecca history
• History of Mecca (in Arabic)
• List of sharifs of Mecca
• Timeline of Muhammad in Mecca
• List of mosques in Mecca
• Timeline of Islamic history
• Timelines of other cities in Saudi Arabia: Jeddah, Medina, Riyadh

References

1. Sardar 2014.
2. "1st Millennium CE". Madain Project. Retrieved 30 December 2019.
3. John L. Esposito (2003). "Chronology of Key Events". Oxford Dictionary of Islam. Oxford University Press. p. 351+. ISBN 978-0-19-975726-8.
4. New Encyclopedia of Islam. USA: AltaMira Press. 2003. ISBN 978-0-7591-0190-6.
5. Hollister 1996.
6. Haydn 1910.
7. Tolmacheva 2000.
8. Agoston 2009.
9. Saudi Arabia: Mecca, ArchNet, archived from the original on September 2008
10. "Saudi Arabia". Political Chronology of the Middle East. Europa Publications. 2003. p. 197+. ISBN 978-1-135-35673-6.
11. "Turkey". Statesman's Year-Book. London: Macmillan and Co. 1890. hdl:2027/nyp.33433081590527.
12. Bosworth 2007.
13. "Arabia: Kingdom of Hejaz". Statesman's Year-Book. London: Macmillan and Co. 1921. hdl:2027/njp.32101072368440.
14. "Again Holy Mecca Resounds to Arms; City of the Prophet Yields for Second Time in a Century to the Wahabis", New York Times, 2 November 1924
15. Tribune.com.pk (17 May 2015). "Bahraini who performed Tawaf around Kaaba during 1941 floods dies". The Express Tribune. Retrieved 11 March 2020.
16. flood 2017, Tags : kaaba flood kaaba flood 1940 kaaba flood 1941 kaaba. "Kaaba Flood". Great Kaaba (in Indonesian). Retrieved 11 March 2020.
17. "Saudi Arabia". Europa World Year Book. Europa Publications. 2004. p. 3662+. ISBN 978-1-85743-255-8.
18. "Population of capital cities and cities of 100,000 and more inhabitants". Demographic Yearbook 1965. New York: Statistical Office of the United Nations. 1966. pp. 140–161.
19. "Heavy flooding engulfs Grand Mosque in Mecca". Kabul Times. 11 February 1969.
20. Marwan M. Kraidy; Joe F. Khalil (2009). "Chronology". Arab Television Industries. Palgrave Macmillan. p. 153+. ISBN 978-1-84457-576-3.
21. United Nations Department of Economic and Social Affairs, Statistical Office (1987). "Population of capital cities and cities of 100,000 and more inhabitants". 1985 Demographic Yearbook. New York. pp. 247–289. Makkah
22. BBC News. "Saudi Arabia Profile: Timeline". Retrieved 30 April 2015.
23. "Price of Progress: Transforming Islam's Holiest Site", New York Times, 8 March 2007
24. "Table 8 - Population of capital cities and cities of 100,000 or more inhabitants", Demographic Yearbook – 2018, United Nations
25. "Why do thousands want to show off Mecca on a chat app?", BBC News, 11 July 2015
26. "Snapchat opens digital window on Mecca to millions", al-Jazeera, 14 July 2015

Bibliography

Published in 18th-19th centuries

• Carsten Niebuhr (1792). "Of the City of Mecca". Travels through Arabia. Translated by Robert Heron. Edinburgh: R. Morison and Son. hdl:2027/mdp.39015004297621 – via HathiTrust.
• Abraham Rees (1819), "Mecca", The Cyclopædia, London: Longman, Hurst, Rees, Orme & Brown, hdl:2027/mdp.39015054498178
• Jedidiah Morse; Richard C. Morse (1823), "Mecca", A New Universal Gazetteer (4th ed.), New Haven: S. Converse
• Johann Ludwig Burckhardt (1829). "(Mekka)". Travels in Arabia. London: H. Colburn. hdl:2027/mdp.39015010937236.
• Josiah Conder (1830), "Mekka", Arabia, The Modern Traveller, 4, London: J.Duncan
• Richard Francis Burton (1855). Personal Narrative of a Pilgrimage to Al-Madinah & Meccah. 2. 1. Tylston and Edwards., v.2
• "Mecca". American Cyclopedia. D. Appleton & Company. 1879. hdl:2027/hvd.hn585p.
• Edward Balfour (1885), "Mecca", Cyclopaedia of India (3rd ed.), London: B. Quaritch
• Christiaan Snouck Hurgronje (1888). Mekka (in German). The Hague: Martinus Nijhoff.

