Southern pig-tailed macaque

The southern pig-tailed macaque (Macaca nemestrina), also known as the Sundaland pig-tailed macaque and Sunda pig-tailed macaque,[3] is a medium-sized macaque that lives in southern Thailand, Malaysia, and Indonesia. It is known locally as the beruk.[4]

Southern pig-tailed macaque[1]
At the Prague Zoo, Czech Republic
Scientific classification
Kingdom: Animalia
Phylum: Chordata
Class: Mammalia
Order: Primates
Suborder: Haplorhini
Infraorder: Simiiformes
Family: Cercopithecidae
Genus: Macaca
Species:
M. nemestrina
Binomial name
Macaca nemestrina
(Linnaeus, 1766)
Southern pig-tailed macaque range
Synonyms
  • Macaca broca Miller, 1906
  • Macaca carpolegus (Raffles, 1821)
  • Macaca fusca (Shaw, 1800)
  • Macaca libidinosus I. Geoffroy, 1826
  • Macaca longicruris (Link, 1795)
  • Macaca maimon (de Blainville, 1839)
  • Macaca nucifera Sody, 1936
  • Macaca platypygos (Schreber, 1774)
  • Simia nemestrina Linnaeus, 1766

Etymology and taxonomy

The species epithet, nemestrina, is an adjective (derived from Latin Nemestrinus, meaning "the god of groves") modified to agree in gender with the feminine generic name.[5] M. nemestrina formerly included the northern pig-tailed, Pagai Island, and Siberut macaques as subspecies.[1] All four are now considered separate species.

Description

M. nemestrina can reach a weight of up to 15 kg (33 lb) for large males. This macaque has buff-brown fur, with a darker dorsal area and lighter ventral area. Its common name refers to the short tail held semi-erect, resembling the tail of a pig.

M. nemestrina at Sepilok, Sabah, Malaysia

Behaviour and ecology

M. nemestrina is mainly terrestrial, but also a skilled climber. Unlike almost all primates, these macaques love water. They live in large groups that split into smaller groups during daytime when they are foraging. They are omnivorous, feeding mainly on fruits, seeds, berries, cereals, fungi, and invertebrates. A study in peninsular Malaysia found them to be the primary, and perhaps the only, seed dispersers of the rattan species Daemonorops calicarpa and Calamus castaneus.[6]

There is a hierarchy among males, based on strength, and among females, based on heredity. Thus, the daughter of the alpha female will immediately be placed above all other females in the group. The alpha female leads the group, while the male role is more to manage conflict within the group and to defend it.

Female gestation lasts around 5.7 months.[7] She will give birth to one infant every two years. Weaning occurs at 4–5 months. Sexual maturity is reached at 3–5 years.

In Thailand, they have been trained for 400 years to harvest coconuts.[8]

Habitat and distribution

This macaque is mostly found in rainforest up to 2000 meters, but will also enter plantations and gardens.[9]

It is found in the southern half of the Malay Peninsula (only just extending into southernmost Thailand), Borneo, Sumatra and Bangka Island.[1] There are reports of the species having been present in Singapore before 1950, but these were likely escaped pets.[10] The only pig-tailed macaques in Singapore today are introduced monkeys.[2]

References
  1. Groves, C. P. (2005). Wilson, D. E.; Reeder, D. M. (eds.). Mammal Species of the World: A Taxonomic and Geographic Reference (3rd ed.). Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press. p. 163. ISBN 0-801-88221-4. OCLC 62265494.
  2. Cheyne, S. & Eudey, A. (2020). "Macaca nemestrina". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2020: e.T12555A17950602. Retrieved 10 July 2020.CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  3. "Taxonomy of Macaca nemestrina". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Retrieved 26 April 2018.
  4. "Taxonomy of Macaca nemestrina". Primate Info Net. National Primate Research Center via University of Wisconsin System Board of Regents. Retrieved 26 April 2018.
  5. Fooden, J. (1975). "Taxonomy and evolution of liontail and pigtail macaques (Primates : Cercopithecidae)" (PDF). Fieldiana Zoology. 67: 169. doi:10.5962/bhl.title.3016.
  6. Rupert, Nadine; et al. (2014). "A Key Role of the Southern Pig-tailed Macaque Macaca nemestrina (Linnaeus) in Seed Dispersal of Non-climbing Rattans in Peninsular Malaysia" (PDF). Asian Primates Journal. 4 (2): 42–51. Retrieved 2018-09-16.
  7. Cawthon Lang, KA (September 2010). "Pigtail macaque (Macaca nemestrina) Taxonomy, Morphology, & Ecology". Primate Factsheets. University of Wisconsin – via primate.wisconsin.edu.
  8. "What's Funny About the Business of Monkeys Picking Coconuts?". NPR. October 19, 2015.
  9. Payne, J., and C. M. Francis. 1998. A Field Guide to the Mammals of Borneo. The Sabah Society, Kota Kinabalu, Sabah. ISBN 967-99947-1-6
  10. Corlett, R.T. & Lucas, P.W. "Mammals of Bukit Timah". The Gardens' Bulletin Singapore Supplement No. 3 (PDF). Singapore Botanic Gardens: National Parks Board. p. 98. ISSN 0374-7859. Retrieved 2015-08-14.
  • Maestripieri D, 1999. Changes in Social Behavior and Their Hormonal Correlates during Pregnancy in Pig-tailed Macaques. International Journal of Primatology 20 : 707-718.
  • Rodman PS, 1991. Structural differentiation of microhabitats of sympatricmacaca fascicularis andM. nemestrina in East Kalimantan, Indonesia. International Journal of Primatology 12 : 357-375.
  • Oi T, 1990. Patterns of dominance and affiliation in wild pig-tailed macaques (Macaca nemestrina nemestrina) in West Sumatra. International Journal of Primatology 11 : 339-356.
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