Special Branch

Special Branch is a label customarily used to identify units responsible for matters of national security and intelligence in British, Commonwealth, Irish, and other police forces. A Special Branch unit acquires and develops intelligence, usually of a political or sensitive nature, and conducts investigations to protect the State from perceived threats of subversion, particularly terrorism and other extremist political activity.

For the TV series, see Special Branch (TV series).

The first Special Branch, or Special Irish Branch, as it was then known, was a unit of London's Metropolitan Police formed in March 1883 to combat the Irish Republican Brotherhood. The name became Special Branch as the unit's remit widened to include more than just Irish Republican-related counterespionage.

Australia

Most state police forces and the federal police had a Special Branch. They were tasked mainly with monitoring the Communist Party of Australia and related political groups regarded as extremist or subversive. They also focused on German and Japanese activity during World War II.

  • The Commonwealth Police Force was formed in 1917 as "a form of federal special branch" under the War Precautions Act 1914.[1] It was disbanded in 1919.
  • The Commonwealth Police Special Branch was established in 1957.[1] It was absorbed into the Australian Federal Police in 1979.
  • The Australian Federal Police Special Branch was renamed the Special Intelligence Branch in 1985 and merged into the Security Intelligence & Diplomatic Liaison Branch in 1995.[1]
  • The New South Wales Police Force Subversive Organisations Branch was formed in 1933.[2] It was combined with the Commonwealth Police, Royal Australian Navy Police and Australian Army Police at the outbreak of World War II to form the Military/Police Intelligence Branch.[3] The civilian component was formed back into the Police Subversive Organisations Branch in 1946, which was renamed Special Branch in 1948. The Royal Commission into the New South Wales Police Service found Special Branch was gathering information on people who posed no threat of politically motivated violence, and as a result it was disbanded in 1997.[4]
  • The Queensland Police Special Bureau was formed on 30 July 1940 and renamed Special Branch on 7 April 1948. It was criticised for being used for political purposes by the Bjelke-Petersen government in the 1970s and 1980s, such as enforcing laws against protests (sometimes outnumbering the protesters or using provocateurs to incite violence so the protesters could be arrested[5]) and investigating and harassing political opponents.[6] It was disbanded in 1989 following a recommendation by the Fitzgerald Inquiry into police corruption.[6] The Special Branch destroyed its records before Fitzgerald could subpoena them.[6]
  • South Australia Police formed an Intelligence Branch at the outbreak of World War II in 1939, which was disbanded in 1945. A Subversive Section was established in 1947 and renamed Special Branch in 1949. It amassed files on Australian Labor Party politicians, church leaders, trade unionists and so-called "pink files" on gay community activists at a time when homosexuality was still illegal.[7] The South Australia Police was deliberately vague about the existence of Special Branch. In 1970, Commissioner Harold Salisbury told Premier Don Dunstan that Special Branch did not exist. A 1977 inquiry by Justice White of the Supreme Court of South Australia confirmed the existence and found the files were "scandalously inaccurate, irrelevant to security purposes and outrageously unfair to hundreds, perhaps thousands, of loyal and worthy citizens".[8] Dunstan sacked Salisbury for misleading Parliament about the existence of the "pink files".[9] Special Branch was disbanded in 1984.[10]
  • The Victoria Police Special Branch was formed in 1931 and disbanded in 1983.[11] Similar work in monitoring terrorism is conducted by the Security Intelligence Group, established in 2000.[12]

Bahamas
Crest of the Royal Bahamas Police Force

The Security and Intelligence Branch, also known as Special Branch, is the main domestic intelligence and security service in the Commonwealth of the Bahamas. It is mandated to perform intelligence operations inside the Bahamas to ensure the safety of Bahamian citizens and foreigners. The branch is also mandated to perform background checks on persons who have been recruited for jobs such as police officers and defence force officers and to check persons up for promotions.[13] The Director of the Security Intelligence Branch holds the title "Assistant Commissioner".[14]

Bangladesh
Main article: Special Branch (Bangladesh)

The Bangladeshi Special Branch is the prime intelligence agency of Bangladesh. The Special Branch has twelve different sections through which it carries out the directives of the Government and around 64 district based offices, called District Special Branch and also has offices in many Upazila/Thana areas. All the members are recruited from the Bangladesh Police. The chief of the Special Branch has the rank of Additional Inspector General (Addl IGP) and reports directly to the Prime Minister of Bangladesh. This is the only intelligence agency of Bangladesh which works in all strategic, operational and tactical levels. The organisation also has the capability to work within and outside the country.