Published in 20th century

• "Mecca", Chambers's Encyclopaedia, London: W. & R. Chambers, 1901, hdl:2027/uc2.ark:/13960/t3bz6g65j
• "Mecca", Encyclopædia Britannica (11th ed.), New York, 1910, OCLC 14782424
• Benjamin Vincent (1910), "Mecca", Haydn's Dictionary of Dates (25th ed.), London: Ward, Lock & Co., hdl:2027/loc.ark:/13960/t89g6g776 – via HathiTrust
• "Mecca". Encyclopædia of Islam. Leiden: E.J. Brill. 1934. pp. 438+. ISBN 9004097910.
• Gerald de Gaury (1954). Rulers of Mecca. New York: Roy Publishers. (fulltext)
• Philip Khuri Hitti (1973). "Mecca". Capital Cities of Arab Islam. University of Minnesota Press. p. 3+. ISBN 978-0-8166-0663-4.
• Francis Edward Peters (1986). Jerusalem and Mecca: The Typology of the Holy City in the Near East. New York University Press. ISBN 978-0-8147-6598-2.
• Patricia Crone (1987). Meccan Trade and the Rise of Islam. Princeton University Press.
• Francis Edward Peters. Mecca: A Literary History of the Muslim Holy Land, Princeton University Press, ISBN 0-691-03267-X (1994)
• Pam Hollister (1996). "Mecca". In Noelle Watson (ed.). International Dictionary of Historic Places: Middle East and Africa. UK: Routledge. pp. 483–486. ISBN 1884964036.
• Stefano Bianca (2000), "Case Study 1: The Holy Cities of Islam – The Impact of Mass Transportation and Rapid Urban Change", Urban Form in the Arab World, Zurich: ETH Zurich, ISBN 3728119725, 0500282056
• Marina A. Tolmacheva (2000). "Mecca". In John Block Friedman; Kristen Mossler Figg (eds.). Trade, Travel, and Exploration in the Middle Ages: an Encyclopedia. Routledge. p. 387+. ISBN 978-1-135-59094-9.

Published in 21st century

• Josef W. Meri, ed. (2006). "Mecca". Medieval Islamic Civilization. Routledge. ISBN 978-0-415-96691-7.
• C. Edmund Bosworth, ed. (2007). "Mecca". Historic Cities of the Islamic World. Leiden: Koninklijke Brill. pp. 354+. ISBN 978-9004153882.
• Michael R.T. Dumper; Bruce E. Stanley, eds. (2008), "Makkah", Cities of the Middle East and North Africa, Santa Barbara, USA: ABC-CLIO
• Gabor Agoston; Bruce Alan Masters (2009). "Mecca". Encyclopedia of the Ottoman Empire. Facts on File. p. 354. ISBN 978-1-4381-1025-7.
• Ziauddin Sardar (2014). "Chronology". Mecca: The Sacred City. Bloomsbury. p. 365+. ISBN 978-1-62040-266-5.

External links

• Map of Mecca, 1946
• "H.V. Weakley Photo Gallery: Pilgrimage, Mecca c1912" – via St Antony's College, Oxford, Middle East Centre Archive.
• "(Mecca)". Qatar Digital Library. Qatar National Library.
• Europeana. Items related to Mecca, various dates
• Digital Public Library of America. Items related to Mecca, various dates
• John Walker. "Calendar Converter". Fourmilab.