Belize

It is responsible for the internal affairs of the country and collecting intelligence on behalf of the security services.

Brunei
Main article: Internal Security Department (Brunei)

The ISD was created to replace the Royal Brunei Police's Special Branch division, which was disbanded on August 1, 1993.

Canada

The RCMP Security Service was a counterintelligence unit or "Special Branch" from 1950 to 1984. It was replaced by the Canadian Security Intelligence Service.

Fiji

The Special Branch unit of the Fiji Police Force is classed as one of the best intelligence units in the Asia Pacific region. Similar to their Commonwealth counterparts, the Fijian Special Branch deals with matters of national security. They facilitate Interpol, counter terrorism, surveillance, anti-espionage and VIP protection units. Entry into Special Branch is usually by recruitment. Even though it is a police unit, Special Branch also recruits from the Republic of Fiji Military Forces.

The unit's name was changed to the Fiji Police Intelligence Bureau in 2009.[15] According to the Fijian government, this was done due to the "impact of modern crimes with other unlawful and illegal activities in national development demands dramatic changes in the Force."[16] This was also done while the police force was being modernised.[16]

Hong Kong

In the face of a perceived direct Communist threat to Hong Kong, an Anti-Communist Squad was established in the Criminal Investigation Department of the then Hong Kong Police by 1930. It was named the Political Department in Chinese (政治部). In 1933, the squad's English name became "Special Branch" while its Chinese name remained unchanged.[17]:203 In addition to anti-subversion operations, its role during its first two decades also included immigration, passport control and registration of persons.[17]:204

By 1949, then an elite division of the Criminal Investigation Division, Special Branch was manned by a large cohort of British officers brought in that year by Deputy Commissioner Peter Erwin, the Director Special Branch (DSB), to replace remnants of the prewar Shanghai Settlements police. Under DSB John Prendergast (later Sir John),[18] appointed Deputy Commissioner in 1960 to lead the division, Special Branch was considered a highly professional security apparatus, pursuing anti-corruption and anti-Triad duties in addition to intelligence and counter-subversion operations.[19] By 1977, the branch strength had reached almost a thousand.[17]:206

SB officers assigned to work in Hong Kong were encouraged to work alongside MI6 agents in penetrating mainland China due to a lack of intelligence success with their Far East Controller.[20]

The division was disbanded in 1995, prior to the transfer of the sovereignty of Hong Kong in 1997.[21] Units of SB were reassigned under the Security Wing (Department B) – Crime and Security.[22]

The Security Wing was revived after the 1997 transfer of sovereignty and is now responsible for the VIP Protection Unit. The Intelligence Wing was eliminated and all related information was deleted to prevent it from being transferred to Chinese hands, although some files were sent back to London.[23] The RHKPF's Special Branch did not leave any record of their work, owing to their intelligence duties.[24]

Recent declassified documents showed that the RHKPF's Special Branch was infiltrated by the intelligence service of the government of the Republic of China during the Cold War.[21]

RHKPF SB officers were involved in using the Victoria Road Detention Centre, known as "White House", to interrogate pro-KMT agents trying to bring explosive into mainland China through Hong Kong and pro-communist agitators in the 1960s.[25]

India

The Special Branch is a separate wing in the state police forces in India. Like their counterparts in the United Kingdom, they deal with matters of state security. However, more serious espionage detection is the responsibility of the Intelligence Bureau (IB), India's federal internal security agency.

There have been many allegations that the Special Branch is used by the ruling government (and the political party) for setting up surveillance on their political opponents. The Special Branch has its own Detective Constables, Head Constables, Inspector rankings and superior police officer rankings. Every police station is to have a Special Branch head constable or Assistant Sub-Inspector (ASI) (working plain clothes or Mufti), he would be observing the society in general, and also taking reports from the uniformed police constables on general patrol. The special branch staff play a very important role in collecting advance intelligence about law and order matters as well as illegal activities like cannabis plantation/transportation, illicit attacks, etc. They forward the information to the respective Superintendents of police for necessary action.

Ireland
Further information: Special Detective Unit

In Ireland, the 'Special Branch' is known officially as the Special Detective Unit (SDU). The counter-terrorist and counterintelligence unit operates under the auspices of the Crime & Security Branch (CSB) of the Garda Síochána (Irish National Police). The SDU is responsible for the investigation of threats to state security and the monitoring of persons and groups who pose a threat on both national and international fronts. The SDU works closely with other special units within the Garda Síochána, such as the National Surveillance Unit (NSU) and Emergency Response Unit (ERU), and Ireland's national and military intelligence agency – the Defence Forces Directorate of Military Intelligence. The Special Detective Unit has a close working relationship with similar units in other western countries, particularly the United Kingdom, who share information to target, detect and disrupt the activities of terrorists.[26]

Kenya
Main article: National Intelligence Service (Kenya)

Malaysia
Further information: Malaysian Special Branch

The Malaysian Special Branch is an intelligence agency attached to the Royal Malaysian Police (RMP). The SB is empowered to acquire and develop intelligence on internal and external threats to the nation, subversive activities, extremist activities and activities of sabotage and spying. It is also empowered to analyse and advise on the necessary course of action to the various departments and agencies both within the Police Department and other related agencies.

Myanmar

The Special Branch under the control of the Myanmar Police Force is also known as the Special Intelligence Department.[27][28]

New Zealand

The New Zealand Police Special Branch was formally created on 29 December 1949. At the time, the-then Police Commissioner Jim Cummings decided that the section of the Police Force dealing with subversive organisations would be designated the Special Branch, following a recent precedent established by a conference of Police Commissioners in Melbourne in November 1949. Its functions included dealing with subversive organisations and vetting public servants. Known targets of the Special Branch included the Communist Party of New Zealand, the Waterside Workers' Union, and the left-wing New Zealand diplomat and alleged GRU spy Desmond Patrick Costello and the civil servant and intellectual Bill Sutch. In November 1956, the Special Branch's functions were transferred to the New Zealand Security Service, which was later renamed the New Zealand Security Intelligence Service.[29][30][31]

Papua New Guinea

Special Branch sections of the New Guinea Police Force and Royal Papuan Constabulary, in Australia-controlled Territory of Papua and Territory of New Guinea, were established in 1947.[32] These were merged into the Royal Papua New Guinea Constabulary in 1950.

Rhodesia

The British South Africa Police (BSAP) developed its Special Branch in the early 1950s amid growing political unrest in the Federation of Rhodesia and Nyasaland. It remained active following the dissolution of the federation and was instrumental in creating the Selous Scouts during the Rhodesian Bush War.[33] Following formal recognition of Zimbabwean independence in 1980, the Special Branch was succeeded in part by the Central Intelligence Organisation and later, the Police Internal Security and Intelligence division (PISI).

Singapore
Further information: Security and Intelligence Division and Internal Security Department (Singapore)

The Security and Intelligence Division is the external intelligence agency of Singapore responsible for gathering and analysing intelligence related to the country's external security.[34] Although it is located within the Ministry of Defence, it has a certain independence in that it is not under the control of the Permanent Secretaries of Defence.[35]

South Africa

During Apartheid, the South African Police's Security Branch, also known as the Special Branch[36] was a police unit often used to attack anti-Apartheid groups using techniques and tactics including such as conducting surveillance, infiltrating meetings, recruiting informers, and obtaining documents and leaflets. They have also been linked to torture, extralegal detention, and forced disappearances and assassinations against anti-Apartheid activists in the ANC and SACP. They first gained this role in the 1960s, under the regime of Justice Minister "B.J." Vorster, who convened the Special Branch to target these groups. Controversially, they have also been linked to the bombing of anti-apartheid groups COSATU and SACC during the South African Truth & Reconciliation Committees.[37] It is now the Crime Intelligence Unit which investigates crime but which continues to investigate groups perceived to be enemies of the state such as social movements.[38]

Sri Lanka

The Special Branch of Ceylon (now Sri Lanka) was created in late 1966 tasked with national security as an intelligence agency attached Ceylon Police Force. This was closed down in 1970.

Thailand
Main article: Special Branch Bureau

United Kingdom
Further information: Counter Terrorism Command

The first Special Branch in the world was formed in London in 1883. It spread throughout the United Kingdom. Each British police force went on to form its own Special Branch.

The largest Special Branch was that of the Metropolitan Police until it was merged with the Metropolitan Police Anti-Terrorist Branch (SO13) to form Counter Terrorism Command (SO15) in 2006, completing a process begun when the investigative wing of the Special Branch X squad became The Anti-Terrorist Branch in 1972.[39] with the new department coming into being on 2 October 2006,[40] Special Branch maintained contact with the Security Service. Although they were not part of the Criminal Investigation Department (CID), they were entitled to use the prefix "Detective" in front of their ranks. Special Branch had responsibility for, among other things, personal protection of (non-royal) VIPs and performing the role of examining officer at designated ports and airports, as prescribed by the Terrorism Act 2000.

Regional counter terrorism units and organised crime units have since been established between smaller forces.[41][42]

In Norther Ireland, the Royal Ulster Constabulary (1922–2001) had the RUC Special Branch.

Heads of the Metropolitan Police Special Branch

See also

References
  1. "A History of Australian Federal Police" (PDF). Archives ACT. Archived from the original (PDF) on 10 May 2013.
  2. "Police Subversive Organisations Branch". State Records. Archived from the original on 5 April 2012.
  3. "Military/Police Intelligence Branch". State Records. Archived from the original on 5 April 2012.
  4. "New South Wales Police Special Branch". State Records. Archived from the original on 5 April 2012.
  5. "The making of civil liberties". Courier-Mail. 13 October 2007.
  6. "Inside Queensland's spy unit". Brisbane Times. 7 April 2010.
  7. Gould, Ian (16 November 2005). "A Feast of diversity". Sydney Star Observer. Retrieved 19 September 2009.
  8. Cunningham, Andrew (1981). "Industrial Relations". In Parkin, Andrew; Patience, Allan (eds.). The Dunstan decade : social democracy at the state level. Melbourne: Longman Cheshire. pp. 163–178. ISBN 978-0-582-71466-3.
  9. Baird, Barbara (2001). "The Death of a Great Australian". Journal of Australian Studies. 25 (71): 73–86. doi:10.1080/14443050109387722.
  10. "Political surveillance and the South Australian Police". Australian Institute of Criminology. Archived from the original on 27 November 2012.
  11. "Infiltrating community groups has a long history". The Age. 16 October 2008.
  12. "Changes to anti-terror squad will make Victorians safer". The Age. 20 May 2011.
  13. Lightbourne, Sasha L. (2 February 2011). "Judge To Decide on Prosecutor's Trial By Month's End". Jones Bahamas. Archived from the original on 13 July 2011. Retrieved 2 March 2011.
  14. "ROYAL BAHAMAS POLICE FORCE ORGANISATIONAL CHART EFFECTIVE 4 JANUARY 2010" (PDF). Royal Bahamas Police Force. 1 January 2010. Archived from the original (PDF) on 27 July 2011. Retrieved 2 March 2011.
  15. "Special branch undergoes name change". Connect Me. Archived from the original on 26 October 2009. Retrieved 14 August 2011.
  16. "22/09/09 – Cabinet approves name change for special branch". Fijian government. Archived from the original on 17 March 2012. Retrieved 14 August 2011.
  17. Fu, H L; Cullen, R (2003). "Political Policing in Hong Kong". Hong Kong Law Journal. 33. hdl:10722/75000.
  18. Sinclair, Georgina (2012). Elizabeth Sinn (ed.). Dictionary of Hong Kong Biography. Hong Kong University Press. p. 360.
  19. Smith, IC; West, Nigel (4 May 2012). Historical Dictionary of Chinese Intelligence. Scarecrow Press. p. 225. ISBN 9780810873704.
  20. Shaw, Alexander Nicholas (2017). "MI5 and the Cold War in South-East Asia: Examining the performance of Security Intelligence Far East (SIFE), 1946–1963" (PDF). Intelligence and National Security. 32 (6): 797–816. doi:10.1080/02684527.2017.1289695.
  21. Seawright, Stephen. "KMT spies infiltrated colonial police". South China Morning Post. Archived from the original on 2 June 2014. Retrieved 21 January 2013.
  22. Goodsir, Darren (1 June 1995). "FBI-style security squad to start up". South China Morning Post. Archived from the original on 2 June 2014. Retrieved 21 January 2013.
  23. "Lam unlikely to act on 'explosive' CPU recommendation". 13 July 2017.
  24. Luk, Helen (15 January 1998). "Changes backed despite intelligence unit mystery". South China Morning Post. Archived from the original on 7 October 2017. Retrieved 21 January 2013.
  25. https://www.scmp.com/news/hong-kong/law-and-crime/article/3090131/national-security-law-hong-kong-suspects-may-be-held
  26. "The Crime & Security Branch (CSB) / Special Detective Unit (SDU)". 1 January 2014. An Garda Síochána (Irish National Police). Retrieved 6 February 2014.
  27. "Police receive orders to reform National Intelligence Bureau". 9 January 2015.
  28. Thompson, Rhys (2 January 2020). "Securing the colony: the Burma Police Special Branch (1896 – 1942)". Intelligence and National Security. 35 (1): 35–53. doi:10.1080/02684527.2019.1664517. ISSN 0268-4527.
  29. Hunt, Graeme (2007). Spies and Revolutionaries: A History of New Zealand Subversion. Auckland: Reed Publishing. pp. 162–63, 191–94, 229–31.
  30. "New Zealand Security Intelligence Service Archives". New Zealand Security Intelligence Service. Archived from the original on 5 February 2013.
  31. "Records held by the NZSIS". New Zealand Security Intelligence Service. Archived from the original on 20 November 2014.
  32. Kituai, August Ibrum K. (1998). My Gun, My Brother: The World of the Papua New Guinea Colonial Police, 1920–1960. University of Hawaii Press. p. 99.
  33. Flower, K. (1987) Serving Secretly. An Intelligence Chief on Record: Rhodesia into Zimbabwe 1964 to 1981, (London: John Hammond); Parker, J. (2006) Assignment Selous Scouts: Inside Story of a Rhodesian Special Branch Officer, (Alberton: Galago).
  34. "Reflections on Thirty-Five Years of Public Service: From Espionage to Babies" (PDF). Ethos. January 2006. Retrieved 14 September 2013.
  35. "Present at the Creation" (PDF). Defence Science Organisation. Archived from the original (PDF) on 3 May 2006. Retrieved 31 March 2011.
  36. "Security Branch - the O'Malley Archives".
  37. Evans, Rob (26 September 2005). "Documents show how Special Branch infiltrated Anti-Apartheid Movement". The Guardian. Archived from the original on 26 August 2016. Retrieved 2016-07-19.
  38. "The 'special branch'". 13 January 2012. Archived from the original on 20 August 2016. Retrieved 2016-07-19.
  39. "UK | Special Branch to close in merger". BBC News. 9 September 2005. Retrieved 11 June 2009.
  40. "Metropolitan Police Service – Specialist Operations". Met.police.uk. Archived from the original on 3 July 2009. Retrieved 11 June 2009.
  41. About Us Archived 15 October 2016 at the Wayback Machine, South East Regional Organised Crime Unit. Retrieved 5 February 2016.
  42. South East Counter Terrorism Unit Archived 1 July 2016 at the Wayback Machine, Thames Valley Police. Retrieved 5 February 2016.
  43. Wilson & Adams (2015) p. xiii.

Further reading
  • Allason, Rupert (1983). The Branch: History of the Metropolitan Police Special Branch. London: Secker & Warburg. ISBN 0-436-01165-4.
  • Flower, Ken (1987). Serving Secretly: An Intelligence Chief on Record: Rhodesia into Zimbabwe 1964 to 1981. London: John Hammond. ISBN 0-7195-4438-6.
  • Parker, Jim (2006). Assignment Selous Scouts: Inside Story of a Rhodesian Special Branch Officer. Alberton, South Africa: Galago. ISBN 1-919854-14-2.
  • Wilson, Ray and Adams, Ian (2015). "Special Branch: a History 1883 - 2006". Biteback Publishing. ISBN 9781849549103
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